Phases of the life cycle of innovation. Test innovation management. The main purpose of the functioning of the business incubator
Life cycle Innovation consists of the R&D phase, the technological development phase, the phase of stabilization of production volumes and the phase of declining sales volumes.
In the initial phase, fundamental theoretical studies, applied research and design development. The result of their implementation is new knowledge and scientific ideas. They form the potential of knowledge for innovation activities, which is an intellectual product, the market value of which is very difficult to assess. At this stage, the first sample is often made. new technology or other innovation, which is a form of expression of the received information, its illustration.
The main objectives of the phase of technological development of production are its preparation for the implementation of the results of development and the provision of the necessary conditions for this.
In the next phase, stable production of specific types of products is carried out.
The final phase of the innovation life cycle includes a decrease in sales volumes and further supply of demand for products through the use of new technological solutions.
Thus, the innovation process, being part of the life cycle of innovation, includes various stages - from research and development of new technology to bringing it to industrial implementation.
The final stage innovation process, associated with the development of large-scale production of new products, requires the reconstruction of production facilities, the improvement of technology, staff training, promotional activities, etc., which requires investment. However, investments continue to be risky, as the reaction of the market at this stage is still unknown. Therefore, the stage of marketing is very important, which forms the demand for new products, provides feedback to consumers of the manufactured product.
The higher the level of innovative potential of the enterprise, the more successfully it avoids possible crisis situations. The innovative potential of an enterprise is determined by both technical and managerial factors, which include:
- - the previously established level of development of production;
- - state of the mechanism and control system;
- - type and orientation of the organizational structure;
- - trends in economic and innovation policy;
- - understanding the need for various kinds of changes and the readiness of personnel for them, etc.
Of particular difficulty for an entrepreneur is the stage of selling new products, i.e., transferring it from a "donor" (supplier) to a "recipient" (consumer). Entrepreneur-
The manufacturer usually proceeds from two strategies for "invading" the market of innovation: "programmed introduction", suggesting that the consumer adapts to a new product, and "adapted introduction", associated with changing the product in accordance with the requirements of the consumer.
The transfer of innovation to the consumer often involves training him to handle the product. Therefore, manufacturers often assume not only the training itself, but also the associated costs. At the same time, entrepreneurs organize training for their own traveling salesmen, which develops their ability to convince the consumer, and various situational psychodramatic techniques are worked out in advance. Profitability of innovations depends on the degree of diffusion of innovation (diffusion). Therefore, an entrepreneur must take into account not only the economic and production conditions, but also the cultural and psychological differences of consumers from different countries and regions, as well as their gender and age characteristics. The commercial success of one innovation becomes the basis for subsequent innovations, while "innovation fear" is a consequence of previous unsuccessful innovations, leading to a "psychological barrier" associated with the fear of loss of status, bankruptcy, etc. Often it is caused by insufficient qualifications of the entrepreneur, inability to attract to the innovative activity of employees of various job groups, to effectively use the specifics human factor production.
There are two main types of innovation strategy:
- - adaptive, when an enterprise uses innovation as a response to changing market conditions in order to maintain its position in the market, i.e., in order to survive;
- - competitive, when innovation is used as a starting point for success, a means of obtaining competitive advantages.
The decision to implement an innovative project is preceded by a careful comparison of the estimated costs of its implementation (taking into account the assessment of technical and commercial risk) and the financial capabilities of the company, which is reflected in the business plan. Financial position company determines the possibility and effectiveness of using borrowed money for innovation.
AT modern conditions an effective form of implementation of innovation activity is the management of capital invested in innovation, taking into account the peculiarities of the innovation process.
Features of the innovation process create conditions for the mutual influence of innovation and investment cycles in the process of creating innovations, reducing their duration and the possibility of their interaction in order to minimize the volume of investment resources and the optimal use of advanced funds and achieve a commercial effect from the implementation of an innovative product.
Innovation activity traditionally involves a sequence of investments, rather than parallel investment of all or several stages of the innovation life cycle.
At the same time, the loss of the commercial effect of innovation is due to the fact that interruptions in financing are sometimes long-term, both customers and the specialization of future productions change.
The theory of combining innovation and investment cycles is based on the position: innovation is
activity result. At each relatively independent stage of the innovation cycle, a certain result can arise, which can become an independent product. However, the result of a specific stage of the innovation cycle acts in relation to the final innovative product only as its intermediate form, i.e., an intermediate product.
Therefore, the investment policy for the development of innovation can be focused on the final product and on the effective reproduction of innovation on any of the relatively
independent stages of the innovation process. Myself
the innovation cycle can be terminated if the investor sees the feasibility of commodifying an intermediate result (research methodology, technology know-how, etc.).
The above considerations admit the following formalization. If the cash flow at stage m is denoted as S(m), then in comparable prices by the base point in time, it will be equal to:
S(t m , ti)=S(m) KjXK 2 x to 3
and the integral assessment for the entire innovation cycle
XS(t m, t,)= X S(m) k, x k 2 x k 3
where is K! - coefficient taking into account the amount of inflation at the time t in corresponding to the end of stage w; k 2 - coefficient taking into account the impact of risk at stage w; to 3 - coefficient taking into account the distribution cash flows at stage sh.
These coefficients are a function not only of the stage number, but also of the period during which inflation, risk and depreciation of money "accumulate". Comparison of the values of cash flows at different stages and at the end of the innovation cycle allows the manufacturer of an innovative product to decide whether it is expedient to carry out all the stages or limit himself to work at specific stages.
An effective enterprise management strategy is to increase the competitiveness of products, in particular, "stuffing" an innovation product into the market. In this regard, within the marketing research the problem arises of comparing the evaluation of the product-innovation with the products-prototypes in terms of price, functionality and satisfaction of the corresponding needs of potential buyers.
Financial security is the activity of attracting, distributing and using capital, as well as managing it in the risk capital market. Being integral part innovation sphere, innovation capital mediates each stage of innovation activity. The most significant parts of the total national capital serving innovation activities are state capital, loan capital, investment in securities, venture capital, foreign capital, as well as equity business entities.
The scale of investment in the innovation sector is different in different phases of the cycle. The development of basic investments, which require large investments that pay off in the long term, occurs during periods of recovery from the crisis and recovery. Since the propensity to save and innovate during a crisis weakens, the state directly (through budget investments) and indirectly (by providing economic incentives) supports innovation activity, contributing to the revival of the economy and enhancing its competitiveness. The scale of state support in the phases of recovery and stable development is reduced, and the innovation process itself is carried out on a competitive basis. During this period, improving innovations predominate, requiring less investment and not associated with such significant risk as in the case of basic innovations. This makes it possible to reduce the scale of state support for innovation. The level of innovation and investment activity is minimal in the crisis phase, when pseudo-innovations are developed that do not require significant improvements.
new combinations of factors of production
2. Economist S. Yu. Glazyev singles outfivetechnological structures:
new textile technologies
steam power technologies
power industry technologies
petrochemical technologies and energy of internal combustion engines
informatics and microelectronics technologies
3. In the basis of average industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
change of the active part of capital (machine equipment, vehicles and etc.)
4. At the heart of long industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
change of the passive part of capital (buildings, structures, communications, transmission devices, etc.)
5. Based on short industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
market changes in relation to certain types of products
6. Scientific theory developed by N.D. Kondratiev, which has found its direct application in innovation theory:
theory of long waves, or large cycles of conjuncture
7. Scientific theory developed by J. Schumpeter, which has found its direct application in innovation theory
theory of long, medium and short business cycles
8. The duration of short industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
3 - 3.5 years
9. The duration of long industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
40 - 60 years old
10. The duration of average industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
11. The development of railway transport has become the core ### of the technological order:
12. Alternative directions of innovation activities carried out in a holistic innovation management system:
innovations-products
innovation-processes
product modification (including services)
13. An application for an idea that has arisen for something new, requiring the attention of participants in the innovation process to organize work at all stages and stages of the innovation cycle is ...
innovative idea
14. The result of the practical implementation of an innovative idea is manifested in finished product changes
15. Legal regulation of innovative activity of the innovative macro-environment is a component in the organization ...
innovative macro environment
16. The main practical goal of innovation management:
increasing the innovative activity of the organization
17. A comprehensive characteristic of innovative activity, including the degree of intensity of the actions taken and their timeliness, as well as the ability to mobilize the potential of the organization:
Innovative activity
18. NOT elements of the innovation system
basic innovation strategies
19. NOT a component of the innovative macro environment (far environment):
resource support of the innovation process
20. NOT a component of the innovative microenvironment (inner environment):
organizational innovation culture
21. NOT a component of the innovative internal environment:
innovation infrastructure
22. Strategies that ensure the gradual increase or stabilization of the innovative capacity of the organization:
extensive development
staff development
23. Strategies that enable a sharp increase in the innovative capacity of the organization:
diversification
integration development
intensive development
24. Strategies to bridge the organization's growing technology gap:
innovative development
R&D development
25. Strategies that provide an opportunity to acquire a new quality of the innovative potential of the organization:
staff development
integration development
26. The system of interaction between innovators, investors, producers of competitive products (services) and developed infrastructure is called innovative.
27. The desired result of the organization's activity, achieved on the basis of the implemented innovation in a limited time frame and with limited resources, is called innovative.
purpose of the organization
28. Quantitative and qualitative determination of the results of the development of an organization in the form of acquiring new qualities of its activities, products of labor and its state, as a rule, is expressed in the form of innovative
activities (m.b. programs) of the organization
29. The resources and organizational mechanism that are supposed or already mobilized to achieve an innovative goal or strategy form
innovative potential of the organization
30. Types of innovation potential are NOT highlighted in innovation management
functional
31. Project innovation potential is...
opportunities that can be realized as part of an innovative project
32. The instrument by which the organization's innovative goal is structured is called
decomposition
33. The first stage of the innovation life cycle:
creation of innovation
34. The second stage of the innovation life cycle:
development (implementation) of innovation
35. The third stage of the life cycle:
commercialization of innovation (bringing to market)
36. The fourth stage of the innovation life cycle:
consumption of innovation (including updating other products or technologies)
37. The fifth stage of the innovation life cycle:
acquisition of an innovation by the consumer
38. The first stage of the product innovation life cycle:
R&D to create a product
39. The second stage of the product innovation life cycle:
technological preparation and organization of serial production of the product
40. The third stage of the product innovation life cycle:
large scale product launch
41. The fourth stage of the product innovation life cycle:
decrease in production volumes and cessation of production of the product
42. The first stage of the life cycle of technological innovation:
R&D to create technology
43. Educational function assigned to engineering centers as organizational forms of innovation:
preparation of a new generation of engineers with the necessary level of qualification and a broad scientific and technical outlook
44. Strategic business zones in an organization are components of:
external microenvironment
45. The second stage of the technological innovation life cycle:
industrial development of technology (2)
46. The third stage of the technological innovation life cycle:
dissemination and replication of technology
47. The fourth stage of the life cycle of technological innovation:
acquisition of innovation by the consumer (4)
48. Commercialization of innovations: bringing innovation to market
Commercialization of innovations- this is the attraction of investors to finance activities for the implementation of innovation (part of the innovation process) based on participation in future profits in case of success
Commercialization of innovations:
The process of ensuring the commercialization of innovations in the market
49. The technology routinization process includes:
Routinization- development of innovations-processes in stable, constantly functioning elements of objects.
50. Organizations that are being created on the basis of major US universities with government funding to stimulate the development of new technologies:
Engineering centers
51. Research function assigned to engineering centers as organizational forms of innovation:
study of the fundamental patterns underlying the engineering design of fundamentally new engineering systems
52. The main purpose of the functioning of the business incubator:
creation of conditions that ensure an easy start, rapid development of SMEs, and high survival of enterprises.
53. Types of business incubators that are NOT organized in practice:
non-profit (non-profit) organizations
54. The management and implementation of a complex of innovative projects are organized in the form ...
Innovative programs
55. Separate innovative projects in innovative programs are interconnected:
functional
56. Directions in which separate innovative projects in innovative programs should be coordinated with each other
By deadlines, performers and resources
57. An organization that cannot become the subject of an innovation program: organization of infrastructure
58. Leverage in innovation: the use of borrowed funds with a fixed percentage to increase profits is one of the principles of the manifestation of the "leverage effect"
59. Venture is...
an investment company that works exclusively with innovative enterprises and projects (startups).
Small company to solve innovative projects
60. "Venture company" is ...
a form of organization of risk enterprises that test or implement an innovative idea
61. The discounting operation in determining the profitability of innovative projects consists in bringing future costs to current . To calculate the discount factor, the following data are used: 1) on the profitability of alternative projects; 2) the level of the risk premium; 3) the level of inflation.
62. Risks related to the risks of legal support for an innovative project to create a joint venture for the extraction of rare earth metals from waste and scrap: underestimation of the specifics of the procedure for exporting rare earth metals abroad.
63. Risks related to the risks of a commercial proposal for an innovative project for the construction of toll highways:
1) errors in assessing the potential capacity of roads
2) a significant excess of the estimated cost of work
3) non-fulfillment by suppliers of obligations to supply pavement of proper quality
64. Ranking is...
ranking is a kind of ranking. Rankings are held in the investment sector of the economy, the insurance sector, the real estate sector, etc. The rating method is based on the ranking of risk factors according to the degree of their influence on the results of innovation.
1) survey
2) interview
3)Test test
66. Expert methods of risk analysis are predominantly used when
the information available for analysis is not sufficiently relevant and representative.
67. Expert risk assessment methods:
1) brainstorming
2) questioning
5) interview
Method of expert assessments- here comparative characteristics of the risk level are compiled, ratings are determined, analytical expert reviews are prepared.
68. Risk-free innovative projects in terms of quantitative risk assessment
1) there is not a single factor that could negatively affect the course and results of innovation
2) in the implementation of which the probability of occurrence of risky situations is almost equal to 0
3) the only result of the implementation of innovation is possible
69. The most expected result of an innovative project, calculated taking into account its risks, is determined ...
by the formula of mathematical expectation as the sum of the products of possible results by the probability of obtaining these results
70. The greater the volatility index, the higher the risk level of the project
71. The risk index characterizes:
likelihood of a risk situation
72. The risk price indicator characterizes:
the most expected result of innovation, its usefulness
73. The "no-risk zone" is...
Risk Free Zone - the area in which zero losses or negative (exceeding profits) are expected.
74. Risks that can be attributed to the commercial risks of an innovative project:
Scientific and technical risks, Risks of the legal support of the project, Risks of the commercial offer
75. Net risks of an innovation project - risks, ...:
related to objective circumstances that do not depend on the decisions made
76. Speculative risks of an innovative project - risks, ...
related to the divergence of interests of the company and society
77. Static risks of an innovative project - risks,
the occurrence of which or the consequences are characterized by relatively constant values of indicators
78. Dynamic risks of an innovative project - risks, ...
the occurrence of which or the consequences are characterized by constantly changing values of indicators
79. The credit risk of an investor in the implementation of an innovative project consists in ...
80. The credit risk of an innovator in the implementation of an innovative project consists in ...
non-payment by the innovator of principal and interest for the loan, as well as late payments under the loan agreement
81. The method of analogies in the management of an innovative project is used to ...
development of scenarios for the implementation of an innovative project
82. Elements NOT included in the innovation doctrine:
the subject of innovation as a factor of production undergoing changes
83. Refers to venture capital:
investments raised in the form of issuance of shares of venture capital companies and having a potentially higher rate of growth in market value compared to the average market dynamics
84. Identification of the risks of innovative projects is comparing indicators of risk and usefulness of innovations.
85. The Monte Carlo method in the analysis of the risks of an innovative project is used for:
1) identifying the most significant risks of an innovative project (+)
2) determining the impact of risk situations on the final result of the project
86. The operation of risk cumulation in the implementation of innovative projects consists in
concentration of the danger of the simultaneous occurrence of events that entail large payments of insurance compensation.
87. The risk measure indicator in innovative activity characterizes ...
1) a pessimistic assessment of the possible result of the implementation of innovation
2) the mathematical expectation of losses as a result of a risky situation
88. The Lorenz curve is used to estimate the indicator ...
income in different periods of time or between different population groups
Used to assess the indicator - the level of risk.
89. The coefficient of concordance during the examination of the risks of an innovative project shows:
to what extent the opinions of experts agree with each other, that is, they belong to the same population ratings.
90. The standard deviation (Z coefficient) in assessing the risks of an innovative project is calculated based on ...
statistics necessary for a qualified judgment on the sufficiency of the return index
91. Factor that determines the accuracy and reliability of the results when conducting an examination of the risks of an innovative project
qualification of experts, independence of their judgments, as well as methodological support for the manifestation of expertise
92. Effect financial leverage- This... change in return on equity resulting from the use of borrowed funds
93. The organization's freedom of maneuver when raising borrowed funds depends on ... differential and financial lever arm
94. The effect of financial leverage is formed due to ...
1) excess of return on assets over the price of raising borrowed funds increase the return on equity
2) increase the return on equity
95. Mortgage debt is included in...
long-term liabilities
96. Own working capital- This... the difference between current assets and current liabilities of the enterprise.
97. uses the Miller-Orr Model to control...
company's cash
funds in the current account
98. Type of fund, the operational structure of which corresponds to the right of the investor to submit a daily demand to the management company for the redemption of the investment unit:
Closed corporate fund
99. Permissible delay in the submission of documents confirming the payment of shares from the moment the registrar makes a credit entry on the personal account of the holder of investment shares:
no delay
100. Investment share:
is a registered security and certifies the right of the owner to submit a claim to the management company for the redemption of the share
101. When Altman's Z-score is less than 1.8...
the perceived probability of bankruptcy is very high
102. Costs do NOT affect flow Money:
cash flow- the difference between the amounts of receipts and payments of funds for a certain period of time. For example, Do not affect: disposal of fixed assets
103. Additional issue of shares:
increase in the authorized capital due to the issue (issue) of an additional number of shares.
104. To assess the market value of the organization, indicators are used:
Financial and economic, Actual, Normalized indicators
105. Efficiency of own capital use characterizes the indicator:
return on equity
106. Correct definition of a full license to use industrial property:
the patentee may assign, i.e. transfer the received patent under the contract to any person, while losing the right to use it
107. Payment under an exclusive license agreement, received at a time, after the licensor transfers the technical documentation for the license object to the licensee:
lump sum payment
108. Payment under a non-exclusive license agreement, received at a time, after the license object reaches its design capacity:
lump sum payment
109. Payments under a license agreement, received monthly as a percentage of the sale of products manufactured under a license:
110. Payments under a license agreement received monthly in the form of fixed deductions from a unit of sales of products released under an exclusive license:
fixed royalties
111. The maximum period of validity of a patent for an invention, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office, is ...
112. The maximum period of validity of a patent for an industrial design, counting from the date of receipt of the application to the Patent Office and a possible extension, is ...
Fifteen years
113. The maximum term of a patent for an industrial design, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension):
114. The maximum period of validity of the registration of the appellation of origin of goods, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension:
115. The maximum period of validity of the registration of the appellation of origin of goods, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office and possible extension:
116. The maximum period of validity of a registration certificate for a utility model, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension):
the publisher, whose name or designation is indicated on the work, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, is considered the representative of the author and, in this capacity, has the right to protect the rights of the author and ensure their implementation.
118. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the author of the work is considered to be a person ...
119. The subjects of related rights are:
performers, phonogram producers, broadcasters or cablecasters
120. A trademark is protected by the following rules:
Law of the Russian Federation "On Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of Origin"
121. Invention is...
a technical solution that is relatively new for a particular organization
Invention is a new technical solution to the problem, raising the existing level of technology. In a narrow sense, an invention is a technical solution recognized as an invention.
122. The utility model is...
a new, industrially applicable technical solution in its external features resembling an invention, but being less significant from the point of view of the state of the art
- constructive implementation of the means of production and consumer goods, as well as their components.
123. An industrial design is...
this is an artistic and constructive solution of the product, which determines its appearance, which, along with the technical level, determines the level of competitiveness of products.
124. "Innovation Doctrine" - ...
a system of basic provisions developed by the leadership of the state (region, industry, large corporation) and determining the policy of the state in this direction.
125. Classification of risks of innovative projects is...
distribution of risk by categories, subspecies, groups and subgroups and other levels. It is precisely because of the variety of risks of innovative projects that the classification of risks is carried out not according to the end-to-end, but according to the block principle. Risks can be external, internal and mixed.
126. The essence of the analogy method in managing the risks of an innovative project:
is the development of a risk management strategy for a specific innovative project based on the analysis of a database on the implementation of similar projects and similar conditions for their implementation (the state of the external environment).
127. The decision tree method in risk analysis of an innovative project is based on the risk model:
A spatially oriented graph reflecting the sequence of decision-making and the conditions for their implementation, evaluation of intermediate results, taking into account their conditional probability
128. The Dupont formula is a factorial model that expresses the dependence of profitability ...
From turnover, liquidity and capital structure
129. The functions of the state, which are implemented in the implementation of the state innovation policy:
Creation of favorable economic conditions for innovation activity, financing of fundamental research and search for R&D, organization of support for priority areas of development of science, engineering and technology
130 . When assessing the risk of an innovative project, the Z coefficient is the standard deviation ...
will show that swing range, which was inherent in the return I in the past studied and which will need to be compared with the "margin of safety" in a reliable assessment of the effectiveness of the project, i.e. with project profitability index
131. The financial and operational needs of an organization are ...
the difference between the funds immobilized in stocks and customer debt and the company's debt to suppliers; is the difference between the company's current assets and current liabilities
132. The external growth rate of the organization is the growth rate ...
of the world economy, dynamics of world oil prices, world demand and export volumes of Russian hydrocarbons, integration processes and Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization, the scale of payments on external debt
133. Organization's internal growth rate - growth rate
intensity of economic reforms, rates of liberalization and increase in prices of natural monopolies, dynamics of inflation, rates of real appreciation of the ruble, dynamics of gross domestic product, scale of capital outflow, government spending
134. The correct definition of a simple (non-exclusive) license to use industrial property:
A simple license (non-exclusive) provides for the transfer to the licensee of the rights to use an intellectual property object while retaining the right of the licensor to independently use the license and issue similar licenses to other interested parties
135. The correct definition of a formal (preliminary) examination of an application for a patent for an invention:
Formal (preliminary) examination consists in checking the availability of the necessary documents , compliance with the requirements of the law to them, the relationship of the declared proposal to the objects that are granted legal protection.
136. The correct definition of substantive examination of an application for a patent for an invention (patent examination):
Patent examination - (English patent examination) - an examination conducted by the national patent office in order to verify compliance with the patentability requirements of the proposal contained in the patent application, to establish compliance with the requirements of unity of invention , utility model or industrial design, as well as to solve a number of other issues related to patenting.
ideas, concepts, principles, methods, processes, systems, methods, solutions to technical, organizational or other problems, discoveries, facts, programming languages.
138. An intellectual property license is...
a special permit to carry out a specific type of activity subject to mandatory compliance with licensing requirements and conditions, issued by the licensing authority to a legal entity or individual entrepreneur
139. A patent is...
a document certifying the state recognition of a technical solution as an invention and securing the exclusive right to this invention to the person to whom it was issued (the patent holder).
The evolutionary approach in the theory of innovation allows us to single out the category of the innovation life cycle - depending on the type of innovation, the life cycle of a product, technology, or organization.
Product innovation life cycle consists of four phases. On the first phase product research and development. It ends with the transfer of the developed technical documentation to the production units of industrial organizations. On the second phase there is a technological development of large-scale production of a new product. Both the first and, in particular, the second phase are associated with significant risk investments, which are allocated on a repayable basis. The subsequent increase in the scale of production is accompanied by a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in profits. This makes it possible to recoup investments in the first and second phases of the product life cycle. Then comes third phase, a feature of which is the stabilization of production volumes. On the fourth phase there is a gradual decrease in production and sales, the product is withdrawn from production and operation. On fig. 1.10 provides an enlarged diagram of the life cycle of product innovations (including the innovation process).
Life cycle technological innovation also consists of four phases. First is associated with the emergence of innovation-processes and is carried out by conducting a wide range of research works (R&D) of a technological profile. Second - involves the development of new technological processes at the enterprise. On the third phase there is a distribution and replication of new technology with repeated repetition at other enterprises. Fourth phase includes rooting - the use of technological processes in stable, constantly functioning elements of the production systems of enterprises. Technological innovations improve product quality, reduce production costs and ensure sustainable consumer demand in the goods market.
Often, the life cycles of innovative products and technologies in their dynamics have significant differences from the typical schedule (see Fig. 1.10), which is determined by the specifics of the business idea underlying the commercialization of innovation.
Rice. 1.10.
The evolutionary approach to the study of innovation processes also makes it possible to apply economic and mathematical models to describe their dynamics. In particular, the development of many processes in the economy, including in enterprises, is reflected logistic curve, which is a temporary or other dependence of the object parameters. The logistic curve is also called an S-curve because it resembles the letter 5 but is shifted to the right at the top and to the left at the bottom. With the help of the S-shaped curve, the processes of a sharp (jump-like) transition of the socio-economic system from one stable state to another, the processes of radical changes accompanying its innovative activity, the processes of growth and development of crisis phenomena are modeled.
The logistic curve characterizes the stage of the innovation life cycle between the emergence of an idea (stage of origin) and the routinization of a product or technology (stage of maturity), i.e. the actual process of diffusion of innovation, or growth, which, strictly speaking, has the dynamics of uneven changes and breaks up into the following stages (Fig. 1.11):
Rice. 1.11.
- 1) resistance to change. At this stage, innovation has a very limited distribution, the demand for new products and technologies has either not yet been formed or is limited to a very narrow segment, and useful properties (key technological parameters) change very little, since there is practically no competition on the market, and supply is formed as as a rule, small innovative enterprises with limited opportunities for the development of products and technologies;
- 2) accelerated growth, during which there is a sharp increase in the size of the market, new segments and needs are formed, which are satisfied in an ever more perfect way; new enterprises appear on the market - the industry includes a large and medium business, are involved significant funds for the development of products and technologies, which affects their significant improvement in their useful properties;
- 3) growth retardation, during which the development potential of the idea underlying the innovation process is exhausted, and the useful properties practically do not change. By this time, the market is already formed: segments are defined and consumer loyalty is distributed, manufacturers have captured their market shares and their redistribution is carried out through mergers and acquisitions of competitors; investors gradually lose interest in developing a product or technology as the industry returns to the level of non-innovative businesses.
The transition process inherent in innovative and crisis phenomena has a beginning and an end, an initial and a final state (points BUT and D in fig. 1.11). Vector AD reflects either the process of achieving the goal, or the development of the phenomenon.
The S-shaped logistic curve in relation to innovative processes reflects the nature of the development of a product or technology from the initial to the final state. Economically, it expresses the dependence of the result of innovation activity on the costs of achieving this result, which is of a universal nature. It is not affected by the parameters that are used to assess the development process and/or predict and monitor the dynamics of useful properties. As technological parameters analyzed (their values are reflected on the y-axis), technical characteristics of a product or technology described in terms of their dynamics over time (for example, historical data on the dynamics of the ratio of brightness to power consumption for incandescent lamps or efficiency internal combustion engine). But this curve can also be built on the basis of economic data, such as the dependence of cumulative income or profit, the number of consumers, sales volumes in physical terms, etc. Not only time series, but also other costs are used as an argument (abscissa axis) (for example, the amount of investment, the number of employees in the industry, etc.).
The 5-shaped curve has two inflection points - AT and With (in them, the tangents to the curve are parallel to the development vector AD), which can be conditionally taken beyond the boundaries of the three stages of development already mentioned above: resistance to change (the rate of development is slower than the average rate of change), accelerated growth (the rate of development exceeds the average rate of change) and growth retardation (the rate of development is below the average rate of change up to a halt in development).
Resistance to change caused by innovation is manifested in the form of low rates of development in the first section of the S-curve. It is due to objective and subjective factors. Objective factors include the unwillingness on the part of infrastructure organizations to serve the innovation process (for example, the lack of repair and maintenance services), the inertia of suppliers and contractors, the underdevelopment of sales channels, etc. Subjective factors of resistance to change are considered to be consumer conservatism, low innovative susceptibility of the market, opposition from personnel and etc. However, after the resistance has been overcome, development proceeds at an accelerated pace. As the innovation process develops, the potential for innovation is reduced, which leads to a slowdown in dynamics. At the site of growth slowdown, the S-shaped curve asymptotically approaches the natural limit, the presence of which is due to objective factors (for example, the laws of nature, market capacity, consumer behavior, etc.).
To construct a 5-shaped curve, as a rule, the following formula is used:
(1.1)
where p(t) - a parameter by which the level of technological development in time is estimated and the dynamics of the development process is described; L- the natural limit for development, estimated by this parameter; t- time; α and β are the coefficients that determine the nature of the 5-shaped curve (they are found from empirical data); e - base of the logarithm.
The following procedure is used to construct a logistic curve:
- 1. A technological parameter is established that best reflects the process of innovative development of a product or technology (their properties) from the point of view of the market and consumer needs. It should reflect the highest utility for the consumer, determine his choice in the market.
- 2. Statistics are collected on the dynamics of the development process (either for this innovation, or for an analogue). In the first case, the curve is constructed to identify the stage of the development process and assess the proximity of the natural limit, and in the second case, to predict the development process as a whole (terms, rates and scales).
- 3. The value of the natural limit is set on the basis of the specifics of a particular development process.
- 4. Based on the statistics and the value of the natural limit, the values of the empirical coefficients a and p are found, after which the mathematical dependence is determined and a curve is built on it. Then its analysis is carried out, aimed at developing the most probable scenario for the further development of the innovation process.
The logistic curve is used to characterize the development of various aspects of the organization's potential and its position in the external environment: descriptions of the life cycles of demand, technology, product, and even the organization itself.
Analysis of the 5-shaped curve allows you to answer the main questions related to the forecasting of innovative development, in particular, with the replacement of technology or the introduction of a new substitute product to the market (Fig. 1.12).
If in moment of decision(development or revision of a technological strategy), the enterprise has the opportunity to master the production of a new product or switch to new technology, which has significant technological advantages (S-shaped logistic curve of substitute product (technology) No. 1, located above the original S-shaped curve), the solution is obvious and does not need additional justification. There is a so-called positive technological gap, which reflects the superiority of a new product (technology) over an existing one. Technological gap value (ΔP1= R 1-P 0> 0) determines the replacement motive: new product(technology) is better than the original and has significant potential for development.
Rice. 1.12. Determination of the moment of replacement of a product or technology (revision of the technological strategy) based on the analysis of S-shaped logistic curves
However, this situation rarely occurs in practice. As a rule, in the early stages of the life cycle, the product or technology is inferior in terms of its technological parameters to the existing ones (the beginning of the S-shaped logistic curve of the substitute product (technology) No. 2, located below the original 5-shaped curve). There is a negative technological gap (ΔР2 = P 2 - R 0 < 0). В этом случае мотив принятия решения о замене товара или технологии изменяется. Если в момент принятия решения потенциал развития, основанный на оценке возможности дальнейшего улучшения технологического параметра, для исходного продукта (технологии) является небольшим (технологический параметр приближается в своему "естественному пределу"), а товар-заменитель (технология) № 2 только начинает выводиться на рынок и потому обладает более высоким потенциалом развития, то решение о замене товара (технологии) принимается на основе создаваемых возможностей будущего развития:
L 2-P 2>>L 0-P 0.
In some cases, when approaching the natural limit, the original product (technology) still remains the only (non-alternative) way to meet consumer needs: new products (technologies) do not exceed the original ones and have a low development potential. Then the decision made is of a marketing nature and is based on the reorientation of consumers to other technological parameters, according to which the initial goods (technologies) have not yet exhausted their development potential.
So, today the development potential of microprocessors for personal computers (PCs) has practically exhausted itself in terms of their clock frequency: the natural limit in this area is determined by the biological limit of user perception, after which the average consumer simply does not notice improvements. However, alternative information Technology not yet brought to a practical level. Therefore, now the main parameters of a PC are not the speed and clock frequency of the processor, but the amount of RAM, bit depth and other parameters that were not previously critical. Respectively, the marketing policy has also changed: acceptance is shifting to new opportunities provided by increasing the bit depth, RAM capacity, etc.
Logistic curves that characterize the dynamics of innovation processes, along with the concept of the life cycle of innovation and wave theory, become tools not only for macroeconomic studies of the impact of innovation on economic growth, but also for the formation of a business development strategy in a market economy.
The essence of the innovation process and its functions
The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. This process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.
Generally speaking, the innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use. This process is not interrupted after implementation, since as the innovation spreads, it improves, becomes more efficient, and acquires properties previously unknown to the consumer. Thus, the innovation process is aimed at creating products, technologies or services required by the market.
The following functions of the innovation process can be distinguished:
Cognitive (increase in general knowledge);
Informational (dissemination);
Research (targeted acquisition of knowledge in a particular area);
Transformative (improvement);
Economic (cost reduction);
Motivational (stimulating creativity);
Social and consumer (improvement of services);
Resource-saving.
It should be noted that the innovation process is cyclical, which demonstrates the chronological order of the appearance of innovations in various fields of technology.
The entire course of the innovation process should be monitored and adjusted based on information about the state of the innovation market: the achievements of competitors, the needs of potential consumers, and so on. Based on this, a decision is made about further development innovation process or its termination.
Phases of the innovation life cycle (stages of the innovation process)
The "life cycle" of innovations expresses the forms and phases of their movement in the system of market conditions of competition.
As a rule, there are five main phases of the innovation life cycle (Fig. 1):
Source - 11
Figure 1 - Phases of the innovation life cycle
In the first phase fundamental research there is an identification, study and systematization of objective phenomena and patterns of development of nature and society. It should be noted that it is impossible to determine in advance the final result, the time and money spent to achieve it, the individual, unique nature of the study.
The end result of fundamental research is the discovery of laws and patterns, categories and phenomena (effects), substantiation of theories, principles, etc., as well as ways to use them in practice.
At the first stage, these works can be carried out irrespective of the tasks of their practical application (exploratory research). At the second stage (scientific and technical research), results suitable for practical implementation are selected. At the same time, the technical feasibility and economic feasibility, as well as the areas of their primary use, are revealed.
Basic research is not aimed directly at creating specific innovations. Their results can be used for various purposes, not always foreseen in advance, in different branches of production, for a long time.
Applied research is based on the results of fundamental research and includes the study of technical feasibility, socio-economic efficiency and ways of practical use of the results of fundamental research in a particular area (industry). Their products are industry information. At this stage, experimental work related to laboratory and semi-production tests is also carried out.
The organization of applied research is based on regulated procedures, which include four main stages:
Theoretical substantiation of the way and methods of developing applied problems, drawing up schemes and options for solving applied scientific problems, mathematical and material models;
Development and approval of the terms of reference, which include information preparation, predictive assessment of the significance, costs, results and efficiency, etc. The scope of work, the composition of the performers, the cost estimate and the draft contract are determined;
Experimental stage (experimental verification);
Generalization and evaluation of the results.
The product of applied research and development takes an independent subject form of the invention, technical documentation, methods, has authorship, belongs to a certain individual or legal entity, is alienated from labor process after its completion.
Development or design is the manufacture based on the results of applied research and pilot testing to create new or improved products, structures, processes and control systems.
Developments differ by type:
Design (creation of new products),
technological,
Design and survey (for the construction or reconstruction of facilities),
Organizational (creation of new systems for organizing production, labor and management).
This phase includes the production of the first samples of products or their original assemblies in order to test their quality and conformity. terms of reference. Verification of the results of design and technological developments in one form or another is necessary for the subsequent reproduction of innovation on a larger scale.
As for production, this phase begins with the initial development of innovations. It is the implementation of the results of development into production, which involves the following procedure:
Individual production of new products required in single copies, development of serial production of new products, commissioning of new facilities, technological processes and control systems, practical use of new methods;
Achievement of the design capacity and the design volume of the use of innovation;
Achieving the design socio-economic efficiency of innovation.
The development of innovation begins with the decision to prepare production for innovation on the basis of previous tests of prototypes or mathematical models, analysis of market conditions.
Production and technical development includes a set of such actions as the development of a technological and organizational project, prices, specifications, standards, norms, norms for resource consumption, design and manufacture of equipment, ordering, manufacture and installation of new equipment, construction and installation work, as well as training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for the operation of innovation.
Organizational and technical preparation of production is the most time-consuming stage of implementation, because, in addition to organizational and technical measures, it includes training and retraining of personnel, providing consulting and implementation services. This stage ends with the manufacture and testing of the first industrial series or the commissioning of an object accepted by the relevant commission (customer).
Economic development ends with the achievement of design capacity and economic indicators: material and energy intensity, labor productivity, cost, profitability, capital productivity. At this stage of development, additional work to eliminate the shortcomings identified in the process of production and technical development.
The economic development of innovations is largely determined by the level of organization of this process at the enterprise, the quality of human capital, the social climate - the creative atmosphere characteristic of a team of innovators. There is an activation of the human factor, the formation of the necessary (appropriate) climate for innovation. The goal is to reduce the implementation time and increase the scale of development. This is a labor intensive process.
Diffusion is the process by which innovations are transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time; it is the dissemination of an innovation already once mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.
Personnel training is carried out, business development plans are drawn up and implemented, taking into account the specifics of specific enterprises and the experience of using the innovation.
At this stage, additional developments take place, especially technological and organizational ones. And most importantly, the economic potential of innovation turns into a real effect.
The consumption phase of the life cycle of an innovation is characterized by a gradual stabilization of costs and an increase in the effect, mainly due to an increase in the volume of use of the innovation. It is here that the main part of the actual effect of the innovation is realized.
Obsolescence - completes the entire life cycle of an innovation. It begins at the end of the development of the next innovation, economic, environmental or social efficiency which makes its development rational.
Innovation process. Stages
The first step is the emergence of innovation. as a result of a certain activity: an innovative idea (concept), discovery, invention, etc. turn into innovation, its "independent" existence and functioning begins. Then the innovation process enters a new phase, and only in the case of a wide interest of potential consumers of innovation in its use, which predetermines the transition to a new stage.
^ The second stage can be called the stage of formation of innovation(wide introduction of innovation, gradually increasing application in various fields human activity, conquering a potential area of effective use). This stage ends with the cessation of the penetration of innovation in the field of its application, its relative stabilization.
^ The third stage of the innovation process is the process of its maturity. This is the stage of "dominance" of a certain innovation as a way to meet a specific need. This stage of an effective alternative ends with the beginning of the replacement of a given product, technique, technology, relationship with a new, more progressive one.
^ The fourth stage of the innovation press is characterized by a reduction in the application of innovation, associated with replacement by new innovations that are at the stage of growth (formation).
Innovation infrastructure: technology parks, technopolises, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, special economic zones, development commercialization offices, state innovation corporations. Their characteristic.
incubators designed to "hatch" new innovative enterprises, assisting them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services.
TECHNOPARKS. Technopark means a research and production territorial complex, the main task which consists in creating the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.
Thus, the concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of the innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. What is the difference between them?
The range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created and innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of the commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and science-intensive technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation. It should also be noted here that if technoparks are designed to support only innovative activities, then incubators can also be created for the so-called non-technological, i.e. traditional, industries and activities (e.g. arts, agriculture economic activity).
TECHNOPOLIS. The development of the idea of technoparks, the complication and enrichment of the environment that favorably affects the effectiveness of innovation, have led to the emergence in many countries of the most integrated and complex element of the innovation infrastructure - technopolises. It is not always easy to draw a clear line between a technopark and a technopolis, since these elements have much in common (for example, some experts believe that the development of the Sophia Antipolis park in France turned it into a technopolis). Therefore, it is important to single out those characteristics of the technopolis that allow us to speak of it as a separate independent group of technopark structures.
Technopolis, which is often also called a science city or a science city, a “city of brains”, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex that includes a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.
The purpose of the construction of technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new high-tech industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.
main feature ITC is that it is essentially a support structure for small innovative enterprises that have already passed the most difficult stage of creation, formation and survival in the initial period of their activity, when up to 90% of small innovative firms die. This is the conceptual difference between the ITC and the technology park. Therefore, ideally, technology parks should have been created at universities and performed the task of incubating small firms, while ITCs were designed to provide more stable links between small businesses and industry, and therefore be created at enterprises or research and production complexes.
· Special, free or special economic zone(abbreviated SEZ or SEZ) - a limited area with a special legal status in relation to the rest of the territory and preferential economic conditions for national and / or foreign entrepreneurs. The main purpose of creating such zones is to solve the strategic problems of the development of the state as a whole or a separate territory: foreign trade, general economic, social, regional, scientific and technical problems. Free trading zone (FTA) - the territory withdrawn from the national customs territory. Inside, operations are carried out for the warehousing of goods and their pre-sales preparation(packaging, labeling, quality control, etc.).
· Industrial production zone (PPP) - part of the national customs territory within which the production of a particular industrial products; at the same time, various benefits are provided to investors.
· Techno-innovative zone (TVZ) - the territory withdrawn from the national customs territory, within which research, design, design bureaus and organizations are located. TVZ examples: technoparks, technopolises.
· Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) - the territory in which tourist and recreational activities are carried out - the creation, reconstruction, development of infrastructure facilities for tourism and recreation, the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.
Service zone - a territory with preferential treatment for firms engaged in the provision of financial and non-financial services (export-import transactions, real estate transactions, transportation)
Complex zones. They are zones with a preferential regime of economic activity on the territory of a separate administrative region. These are free enterprise zones in Western Europe, Canada, formed in depressed areas, special economic zones in China, special regime territories in Argentina, Brazil.
Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping (literally - tightening shoelaces, tightening belts) is a means of financing small firms through the highly efficient acquisition and use of resources without increasing equity capital from traditional sources or loans from banks. In short, “bootstrapping” means starting a new business with no start-up capital.
Innovation costs
Total costs (current and capital) for technological innovations include the costs of developing and implementing technologically new or significantly improved products, services or methods of their production (transfer), technologically new or significantly improved production methods), both performed by the organization’s own resources, and the costs of paying for works, services third parties. (Instructions for filling out the form of the federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the innovative activity of the organization", approved by the resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.)
Current expenses, carried out mainly at the expense of the cost of products (works, services), include the costs of remuneration of employees involved in the development and implementation of technological innovations, deductions for social needs, as well as other costs not related to capital costs, such as costs for the purchase of raw materials, materials, equipment, etc., necessary to ensure the innovation activities carried out by the organization during the year. (Instructions for filling out the form of federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the organization's innovative activities", approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated July 22, 2002 No. 156.)
Capital investments(long term investment) represent the annual costs of creating, increasing the size, as well as the acquisition of non-current non-current assets of long-term use (over one year), not intended for sale, carried out in connection with the development and implementation of technological innovations. They consist of the costs of acquiring structures, land plots, nature management facilities, machinery, equipment, and other fixed assets necessary for innovative activities. (Instructions for filling out the form of federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the organization's innovative activities", approved by the resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia)
Patent and license.
Patent(from lat. patents- open, clear, obvious) - a security document certifying the exclusive right, authorship and priority of an invention, utility model or industrial design. The term of a patent depends on the country of patenting, the object of patenting and ranges from 5 to 25 years. [ where? ]
License(from lat. licentia- right, permission) - permission for the right or the right to perform certain actions, which can be certified (confirmed) by a document of the same name. In practice, licenses are also abbreviated as license agreements (agreements) providing for the issuance of private law licenses.
Licensing- the process of issuing a special permit (license).
Licensor- one of the parties to the license agreement, granting the other party - the licensee - the right to use the object of the license (invention, technology, technical experience and other forms of industrial property).
Licensee - entity or individual entrepreneur who have a license to carry out a specific type of activity.
License Terms- the conditions under which the license is valid.
Functions of Rospatent
· preparation of proposals for interaction with ministries and departments of the Russian Federation on the formation of state policy in this area of legislation;
- implementation of international cooperation;
· - implementation of financial support of the mentioned system;
· - registration of rights to objects of intellectual property, as well as registration of contracts for the assignment of rights and license agreements in the field of intellectual property, publication of all kinds of information about previously registered objects of intellectual property;
- registration of licenses and contracts;
- implementation of control and supervision over the examination of applications for objects of intellectual property and the issuance of titles of protection in the manner prescribed by applicable law Russian Federation;
· - certification of patent attorneys;
- coordination of activities of all structural divisions the patent office;
- ensuring the established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts the procedure for granting legal protection to objects of intellectual property in the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for their use;
· - exercising control and supervision over compliance with the procedure for paying patent fees and registration fees;
Life cycle of innovations. Stages of the life cycle of innovations.
The innovation life cycle is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the inception of an idea to the removal from production of the implemented product. its basis is product innovation.
Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
* the origin, accompanied by the implementation of the required amount of research and development work, the development and creation of an experimental batch of innovation;
* growth (industrial development with the simultaneous entry of the product to the market);
* maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increase in sales volume);
* market saturation (maximum production and maximum sales);
* Decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market). From the standpoint of innovation, it is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of innovation.
