Repair, reconstruction, modernization, retrofitting - how to correctly distinguish, plan and take into account costs. Creation of a prototype product Modernization definition according to GOST

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MODERNIZATION OF CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL PROJECT "TECHNOLOGY LESSON - 2035" Gileva Elena Anatolyevna, Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology vocational education FTP NGPU

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Technology Lesson - 2035 A promising direction in the development of the education sector (04/08/2015) Exemplary basic educational program of secondary general education (06/28/2016) Concept for the development of additional education for children and youth

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The actual problem of general education is the need to rethink the role of technological training of schoolchildren in the educational process from the standpoint of integrating the content of education; - creation of the necessary socio-economic and cultural-educational conditions that comprehensively ensure the formation of perspective-oriented technological and project thinking among young people.

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Conceptual framework Federal Target Program "Development of Education" for 2013-2020 National Technology Initiative Creation of information resources and educational programs focused on the technological development of the Russian economy (automation of production, strategic software, nuclear technology, space, telecommunications, energy efficiency, medical technology and pharmaceuticals). Creation of educational resources for gifted children based on the integration of general and additional education Model of the development of the technosphere within the framework of research, engineering and design activities and technical creativity.

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Subject area "Technology" Objectives of the educational program: Providing students with an understanding of the essence of modern material, information and humanitarian technologies and the prospects for their development. Formation of technological culture and design and technological thinking of students. - Formation of the information base and personal experience necessary for students to determine the directions of their further education in the context of building life plans, primarily related to the scope and content of future professional activity.

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Target bases of technological training of schoolchildren Technology is the only school subject that reflects the basic principles of human transformative activity and all aspects of material culture; The technology uses real practical experience necessary for organizing one's own life and socially-oriented activities; Technology shapes technological and design thinking as modern ways comprehension of reality, transformation of living space, realization of one's own aspirations. Technology is a real way of intellectual self-improvement

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The requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of General Education for the results of the subject area "Technology" - awareness of the role of technology and technology for the progressive development of society; formation of a holistic view of the technosphere, the essence of technological culture and work culture; understanding the social and environmental consequences of the development of technologies for industrial and agricultural production, energy and transport; - mastering the methods of teaching and research and project activities for solving creative problems, modeling, designing and aesthetic design of products, ensuring the safety of labor products; - mastering the means and forms of graphic display of objects or processes, the rules for the implementation of graphic documentation; - formation of skills to establish the relationship of knowledge in different academic subjects to solve applied educational problems of a technological orientation; - development of skills to apply technologies for the presentation, transformation and use of information, to assess the possibilities and areas of application of ICT tools and tools in modern production or the service sector; - the formation of modern ideas about the world of professions related to the studied technologies, their demand in the labor market.

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Specifics of the National Technology Initiative (NTI) Transition to a new technological order will lead to the formation of new large markets in the world in the next 10–20 years, based on the fact that consumers and manufacturers will have access to a whole range of advanced technological solutions and fundamentally new products and services. The National Technology Initiative is not a “cast in granite”, but a living project, which, in the process of implementation, improves itself with the efforts of its participants. The implementation of the NTI model is focused, on the one hand, on the design of technologies that form promising markets and the competencies necessary to generate breakthrough solutions, and on the other hand, on providing companies with a new type of personnel, building a system for early identification and development of talents, creating an environment, allowing these talents to realize their intellectual potential. - "NTI genome" - a team of talented like-minded people who are able to effectively cope with global technological challenges, which is why, from the point of view of education, the priority focus of attention within the framework of the project is focused on the advanced training of talented researchers, engineers and entrepreneurs in the field of NTI.

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PRIORITY TECHNOLOGY GROUPS BIG DATA AND INDUSTRIAL INTERNET (hardware, servers, storage systems, middleware, applications and services) INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT, systems for operational management of production and technological processes (MES-systems and ICS-systems) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE and technologies for controlling the properties of biological objects NEUROTECHNOLOGIES, virtual and augmented reality technologies NEW MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES NEW AND PORTABLE ENERGY SOURCES SENSORICS, MECHATRONICS AND ROBOTICS COMPONENTS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES PLM/HDMPA/CAM systems ). ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES (3D design and printing technologies). NEW MATERIALS (bioengineered materials, advanced alloys (superalloys), advanced ceramics and superconductors, advanced polymers (synthetic non-conductive), organic polymers for electronics, other advanced materials for electronics, advanced coatings, nanopowders, nanocarbon materials, nanofibers, thin films, advanced composites ).

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KEY SEGMENTS OF THE NTI MARKET 1. TALENTS (identification and verification of talents - for children and schoolchildren under 14): Objective search and selection of talents; Creative and intellectual development; Preparation and support for admission to the university; fruitful leisure activities; 2. COMPETENCE (professional specialization - for students aged 15-24): training of competent personnel and professional engineers; promotion of technical creativity as a profession, new production ideas and improvement of technologies and products - the "NTI matrix"; 3. PROFESSION (providing conditions for the generation of new ideas - for young people aged 25–34): creative and intellectual development; clarification or change of profession; filling the club community; new ideas, creation promising technologies and new products; promotion of technical creativity as a hobby. 4. HOBBY (providing conditions for self-expression and socialization - for people of mature age from 35 years old): creative and intellectual development; fruitful leisure activities; filling the club ecosystem; development of technical creativity as a hobby.

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Projects in the direction of "NTI Talents" NTI Olympiad, NTI Universities, circle movement, projects aimed at vocational guidance for children in the NTI spheres, new educational formats that make it possible to discover talented children in natural sciences to support their development and promotion

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CIRCLE MOVEMENT A circle is simplest form self-organization of technical enthusiasts (makers), united by research or the creation of a new one, and practicing independent production. The circle movement is a community of technical enthusiasts who promote maker-making as a production model that provides the inventor/designer with personal access to the consumer - without the mediation of industrial enterprises and government institutions. OBJECTIVES of the Circle Movement: By 2035, providing personnel and technologies for companies operating in new technological markets. Creation of a full-fledged social stratum of technology enthusiasts (makers) among all ages, especially young people. - Ensuring equal coexistence of maker with the traditional industrial production model until 2035

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The content of school technological education should provide: a) Activation of the cognitive activity of students, development of their cognitive interest, which is achieved by: - ​​familiarization and demonstration of the capabilities of modern technologies in the production of various goods and services; - inclusion in the content of problematic material that stimulates the creative activity of students, incl. tasks of a research and project nature, requiring the organization of individual and group work of schoolchildren; b) Acquaintance of students with real technological processes in the course of educational and cognitive and excursion activities. c) Integration of information, material and energy technologies. d) Acquaintance with the most common methods of converting materials, energy and information through mastering the basics of design and research activities, independent creative activity of students; e) Strengthening the humanitarian orientation of technological education: - the content should include historical information about the development of the material culture of society; - reflect the social and environmental aspects of human technological activity; - emphasize the connection between the achievements of the natural and social sciences and the development of the material culture of mankind.

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The process scheme of the educational program of the subject area "Technology" - 2035 The scheme of the subject area "Technology" is based on the following principles: - the absence of a gender principle in education ("we teach everyone and everything"); - educational integration is the basis for the technological preparation of schoolchildren (this is a set of educational results based on the integration of classroom and extracurricular activities, additional education and socially oriented activities of schoolchildren; - technology lessons are a mandatory part of the curriculum (the subject area "Technology" by 2020-2035 should must be present in the Exemplary Program of a General Education School from grades 1 to 11, both at the level of compulsory training sessions (lessons) and in extracurricular activities). primary school the course "Technology" - to form the foundations of technological knowledge and familiarize younger students with technologies that are present in real life situations of the world around them; - in the primary school - to form technological and project thinking, to study the socio-economic and production-technological situation in the region of residence, as well as to provide students with the opportunity to make a choice to study various technologies in accordance with the individual interests of students; - at the secondary school level - providing an opportunity for a more in-depth study of "core" technologies and familiarization with various areas of professional activity in the process of performing socio-professional tests and training and industrial practice.

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Structural scheme subject area "Technology" Integrated thematic format (generalized results of classroom and extracurricular activities) - intra-subject and inter-subject integration of content Three content blocks (with their own goals and educational results) Each block is built as a set of types of educational activities: - theoretical training (no more than 20 % of study time), - independent work, - practical activities, - project and research activities, - "educational journey"

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Basic school Block No. 1 "Modern material, information and humanitarian technologies and prospects for their development (as a way to meet human needs and the result of technological evolution)" Block No. 2 "Formation of technological culture and design and technological thinking of students (based on the experience of personalized action within the development and application of technological solutions)" Block No. 3 "Construction of educational trajectories and plans in the field of professional self-determination" Block No. 4 (meta-subject) "Information basis of cognitive activity of a technological orientation"

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BLOCK №1 Module 1 "Technological processes" 5 cells. – Needs and technologies. 6 cells – Technological processes. Resourcing. 7 cells Technological systems 8 cells. - Management of technological systems 9 cells. - Patterns of technological development Module 2 "Groups of technologies" - Production technologies - Technologies for the production and processing of materials - Technologies for the production, transformation, distribution, storage and transmission of energy - Building technologies - Transport technologies and logistics - Agro and biotechnology - Technologies for the production and processing of food products – “High technologies” (nanotechnologies, bioengineering, medicine and pharmaceuticals, electronics and circuitry) – Production automation and strategic programming – Social technologies– Technologies in the sphere of everyday life (ecology of housing, culture of consumption)

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BLOCK No. 2 Module 1 "Technical and technological design" - Methods for presenting technical and technological documentation (Terms of Reference. Specifications. Sketches and drawings. Routing. Algorithm. Description of systems and processes using block diagrams. Electrical diagram). – Modeling and design (Study of structural characteristics. Analysis of alternatives. Design analysis. Analysis and synthesis as a means of solving a technical problem. Functions of models. Use of models in the process of designing a technological system). - Modern materials: multifunctional materials, renewable materials, materials with desired properties) - Engineering technological systems and objects (The logic of designing a technological system. Modernizing a product and creating a new product as types of designing a technological system. Structures. Main characteristics of structures. Procedure for designing a structure that satisfies specified conditions). - Organization of design and transformation activities (Simple mechanisms as part of technological systems. Technological node. Ways of connecting parts. Procedure for assembling a structure / mechanism.

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BLOCK №2 Module 2 "Technological activity" Modeling, creation and assembly of structures (Assembly of models. Design and construction of models based on a known prototype and on the basis of technical designers. The role of metrology in modern production). Simple mechanisms (Making maps of simple mechanisms, including the assembly of an operating model. Building a model of a mechanism consisting of 4-5 simple mechanisms according to the kinematic scheme). Complex mechanisms (Types of motion. Kinematic schemes. Modification of a mechanism based on specified properties using a constructor or in a virtual environment. Electronics (photonics). Systems automatic control. Device programming. The simplest robots. Robotics and construction environment) Computer modelling and CAD. (3D modeling and additive technologies. Development and creation of a product on a training machine controlled by a three-dimensional computer design program. Development of multifunctional IT tools. Automated production companies in our region). Module 3 "Fundamentals of design activities" Design methodology. Stages of project activity. Analysis of the situation and identification of the problem, goal setting, product design, forecasting and planning, resource provision, development of project documentation, organization of technological activities, current control of the project activity process, criteria for evaluating the results of project activity. Analysis of design results. Module 4 "Fundamentals of graphics in technological activities" Methods for evaluating, processing, storing and transmitting graphic information. Graphics in the technological process. (synchronization with the content of module No. 1)

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BLOCK No. 3 Modern production and professional activities 5-8 cells. The concept of professional activity. The world of professions. Characteristic modern production. Social and professional tests (synchronized with the content of block No. 1) 9 cells. – System of vocational education. Choice of profession. Information aspects of planning and design professional career. Forecasts for the development of the regional labor market. Socio-professional communications (in the format of "Educational travel")

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Educational integration (intra-subject integration) Designing the subjects of the program implementation at the basic level: technology teachers, other subject teachers, PDO, administration and information and methodological service of schools. 2) Designing a "school" model of technological training: regional and school component, integrated content of educational and extracurricular activities in the distribution of content by class; conditions for the formation of "technologically oriented" UUD; the place of design and research activities in the program; forms of intermediate and final control (monitoring). 3) Designing additional content of technological training: mandatory - additional education technological orientation and socially-oriented activity. 4) Development work program technological training: the continuity of the content of primary, primary and secondary schools; network schedule for the implementation of the educational and thematic plan 5) Involvement of social partners (SVE and production): professional tests, industrial practice, career guidance.

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Organizational integration (networking) school: familiarization with modern technologies and the formation of technological thinking, schoolchildren - future applicants; additional education: integration of cognitive activity, space for self-realization; SPO and production: professional tests, industrial practice, vocational guidance (children - future workers); technology parks - design and research activities (children - future scientists) society: the experience of communicative activity (children are future citizens) universities - professional development of teachers (professional internships) + student tutors of the National State Pedagogical University - scientific and methodological support + student practice Administration of the NSO - coordination of activities taking into account regional conditions

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"OPEN" UMK UMK and textbooks from the Federal list 2) Didactic kits, including: - Electronic catalogs (Internet - information requiring meaningful assignment), - links electronic resources, periodicals, educational literature, - Media resources, - tasks and instructions that organize independent work, - tasks and instructions that organize practical and laboratory work; - diagnostic resources and KIM for final control. 3) Educational and methodological support. modern conditions training…” (No. 336 dated March 30, 2016)

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Information resources Exemplary basic educational programs of primary, basic, secondary general education - http://www.fgosreestr.ru 2) National Technology Initiative - http://www. nti.ro 3) Draft scientifically based concept of modernization of the content and teaching technologies of the subject area "Technology". The project is posted on the website http://www.predmetconcept.ru/subject-form/technology

Technical solutions adopted by designers at the design stage should be selected taking into account the main directions perspective development relevant industries, and plans for the growth of technical and economic indicators of enterprises.

The procedure for the development and production of engineering products is regulated by an industry standard developed on the basis of the state standard.

The industry standard establishes the procedure for planning, financing, developing, agreeing and approving technical specifications and design documentation, manufacturing, testing and acceptance of a prototype (or pilot batch), mastering mass production and control testing of new and upgraded products.

A mandatory source document for the creation of new and upgraded with a change in the purpose of products (while maintaining the basic design scheme) is the terms of reference (TOR), which is developed jointly by the research institute (NII) and the design institute with the involvement of the manufacturer.

The scientific research institute provides a scientific substantiation of the main indicators of the purpose of the product to be developed, and the design institute develops its circuit design and the fundamental constructive connection.

In cases where the modernization of the product is aimed at improving reliability indicators, ergonomic indicators, etc. (while maintaining the intended purpose indicators), the technical specification is developed by the design institute together with the manufacturer.

The development of technical specifications is carried out on the basis of completed research and experimental work, scientific forecasting, current standards and regulations, analysis of advanced achievements and the technical level of domestic and foreign technology, patent documentation, operating experience of serial products.

TK establishes the main purpose, conditions and scope of the product being developed, determines the terms of work, performers, production volumes, quality indicators, technical and economic requirements, safety and health requirements.

The requirements for the product and included in the TOR should be based on the latest achievements of science and technology, on the need to ensure an advanced technical level and create a product the highest category quality. The use of the product under development should provide an economic or social effect in the industry.

TK after agreement and approval is the basis for the implementation of design developments. When creating a complex of equipment or a unit, the TOR is developed for the entire complex or unit.

The stages of creating a prototype are: development of design documentation; manufacturing; preliminary tests and fine-tuning; acceptance tests.

In turn, the design documentation includes the following: technical proposal; preliminary design; technical project; working documentation

The stages of development of design documentation are established by a unified system of design documentation (ESKD).

The technical proposal contains a technical and economic justification for the feasibility of designing a product in accordance with the TOR, possible options implementation of TK, comparison of the developed design with similar designs, patentability check, etc.,

The technical proposal is developed and approved by the developer. After approval, the technical proposal is the basis for the subsequent stages of development of design documentation.

The draft design contains fundamental design solutions that give a general idea of ​​​​the device and the principle of operation of the product (drawing general view, diagrams), as well as data that determine its purpose, main parameters and calculation economic effect.

The draft design kit also includes: a certificate of a patent study, a map of the technical level and quality, and, if necessary, tablets of general artistic design and ergonomic solutions. The draft design is approved by the developer.

The technical project contains the final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the design of the product being developed and the necessary initial data for the preparation working documentation;

Included technical project includes: drawings (general view and dimensional), diagrams; statements of purchased products and technical design; calculation of economic effect; certificate of the conducted patent research; map of technical level and quality.

After agreement and approval by the developer, it serves as the basis for the development of working documentation.

Working documentation is developed by the design institute together with the manufacturing plant on the basis of the TOR and the technical design. The set of working documentation for a prototype includes: drawings of parts, assembly units, if necessary, installation and overall; electrical, hydraulic, kinematic and other schemes; specification; statements of specifications, reference documents, approval of the use of purchased products; calculations of strength, dimensional chains, coefficient of applicability, economic effect; map of technical level and product quality; operational documents; programs and methods of preliminary and acceptance tests.

Along with the working documentation, the manufacturer independently or with the involvement of technological institutes develops technological documentation for a prototype (pilot batch) in accordance with the requirements of ESKD.

Thus, the process of developing design documentation is a gradual refinement of the project and approaching the development of working documentation, according to which the product is manufactured. The multi-stage design process indicates the complexity of the task and high requirements for the quality of decisions made, since errors lead to the need to eliminate them during production and cause additional time and cost.

Improving the quality of decisions made can be achieved by the parallel development of several project options.

An increase in the number of competing options at all stages of design can be successfully carried out with the automation of design work.

A prototype or a pilot batch manufactured on the basis of the working documentation must undergo preliminary tests to determine their compliance with the TOR and design documentation, to identify and eliminate design flaws and manufacturing defects.

Upon completion of finishing work, a prototype product undergoes acceptance tests to determine its compliance with the technical requirements, the requirements of standards and design documentation, safety requirements and sanitary and hygienic standards, the possibility of putting the product into mass production.

The conditions for conducting acceptance tests must comply with the specified in the ToR of the region and the mining conditions for the use of the product in order to identify its performance, reliability and economic indicators.

With positive results of acceptance tests, the interdepartmental commission makes recommendations:

on setting the product for mass production;

by the volume of the installation series;

to finalize the product and adjust the design documentation;

by referring the product to a certain category of quality in accordance with its technical level.

If the product has not passed the acceptance tests, the acceptance certificate is not drawn up. The acceptance test report indicates the main reasons why the prototype was not accepted, and gives recommendations for further work.

The development of mass production of a product begins with the adjustment of working documentation based on the results of acceptance tests and the technological preparation of their production.

The beginning of mass production is the production of an installation series of the product.

GOST R 15.201-2000

Group T52

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

System for the development and production of products

PRODUCTS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL PURPOSE

The procedure for developing and putting products into production

System of product development and launching into manufacture. Products of industrial and technical designation. Procedure of product development and launching into manufacture

For the text of Comparison of GOST R 15.201-2000 with GOST R 15.301-2016, see the link.
- Database manufacturer's note.
____________________________________________________________________

OKS 01.040.01
01.110
OKSTU 0015

Introduction date 2001-01-01

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization (VNIIstandart) of the State Standard of Russia

INTRODUCED by the Scientific and Technical Department of the State Standard of Russia

2 ADOPTED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated October 17, 2000 N 263-st

3 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

4 REVISION. August 2010

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to national economic products for industrial purposes (hereinafter referred to as products) and establishes the procedure for its development and production.

The standard establishes the basic provisions for the development terms of reference(TOR), design and technological documentation, acceptance of development results, preparation and development of production, testing of prototypes of products and products manufactured during the development of production, as well as confirmation of their compliance with mandatory requirements. The requirements of this standard, if necessary, can be specified in other standards and methodological documents of different scopes.

The standard does not apply to civil ships.

2 Normative references

This standard uses references to the following standards:

GOST 2.124-85 Unified system for design documentation. The procedure for using purchased products

GOST 15.311-90 System for the development and production of products. Putting into production according to technical documentation foreign firms

GOST R 15.000-94 System for the development and production of products. Key points

GOST R 15.011-96 System for the development and production of products. Patent research. Content and procedure

GOST R ISO 9001-96 * Quality systems. Quality assurance model for design, development, production, installation and maintenance
_________________
* Valid until December 15, 2003
GOST ISO 9001-2011

GOST R ISO 9001-2001 * Quality management systems. Requirements
________________
* From November 13, 2009, GOST R ISO 9001-2008 is valid.
In the territory Russian Federation valid GOST ISO 9001-2011, hereinafter in the text

3 Definitions

3.1 This standard uses terms with the corresponding definitions for , as well as the following:

3.1.1 national economic products: Products designed and manufactured to meet the needs of the national economy, population and exports.

3.1.2 industrial and technical products: Products intended for use as means of industrial and agricultural production.

3.1.3 mandatory requirements: Requirements established by state standards and other regulatory documents based on the legislation of the Russian Federation to ensure the safety of products, works and services for the environment, life, health and property, technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of products, uniformity of control methods and uniformity of labeling, as well as other mandatory requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3.1.4 competitive basis: The principle of distribution of orders for the development (production) of products, which consists in the use of competitive selection based on the results of tenders (competitions).

3.1.5 work organization model: According to GOST R 15.000.

3.1.6 work organization module: According to GOST R 15.000.

3.1.7 state supervision bodies: Federal executive authorities supervising the implementation of mandatory requirements.

4 General provisions

4.1 This standard deals with the following stages and types of work life cycle products established by GOST R 15.000:

- stage "Development", type of work "Experimental design work (R&D) for product development";

- part of the "Production" stage, type of work "Putting into production".

4.2 Certain types of work on the development and production of products, characterized by a target orientation, organizational completeness, a certain sequential order of execution and planning, the presence of certain performers, are combined into work organization modules that meet the requirements of GOST R 15.000 in composition and content.

4.3 Subject to availability targeted programs product development, the presence or absence of a customer, the nature of the relationship between the subjects economic activity the development and production of products is carried out according to the following models of work organization:

1 - creation of products for state and municipal orders, as well as other orders financed from federal budget and budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - under the state order);

2 - creation of products by order of a specific consumer (interested organizations, societies, commercial structures);

3 - initiative development of products without a specific customer at the commercial risk of the developer and manufacturer.

The work organization model is chosen based on the ability to provide required quality products, compliance with mandatory requirements and competitiveness of products.

4.4 State orders are placed on a competitive basis, taking into account the qualifications of the contractor, in accordance with the current procedure for organizing the procurement of goods, works and services for state needs.

4.5 When creating products under the state order and the order of a specific consumer, they conclude an agreement (contract) for the work performed, drawn up in in due course, and develop TOR for the work performed.

In the contract and (or) TK, if necessary, indicate the regulatory documents regulating the procedure for performing work, and documents defining the mandatory rules and requirements for products.

If necessary, the agreement (contract) indicates a set of work organization modules that ensure the fulfillment and confirmation of mandatory requirements, as well as the requirements established by laws and regulations of state supervision bodies.

4.6 Based on the initial requirements of the customer (if any), the product developer conducts the necessary research, development and technological work, paying special attention to ensuring the following requirements:

- safety, health protection and the environment (including their persistence during product operation);

- resource saving;

- established for the conditions of use of products values ​​of indicators that determine its technical level;

- resistance to external influences;

- interchangeability and compatibility constituent parts and products in general.

4.7 The decision to develop products on an initiative basis is made taking into account the conditions of the sales market.

4.8 Development and production of products in the general case provides for:

1) development of technical specifications for development work (R&D);

2) conducting R & D, including:

- development of technical documentation [design (CD) and technological (TD)],

- production of prototypes,

- testing of prototypes,

- acceptance of R&D results;

3) putting into production, including:

- production preparation,

- development of production:

production of the installation series,

qualification tests.

The stages of a specific R&D (an integral part of the R&D), as well as the procedure for their acceptance, must be defined in the ToR for the R&D (an integral part of the R&D) and the agreement (contract) for its implementation.

4.9 At all stages of the R&D (an integral part of the R&D) and when putting products into production, the performers ensure that the mandatory requirements are met.

The achieved indicators, their compliance with the requirements of the TOR for R&D (an integral part of the R&D) are evaluated upon acceptance of the stages and are reflected in the protocols (acts) of testing prototypes of products and the acts of acceptance of the R&D and R&D stages as a whole.

4.10 The relationship of the developer (manufacturer) with the state supervision bodies is determined by the current legislation.

4.11 In accordance with their rules, submit documents confirming compliance with mandatory requirements to the state supervision bodies.

The composition of these documents is established by the relevant state supervision body.

4.12 Products of intellectual labor obtained in the process of creating and putting products into production and being objects of intellectual property protection are used in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

5 Development of terms of reference for R & D

5.1 The basis for the performance of R & D is the TOR approved by the customer, and the agreement (contract) with him. Another document containing the necessary and sufficient requirements for product development and mutually recognized by the customer and the developer can be used as a TOR.

Requirements for the analysis of the agreement (contract) are given in 4.3 GOST R ISO 9001.

In the case of proactive product development, the basis for performing R&D is the TK approved by the management of the developer enterprise (or a document replacing it), based on the results of product market research, as well as patent research in accordance with GOST R 15.011.

When developing technical specifications, the developer takes into account information about similar products contained in databases (all-Russian and regional) created in the State Standard of Russia on the basis of product catalog sheets.

5.2 It is recommended to indicate technical and economic requirements for products in the TOR, which determine its consumer properties and efficiency of use, a list of documents requiring joint consideration, the procedure for submitting and accepting development results.

The TOR provides for the implementation of all mandatory requirements that apply to these products.

The ToR indicates the form of confirmation of conformity of products to mandatory requirements provided for by law.

The TOR is recommended to take into account the interests of all possible consumers.

The specific content of the TK is determined by the customer and the developer, and in case of initiative development - by the developer.

It is not allowed to include in the TOR requirements that are contrary to the laws of the Russian Federation and mandatory requirements.

5.3 It is recommended to include the following provisions in the ToR:

- forecast of the development of requirements for this product for the expected period of its release;

- recommended stages of product modernization, taking into account the forecast for the development of requirements;

- compliance with the requirements of the countries of intended export, taking into account the forecast of the development of these requirements;

- maintainability characteristics;

Possibility of replacement of spare parts without application of industrial technology;

- availability and safety of the effective use of products by disabled people and elderly citizens (for the relevant products provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

5.4 TK is developed and approved in the manner prescribed by the customer and the developer.

Other interested organizations (enterprises) may be involved in the development of technical specifications: a manufacturer, a trade (intermediary) organization, an insurance organization, a design organization, an installation organization, etc.

5.5 To confirm certain requirements for products, including safety, health and environmental requirements, as well as to assess the technical level of products, the technical specification may be sent by the developer or customer for examination (conclusion) to third-party organizations. The decision on the received conclusions is made by the developer and the customer before the approval of the TOR.

5.6 At any stage of product development, with the consent of the customer and the developer, changes and additions can be made to the TOR or a document replacing it that do not violate the conditions for fulfilling the mandatory requirements.

6 Development of documentation, production and testing of prototypes of products

6.1 The development of design and technological, and, if necessary, program documentation for products is carried out according to the rules established by the standards unified system design documentation (ESKD), the Unified System of Technological Documentation (ESTD) and the Unified System of Program Documentation (ESPD).

General requirements for design management - according to 4.4 GOST R ISO 9001.

The rules for the development of technical documentation for materials and substances are established by the developer, taking into account the current state standards, the specifics of products and the organization of its production.

6.2 In the process of developing documentation for the selection and verification of new technical solutions that ensure the achievement of the main consumer properties of products, laboratory research, bench and other tests, as well as finishing tests of experimental and prototype products under conditions that simulate real operating conditions (consumption) can be carried out , while taking into account the patent and legal aspects of the economic use of these technical solutions.

For certain types products or its components, testing of prototypes can be carried out under operating conditions (including at enterprises - consumers of products).

The scope and content of the tests necessary to prevent the production of unfinished products that do not meet the technical requirements are determined by the developer, taking into account the novelty, complexity, features of production and use of products, and customer requirements. At the same time, tests must be carried out for compliance with all mandatory requirements.

The need to develop, manufacture and test layouts (models), experimental and prototype products, their list and quantity are determined in the TOR and the agreement (contract) for R&D (an integral part of R&D). This does not exclude the possibility of such work being carried out by the developer, if their need is revealed later, while the TOR and the agreement (contract), with the consent of the customer, are amended accordingly.

Requirements for control and testing procedures are established in accordance with 4.10-4.12 GOST R ISO 9001.

6.3 For repairable products in the agreement (contract) and TOR for R & D, it is advisable to provide for the development of repair documentation intended for the preparation of production, repair and control of products after repair.

6.4 To confirm the compliance of the developed technical documentation with the initial requirements and to select the best solution (if there are options), prototypes (pilot batches) of products are made if the products are supposed to be mass-produced (with expected constant demand). For non-serial production of products, head samples are also made.

When creating a single product, the prototype products, as a rule, are subject to sale to their customer (unless otherwise stipulated in the contract and TOR for R&D).

6.5 Testing of prototype products

6.5.1 To evaluate and control the quality of the results obtained at certain stages of R&D (R&D component), prototypes (pilot batch) of products (head samples* of products) are subjected to control tests in the following categories:

- preliminary tests carried out for the purpose of preliminary assessment of the compliance of a prototype product with the requirements of the TOR, as well as to determine the readiness of a prototype for acceptance testing;

- acceptance tests carried out in order to evaluate all the characteristics of the product defined by the TOR, verify and confirm the compliance of the prototype product with the requirements of the TOR in conditions as close as possible to the conditions of actual operation (application, use) of the product, as well as to make decisions about the possibility industrial production and sales of products.

* Leading product samples are development objects that simultaneously act as the first samples of non-serial and small-scale products sold to the customer under special delivery conditions.

6.5.2 If there are mandatory requirements for products that are subject to mandatory confirmation of conformity (certification) in the future, the results of acceptance tests of products in terms of mandatory requirements carried out in laboratories (centers) accredited in the prescribed manner can be used to obtain confirmation of conformity in accordance with the established rules.

The place for testing prototypes of products is determined by the developer together with the manufacturer of serial products (in the event that the functions of the developer and manufacturer are performed by different enterprises and there are no specific conditions for testing established by state supervision bodies).

6.5.3 When creating products according to the work organization model 1 (4.3), state acceptance tests are carried out, according to models 2 and 3 - acceptance tests with the participation of the relevant state supervision bodies and other interested organizations.

For component parts of products developed according to the TOR of the main R&D contractor, independent acceptance tests are carried out with the participation of interested organizations. The ultimate goal of these tests is to assess compliance with the requirements of the TOR according to which they are developed, and to determine the possibility of installing components in a prototype product intended for its preliminary testing.

6.5.4 The prototype samples of non-serial products are subjected to acceptance tests in order to resolve the issue of the admissibility of their use for their intended purpose, and for repetitive non-serial products - and to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting the products into non-serial production.

6.5.5 The prototype products are tested according to the rules of this standard, taking into account the features established for it in the relevant regulatory documents.

6.5.6 Preliminary testing of products is organized by the R&D contractor.

State acceptance testing of products (model 1 to 4.3) is organized by the state customer, unless otherwise stipulated by the agreement (contract).

Acceptance tests of products according to work organization models 2 and 3 according to 4.3 with the participation of interested bodies and organizations specified in 6.5.3 are organized by the developer.

Acceptance testing of prototypes of product components (developed according to the TOR of the head R&D contractor) with the participation of interested organizations is organized by the head developer for the creation of products. In other cases, testing of prototypes of product components is organized by their developer.

In the case of R&D performed during initiative development (without a specific customer), acceptance tests are organized by the developer.

The organizer is responsible for conducting the tests.

6.5.7 Preliminary and acceptance tests are carried out according to the relevant test programs and methods (hereinafter referred to as test programs), developed and approved by the party responsible for these tests.

Test programs are developed on the basis of the requirements of the TOR, design documentation using, if necessary, standard programs, standard (standardized) test methods and others. normative documents in terms of organizing and conducting tests.

The test program includes:

test object,

purpose of testing

scope of tests

conditions and procedure for testing,

logistics of testing,

metrological support of tests,

test reporting.

The test programs include lists of specific checks (tasks to be solved, assessments) that should be carried out during tests to confirm compliance with the requirements of the TOR with links to the relevant test methods. The program and methodology for acceptance testing of prototypes of products must, in addition, contain a quality check of working design and operational documentation (including draft specifications for industrial production of products) to make a decision on the suitability of documentation in industrial production.

The test methodology includes:

evaluated characteristics (properties, indicators) of products;

conditions and procedure for testing;

methods of processing, analysis and evaluation of test results;

used means of testing, control and measurement;

reporting.

Test methods used to determine the conformity of products to mandatory requirements, if they are not typical standardized methods, must be certified in the prescribed manner and agreed with the relevant state supervision bodies.

6.5.8 Tests are carried out after checking the readiness of test sites (laboratories, testing centers, etc.) to ensure technical requirements, safety requirements and after appointing responsible specialists for all work in preparing and conducting tests, evaluating product characteristics with established measurement accuracy and registering their results.

6.5.9 To conduct acceptance tests, as a rule, a commission is appointed that controls the completeness, reliability and objectivity of the test results, as well as the completeness of information, compliance with the test deadlines and documentation of their results. With the consent of the organizations concerned, it is allowed to conduct tests without appointing a commission, but with the assignment of its functions and duties to the relevant services of the organization conducting the tests, which should be reflected in the TOR and (or) agreement (contract) for the implementation of R&D.

6.5.10 By the beginning of the tests, the measures for their preparation should be completed, providing for:

- availability, suitability and readiness at the place of testing of means of logistics and metrological support, guaranteeing the creation of conditions and test modes corresponding to those specified in the test program;

- training and, if necessary, certification of personnel admitted to testing;

- appointment of a commission or relevant organizations (enterprises) and their services (if the commission is not appointed);

- timely submission to the test site of a prototype product with a set of design, regulatory, reference and other documentation provided for by the test program.

6.5.11 During the testing process, the progress and results of the tests are documented in the form and within the time limits specified in the test program.

In justified cases, tests may be interrupted or terminated, which is documented.

6.5.12 The specified and actual data obtained during the tests are reflected in the protocol (s).

6.5.13 In the test reports, texts relating to checks of mandatory requirements should be drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the conformity assessment rules.

6.5.14 Tests are considered completed if their results are formalized by an act confirming the implementation of the test program and containing an assessment of the test results with specific precise wording reflecting the compliance of the tested prototype product with the requirements of the TOR.

Upon completion of acceptance tests, prototypes or samples of an experimental batch are considered to have fulfilled their functions. Their further use (as units of non-serial production), disposal or destruction are determined by a special decision that meets the current legislation.

6.5.15 State supervision bodies determine the degree of compliance of products with mandatory requirements during acceptance tests and issue a final conclusion based on the test results, which is reflected in the act or in a separate documented conclusion.

7 Acceptance of product development results

7.1 The results of product development are evaluated by the acceptance committee, which includes representatives of the customer, developer and manufacturer. Experts can participate in the work of the commission third parties, and for products for which mandatory requirements are established, - state supervision bodies (or the conclusion of these bodies is submitted).

If there is a customer, his representative is appointed chairman of the commission. The composition of the commission is formed and approved by the customer or, with the consent of the customer, the developer.

7.2 The acceptance committee conducts acceptance tests of prototypes (pilot batches) of products in accordance with 6.5.

At the request of the customer or in accordance with the rules for assessing compliance with mandatory requirements, testing can be entrusted to a specialized testing organization (testing center) or the manufacturer, if this is stipulated in the TOR for the R&D (agreement, contract).

In carrying out acceptance tests, regardless of the place of their conduct, the manufacturer and the state supervision authorities are entitled to take part, which must be informed about the upcoming tests one month before they begin.

All state supervision bodies, determined by the current legislation for these products, either participate in acceptance tests, or give opinions on the test results.

In the absence of a representative of the state supervision body or his opinion, it is considered that the state supervision body agrees to accept the development or is not interested in it.

7.3 The developer submits to the acceptance committee the TOR for the implementation of R & D, draft technical specifications (TS) or standard technical specifications (if their development is provided), design and (or) technological documents requiring joint consideration, a patent research report, other technical documents and materials, required by law, confirming the compliance of the developed products with the TOR and the agreement (contract) and certifying its technical level and competitiveness. The acceptance committee, as a rule, is also presented with prototypes of products, and if their manufacture was not provided for, a prototype or a single product created as part of the R&D.

7.4 Based on the results of the acceptance tests and consideration of the submitted materials, the commission draws up an act in which it indicates:

1) compliance of samples of the developed (manufactured) products with the requirements specified in the TOR, the admissibility of its production (delivery to the consumer);

2) the results of assessing the technical level and competitiveness of products, including in the patent and legal aspect;

3) the results of the evaluation of the developed technical documentation (including the draft specifications);

6) comments and suggestions for the improvement of products and documentation (if necessary);

7) other recommendations, comments and suggestions of the acceptance committee.

The act of the acceptance committee is approved by the customer.

The approval of the act of the acceptance committee means the end of development, the termination of the TOR (if it does not apply to further work), the coordination of the submitted TS, technical documentation.

7.5 In the act of the acceptance committee, with the consent of the relevant state supervision authorities, the requirements of 4.9, 4.10, 5.2, 6.5.15, 7.2, 8.3 may be reflected.

8 Preparation and development of production (putting into production) of products

8.1 Preparation and development of production, which are the stages of putting products into production, are carried out in order to ensure the readiness of production for the manufacture and release (delivery) of newly developed (modernized) or previously produced by another enterprise products in a given volume that meets the requirements of design documentation.

8.2 The basis for putting into production is an agreement (contract) concluded with the customer for the purchase from the supplier (manufacturer) of products manufactured within the established period.

In the absence of a specific customer, the basis is the decision of the supplier's management at their own commercial risk.

8.3 By the time the products are put into production, the results of acceptance tests must be recognized by the state supervision authorities (6.5.15, 7.2).

8.4 The manufacturer accepts from the product developer:

set of CD and TD letter O or higher;

special means of control and testing;

a prototype product (if necessary) in accordance with the terms of use of scientific and technical products specified in the agreement (contract) for R & D;

documents on the coordination of the use of components in accordance with GOST 2.124;

conclusions on the examinations carried out (including metrological, environmental, etc.);

a copy of the acceptance test certificate;

documents confirming the compliance of the developed products with mandatory requirements.

8.5 At the pre-production stage, the manufacturer must perform work to ensure the technological readiness of the enterprise for the manufacture of products within the time specified by the contract (agreement) in the specified volumes, in accordance with the requirements of the design documentation and the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the following main works:

- development of TD (or adjustment of the received TD) for the manufacture of products for delivery, control and testing;

- testing the design for manufacturability, taking into account the ESTD standards;

- conclusion of agreements (contracts) with suppliers of components and materials and license agreements with copyright holders for the use of industrial and intellectual property;

- preparation and presentation territorial bodies Gosstandart of Russia catalog sheet of products in the prescribed manner;

- other jobs.

Preparation of production is considered complete when the manufacturer of products has received all the necessary documentation, developed (worked out) technical specifications for the manufacture of products, tested and debugged the means of technological equipment and technological processes, trained personnel involved in the manufacture, testing and control of products, and established readiness for mastering production products.

8.6 At the stage of development of production, perform:

- production of the number of units of production of the initial series (the first industrial batch) established by the agreement (contract) or other document in accordance with the requirements of the design documentation (letter O or higher), finalization of the developed technological process for the production of products according to TD (letter O or higher);

- qualification tests;

- further testing (if necessary) of the design for manufacturability;

- approval of design documentation and TD with the assignment of the letter A.

8.7 During the period of putting the product into production, the manufacturer (supplier) carries out all the necessary work for the subsequent mandatory certification of products under the law.

8.8 The production of products according to the technical documentation of foreign companies is carried out in accordance with GOST 15.311, taking into account the requirements of this standard.

8.9 In order to demonstrate the readiness of the enterprise to release products that meet the requirements of the design documentation, to verify the developed technological process that ensures the stability of product characteristics, as well as to assess the readiness of the enterprise to release products in the amount determined by the agreement (contract), qualification tests are carried out.

8.10 Qualification tests are carried out according to the program developed by the manufacturer with the participation of the product developer and agreed with the customer (if any). The program specifies:

- the number of units of products subjected to testing and verification based on their complexity, cost, reliability and other factors necessary for reliable assessments;

- all types of tests corresponding to the periodic tests specified in the TS, as well as other tests and checks to achieve the goal of qualification tests;

- test site.

It is allowed not to include in the program of qualification tests the verification of certain requirements of the design documentation, which cannot change during the work on putting into production.

8.11 Qualification tests are organized and ensured by the manufacturer (supplier) of products. Qualification tests are carried out by a commission, which includes representatives of the manufacturer, product developer, developers and suppliers of components and, if necessary, government oversight bodies and other interested parties (for example, insurance organizations, public organizations Consumer Protection, etc.).

8.12 Testing is documented in test reports, which reflect the actual data of inspections, inspections, controls, measurements and other data that must be signed by members of the commission and persons participating in a particular type of testing.

8.13 The results of qualification tests are considered positive if the product (installation series) passed the tests on all points of the qualification test program, the technological equipment of production and the stability of the manufacturing process were positively assessed for the possibility of producing products in the given volumes corresponding to the DD, as well as TD.

Positive results are documented in an act that indicates:

- compliance of products with mandatory requirements and design documentation, results of consideration of materials submitted to the commission, results of selective control of the technological process of manufacturing (assembly) of products (parts, assembly units) at workplaces;

- recommendations on the establishment of benchmarks for established industrial production (if necessary);

- assessment of the manufacturer's readiness for the production of serial products for the implementation of the agreement (contract) and the readiness of design documentation, TD for approval in the prescribed manner with the assignment of the letter A;

- recommendations on the possibility of supplying products from among those manufactured in the process of mastering production (with the obligatory notification of consumers about this and the sale of such products only with their consent and after carrying out acceptance tests in the prescribed manner).

8.14 Delivery of products during the development of its production is allowed, if the manufacturer can confirm the compliance of this product with mandatory requirements.

Units of production of the installation series do not belong to marketable products, as a result of which the QCD carries out only their control, and acceptance for delivery - only at the request of the consumer.

8.15 With positive results of qualification tests, the development of production is considered completed.

APPENDIX A (informative). Bibliography

APPENDIX A
(reference)

R 50-605-80-93* System for the development and production of products. Terms and Definitions
________________
* The document is the author's development. Per additional information refer to the link. - Database manufacturer's note.

PR 50-718-94* Rules for filling out and submitting product catalog sheets
________________
* The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. PR 50-718-99 are in force. - Database manufacturer's note.


Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:

official publication
Development and staging system
products for production:
Collection national standards. -

M.: Standartinform, 2010

Yury MATVEEV, Head of Sector of FKU Research Center "Protection" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Yury SAFONOV, Senior Researcher, FKU NRC "Protection" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Natalya METELEVA, senior researcher at Federal State Institution Research Center "Protection" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Among the variety of products, including security devices, you can find specimens that outwardly differ little from each other, but have differences, for example, in price. And if an inquisitive buyer begins to look for the reason for this difference, he may find that these products are somewhat different in designation. Although this difference is quite insignificant (sometimes one letter or number). And if you look at the operational documentation, it turns out that this is a modernization of a product we already know. What is modernization and why is it needed?

The concept of "modernization" is very multifaceted and can affect a wide variety of areas of knowledge. Modernization processes are an integral part of the development of any state. Modernization is economic, political, cultural, social, industrial, technological, technical. In our case, the last three are relevant. Modernization is the process of changing any objects, giving them modern properties that meet the requirements of the time. Modernization is the improvement, improvement, renewal of an object, bringing it into line with new requirements and norms, technical conditions, quality indicators. The word "modernization" of foreign origin from the French modernisation (moderne - the latest, modern). That is, this concept means a change in accordance with the latest, modern requirements and norms.
The upgraded product must be adapted to modern styles, views, ideas, tastes, needs.
Let's turn to technical modernization. The definition of modernization in relation to technical products can be found in GOST R 53736-2009. According to this document, the modernization of products is a set of works carried out in order to improve individual characteristics and quality indicators of products through a limited change in their design. Modernization in technology is the refinement of an obsolete product that is in operation, by means of its minor change in order to bring it into line with new requirements.
Sometimes they confuse modernization and modification. Despite the apparent relationship of concepts, this is not the same thing. In the process of modernization, development is carried out in order to replace the manufactured product with a product with improved individual quality indicators, only some of its design parameters are changed. Modernization is carried out according to the general rules for product development, and a new designation is assigned to the upgraded product while maintaining the designation elements of the upgraded product. As a rule, obsolete products are subject to modernization, which are subsequently intended to be discontinued. The term "modernization" is also used in relation to instruments, machines and equipment that are in operation. Therefore, it is wrong to refer to the modernization of work on the creation of modifications of products and on the improvement of manufactured products directly in the production process. Modification comes from the French word modification and means a modification, a transformation of something that does not affect the main purpose, but adds new properties, for example, a modified model from a family of the same type of cars, instruments, etc., slightly different from the main model. In other words, products that have been manufactured by the enterprise and operated by the consumer for some time are subject to modernization. And the modification is carried out with products that are still at the production stage, and its serial production has not been properly adjusted. Or in short: modification is change, and modernization is renewal.
Modernization of technical products can be aimed at updating appearance or design, for any reason, does not suit the consumer. Let's call it conditionally "external modernization". For example, a motorist is satisfied with the interior of the car - it is quite comfortable and everything is in its place. Engine parameters are also acceptable. But the body shape or colors are not modern and they need to be modernized - modernized. External modernization is immediately visible and it may even seem that this is a completely different product, although in essence it remains the same.
And here is an example from security equipment. There is a good infrared sensor with excellent technical performance, with excellent detectability. But during the operation it turns out that it does not have the necessary versatility. The bracket, on which the device is installed on the guarded object, has the ability to rotate at a certain angle and be fixed only in several positions. That is, you can change the rotation of the device only discretely. This leads to certain inconveniences when placing the device on the object. After finalizing the design of the bracket, the developer ensured its smooth turn in any direction. The modernization of the bracket has increased the versatility and competitiveness of several instruments with which it can be used.
Another case is when, on the contrary, the external data of the product of the consumer satisfy and are very modern or not so important. But technical data do not meet the requirements of the time, and they need to be improved. Let's conditionally call such an improvement "internal modernization". It is not visible clearly, but it can deliver a lot of surprises to the consumer. A very clear example of an internal upgrade is a computer configuration update or, as they say now, an “upgrade”, which can concern either electronic components, or software, or both. Before us is the same system unit, but, turning on the computer, we will be surprised to find a powerful configuration that meets the requirements of modern software applications.
Upgrading a computer, if it has a modular configuration, can be performed by the consumer at home. The user only needs to purchase the necessary components and have some assembly skills. Not everything is so simple with the modernization of the filling of the device at the manufacturer. This is a complete manufacturing process, which can involve dozens of people: designers, designers, technologists, workers at the machines and at the assembly site, technical supervisors, testers.
Here is an approximate work plan for upgrading the device:
1. Development of design documentation (specification, circuit diagram, list of radio-electronic elements, assembly drawings, detail drawings, specifications and other textual documentation, operational documentation). Production and testing of layouts at the enterprise, adjustment of design documentation based on test results. On average, it can take up to 6 months.
2. Production of an initial batch of prototypes of the device. Carrying out preliminary tests and updating design documentation based on test results. Depending on the possibilities of production, it will take 3-4 months.
3. Refinement of prototypes according to the comments of preliminary tests. Carrying out qualification tests and putting modernized devices into serial production. Another 2-3 months.
4. Serial production and delivery of products to the customer.
The work plan can be refined during the product development process. Works of the first and second stages are accepted at the technical meeting of the performer. The end of the stages is the date of approval of the test reports of the layout and prototypes. Putting into mass production is carried out at the conclusion of the qualification commission. Acceptance and delivery of devices is carried out in accordance with the technical specifications for the product, agreed with the customer.
The process of upgrading an instrument of average complexity can take about a year. This is the work of developers and manufacturers that can be hidden behind one additional letter or number in the designation of a device that seems to be well known to the consumer. This work is invisibly present in every element of the product, in every technical parameter, in every functionality. It is not clearly visible, but this work makes an obsolete and, perhaps, already obsolete device, again in demand and meeting modern standards. Modernization of products covers a significant part of the developments of design organizations and, as a result, a significant part of the total output of manufacturers. In fact, why reinvent the wheel when the product already exists. It only needs to be improved a little so that it corresponds to the present.
Below is a diagram that clearly displays the ratio of modernized products of technical security equipment and those newly developed in the FKU Research Center "Protection" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia over the past ten years.
As you can see, in some years, modernization exceeded new developments by several times. What is it connected with? In the market of security equipment, as in any market, there is always competition between manufacturers. Technology doesn't stand still. And if today your device is the most advanced and perfect, then after some time other enterprises will create a product that surpasses yours in some respects. In this case, the consumer can be attracted either by a lower price with equal quality indicators, or by better indicators with an equal price. If the product is new, then for some time its competitiveness can be maintained by modernization. But this cannot continue indefinitely, and there will come a period when the product is hopelessly outdated. Then new research will be required using other technical solutions, and sometimes completely different physical principles. Hence the inversely proportional cyclicity of modernized and newly developed products, which can be observed over a fairly long period of time.

Evaluation of the effectiveness and expediency of their implementation;

Features of the development of TD, testing and production.

Modernization– creation of products with improved properties by limited modification of the original product and its replacement. When the production of modernized products is put into production, the original one is considered obsolete and removed from production at all enterprises producing it.

modification- creation of products that are homogeneous with the original (typical), but with a different scope, a limited change in products. Modification does not include the receipt of products of an individual design, made at the request of the customer within the general requirements for these products, which may differ, for example, in packaging, manufacturing "on site", assembly options. The totality of the original (standard) product and its modifications forms family products.

Perfection- modification of a product that increases the efficiency of its production or use, without significant change main indicators of products.

Table 1. Characteristics of qualitative features during the modernization, modification and improvement of products

Note: main features - 3 and 4.

Development new generation products should be made taking into account the possibilities of subsequent upgrades and (or) modification.

Modernization can allow to extend the period of production and while maintaining its compliance with growing requirements and technical level; modification - expand the scope of products at moderate development and production costs.

To ensure the effectiveness of the modernization, it is recommended to pre-evaluate:

The degree of continuity of products, within which the efficiency of modernization is greatest;

The possibility of improving the technical level as a result of modernization;

Rational time intervals between upgrades, their rational number.

When determining the frequency of upgrades, one should proceed from the fact that with each subsequent upgrade, efficiency decreases.

When modifying, it is necessary to assess the degree of continuity with the original product, which allows, at a minimum of additional costs, to ensure the effectiveness of the use of modifications in new operating conditions (applications).

The manufacturer systematically improves its products replacement of materials and components, unification of components, technological processes and means of production, the use of advanced technology, the introduction of inventions and rationalization proposals, elimination of shortcomings revealed in the process of production and operation.

Improvement work products in general include:

Presentation and consideration of proposals for improvement;

Development of the necessary technical documentation and production of product samples or its components;

Type tests and assessment of the feasibility of product changes;

Making changes to the set of design documentation and adjusting the technological process for the production of improved products.