Significant investment of time and money. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Rest time for stress

The classification of the costs of working time has such a grouping that would allow to objectively analyze the feasibility of using the working time of performers and the time of using the equipment.

In the regulation of labor, two classifications of the costs of working time are used: according to one of them, the total time is subdivided into the time of work and the time of breaks, according to the other, into the standardized and non-standardized time. Work time refers to the time it takes to complete the production task and the time to work that is not due to the task (casual or unproductive work). Break times include breaks that depend on the workers (for rest, personal needs and caused by a violation of discipline) and not depending on them (for technical or organizational reasons). The break time is divided into necessary and unnecessary, overlapped by machine time and not overlapped. The normalized time is called such expenditure of working time, which are necessary to perform a given work. Irregular time is the loss of working time and time spent on work, unconditional on the completion of the task.

1. The standardized time consists of preparatory and final time, operational time, time for servicing the workplace, breaks for rest and personal needs, breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

V general view magnitude time norms includes:

The preparatory and final time is spent by the workers on preparing to perform the assigned work and on actions related to its completion. The norm of the preparatory and final time is established either for a batch of products, or for a work shift.

The operational time is used directly to perform the assigned work. It is divided into two parts: main (technological) time; auxiliary time. The main (technological) time is the time spent by the worker on changing the object of labor (its shape, size, appearance, physicochemical or mechanical properties, etc.), its state and position in space and repeated during the manufacture of each unit of production. The auxiliary time refers to the time spent on the worker's receptions, without which the course of the main (technological) process is impossible: installation and removal of a part, machine control, tool approach and withdrawal, etc.

The workplace service time is used by the worker to take care of his workplace and maintain it in working order throughout the shift and is divided into:

• · The time of organizational service, it is not related to the work performed and is implemented 2 times per shift: at the beginning and at the end of the shift;
• · time Maintenance, associated with the operation being performed; this is the time spent on adjusting equipment and devices during operation, on changing blunt tools, cleaning shavings, etc.

The time of breaks for rest and personal needs is usually set in the amount of 8-10 minutes per shift (at construction sites - 15 minutes) and in all cases is included in the time norm.

Break times for organizational and technical reasons -- these are breaks associated with the repair of mechanisms on schedule, waiting for service due to the busyness of a worker serving several machines.

• 2. Non-standardized time includes the time of losses:
  • · For organizational and technical reasons. These are losses associated with waiting for work, blanks, tools, machine repair, foreman, etc.
  • · Due to the fault of the worker. Loss of working time due to the fault of the worker is understood as interruptions in work due to a violation labor discipline and daily routine.

There are two main types of rationing the costs of working time:

Experienced statistical. With this method, the norms are established on the basis of personal experience rationer, statistics data. Such norms are called experimental-static, they do not contribute to an increase in labor productivity, therefore, they must be replaced with scientifically based norms established by analytical methods.

Analytical. Scientific method. It is based on the study of the operation by dividing it into labor methods, on the study of factors that affect the duration of individual labor methods; on designing rational labor process taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of a person. On this basis, the standard duration of the individual work elements is determined and the time rate is calculated. When using the analytical method, labor standards are established in the following ways:

• 1) research. Based on the data of the photograph of the working day and timing, therefore, it is quite laborious, but it provides high accuracy of calculations;
• 2) analytical. Time rates are calculated according to ready-made standards that were previously established by an analytical and research method.

The time of work for the implementation of the production task is divided into preparatory and final, main, auxiliary and service time of the workplace,

The time for the preparatory and final work includes the time for preparing the workplace and objects of work for completing the task (receiving materials, familiarizing with the drawings, preparing equipment for operation, receiving instructions from the master, etc.), as well as the time for operations related to completion of the assignment (transfer to the equipment changer, delivery of products, tools, etc.).

The time of the main work is the time spent on the fulfillment of the main purpose of the operation, that is, on changing the shape, size, physical or chemical properties, state, externally, appearance, mutual arrangement of the elements of the object of labor.

Ancillary time includes the time spent on creating conditions for the main work (for example, installing, securing and removing workpieces, starting, stopping and controlling the machine, control measurements and log entries, etc.).

The main and auxiliary time can be machine, machine-hand or manual. The sum of the execution time of the main and auxiliary work is called the operational time.

The time for servicing the workplace is spent on maintaining the equipment, tools, fixtures, control devices and devices for regulating the technological process in working order, as well as maintaining cleanliness and order at the workplace. When standardizing machine and machine-manual work, it is sometimes subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.

In machine, automated and hardware operations, the time of preparatory-final and auxiliary work and maintenance of the workplace, depending on the possibility of their combination with the time of the main work, is divided into overlapping and non-overlapping.

Regulated breaks include: rest breaks to prevent overwork; breaks for personal needs - time for personal hygiene and natural needs; breaks of an organizational and technical nature due to the technology or organization of the production process.

The cost of working time acts as a universal measure of labor, therefore, the rationing of labor is based on the planned and rational distribution of the total aggregate working time into its constituent elements (Figure 3.2). Figure 3.2 shows that all costs of working time are divided into two parts: work time and break time.

Work time is the period during which a worker performs labor actions... It is subdivided, in turn, into preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.

Break time is a period during which the labor process is not carried out (regardless of the reasons), and the performer does not perform any labor actions. It is customary to divide the time of breaks into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks in work.

Preparatory and final time (t „, 3)- This is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the assigned work and on actions related to its completion. This type of expenditure of working time includes the following stages:

• receipt of production assignments, tools, devices and technological documentation;
• familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing;
• receiving briefing on the procedure for carrying out work;
• adjustment of equipment to the appropriate operating mode;
• trial processing of a part on a machine;
• removal of devices, tools, delivery finished products department technical control(Quality Control Department), delivery of technological documentation and drawings.

Rice. 3.2.

A feature of this category of time expenditures is that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task, i.e. these are one-time costs for a batch of manufactured products. Therefore, in large-scale and mass production per unit of production, they are insignificant and are usually not taken into account when setting standards.

Operational time(G op) is the time spent directly on performing a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary time.

Main time (t a) - this is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space. It can be machine, machine-hand, manual.

Auxiliary time (t B) is the time spent by the worker on actions that ensure the completion of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. The auxiliary time includes the time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and removal of finished products; installation and fastening of parts; detaching and removing parts; moving the object of labor within the working area; equipment management; movement of individual equipment mechanisms; rearrangement of the working tool, if it is repeated with each unit of production; quality control of manufactured products; movement (transitions) of the worker, necessary to perform operations and other similar work. If the auxiliary time is combined with the main one, then it is called overlapped and is taken into account when calculating the time norm.

Workplace service time (t 0 &)- the time spent by the worker on caring for the workplace and maintaining it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated manufacturing processes, this time is subdivided into maintenance and organizational service times.

Maintenance time(? tech) is the time spent on caring for the workplace, equipment and tools needed to complete a specific task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment in the process, cleaning up production waste and other similar work.

Organizational Service Time(? org) is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working order during the shift. It does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: for the reception and delivery of the shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement within the workplace of containers with blanks or finished products; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubrication of equipment and other similar work.

Time of regulated work breaks(? r p) includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process (G pt), for example, a break in the work of the crane driver during slinging of the lifted load by the workers. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs of the contractor (? 0 td) Time of ad hoc work interruptions(Г, ФП) - this is the time of interruptions in work caused by disruption of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (? PO t): untimely submission to workplace materials, raw materials, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc. In addition, this includes the time of interruptions in work caused by violations of labor discipline (G „r): being late for work, absences from the workplace, premature leaving work, etc.

When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all working time of the contractor is divided into productive costs and loss of working time. The first of them include the time of work to complete the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time rate. Loss of working time includes the time of unproductive work and the time of ad hoc breaks. These costs are analyzed with the aim of eliminating or minimizing them.

The classification of the costs of working time includes the classification of the costs of the working time of the contractor and the classification of the costs of the use of equipment.
Classification of the performer's working time costs.

In any type of labor, the performer's working time is divided into work time and break time (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Distribution of working hours

Work time is the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion.

The time spent on completing the production task is the time spent on the preparation and direct execution of the task; it consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.

The preparatory and final (PZ) is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the work and on its completion (receiving a job assignment and familiarization with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, receiving instructions on the procedure for performing work, installing tools in the equipment , its adjustment, removal of the tool from the equipment after completion of work, delivery of finished products, tools, devices, documentation, etc.).

The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the proportion of the preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task.

Operational time (OP) is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is subdivided into primary and secondary time.

The main (O) is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, machining a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, stitching parts of a product in a garment industry, actively observing the progress of an apparatus process in a chemical industry, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.

The auxiliary time (B) is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal from it of objects of labor in machine-tool production, measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and Food Industry, changing the operating modes of equipment, etc.).

Workplace maintenance time (Obs) is the time to take care of the workplace and keep the equipment in working order. It is divided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time.

The time of maintenance of the (Tech) workplace is associated with the care of the equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacement of worn-out tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, replacement of cartridges in office equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (Org) is the time to maintain the workplace in working order (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning cars, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of production operations, the work time is divided into manual work time, time machine-hand made and the time for monitoring equipment operation.

The time of manual work is called work without the use of machines or mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.

The time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized work) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using a manual mechanized tool (for example, an electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).

In the conditions of mechanized and automated production a significant part of the working time is taken by the time of monitoring the production process. It can be active or passive.

The time of active observation (A) over the operation of the equipment consists in the fact that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.

Passive observation time (Pass) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, the observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment. Work time can be overlapping and non-overlapping.

Overlapped time - the time of performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. The execution time, for example, of ancillary work by an employee and the operation time of equipment, for which he is passively observing, overlap one another, that is, they are performed simultaneously.

Non-overlapping is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped, for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices.

Work time not provided for by the production order (WT) is the time spent on performing random or non-production work.

Occasional work (CP) is work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs, for example, to correct defective products.

Unproductive work (NR) is one that does not increase the volume of production or improve its quality. For example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly drawn up route.

Break time (P) is the period during which an employee does not work while in production. It is subdivided into scheduled break times and non-scheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks (PR) assumes time for rest, personal needs, industrial gymnastics, the time of breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process.

Rest breaks and personal needs (Ex) are provided to employees to restore their working capacity during the work shift, to conduct industrial gymnastics, as well as personal hygiene and natural needs.

The time of irreparable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process (PTI) is determined by the specific conditions of the course of specific technological processes. For example, a break for a heated part to cool down to a certain temperature, a break for drying painted surfaces.

The time of unregulated (disposable) interruptions (PNT), which are caused by violations of the normal course of the production process and violations of labor discipline.

Interruptions caused by disruptions in the normal course of the production process (PNT) arise for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production (untimely supply of raw materials, materials, electricity to the workplace, untimely equipment maintenance), as well as due to technology violations leading to accidents or unforeseen equipment downtime.

Interruptions caused by violations of labor discipline (IPD) arise as a result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, as well as downtime of employees who cannot fulfill their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.

Working hours are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

The standardized costs of working time include the costs required to perform a given work. These include: preparatory and final time, operational time, time of service of the workplace, time of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process, time for rest and personal needs. These costs are included in the time rate.

Non-standardized expenditures of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (emergency shutdowns of equipment, removable shortcomings in the organization of labor), as well as due to violations of labor discipline (equipment downtime due to delays, absenteeism, untimely start and premature end of work on the part of individual workers).

The total value of standardized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time and is determined by the formula

where Tpz - preparatory and final time for a batch of products; n is the size of the batch of the product; to - main time; tв - auxiliary time; tob - the time of service of the workplace; totl - time for rest and personal needs; tпт - time of normalized breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

The classification of labor time costs determines the structure of a technically justified rate of time. Analysis of the structure of working time costs reveals the amount of lost working time, as well as irrational costs of working time at the workplace.
Classification of time spent using equipment

The structural elements of the expenditure of time for the use of equipment largely coincide with the elements of the expenditure of the performer's working time.

So, the time of using the equipment is subdivided into work and time of breaks.

The operating time of the equipment consists of the operating time of the equipment to complete the production task and the operating time of the equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task.

The operating time of the equipment to complete the production task is called operational time and is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main time is divided into machine-manual time and machine (hardware) time.

Machine-manual is the time during which the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker.

Machine (hardware) is called the time of automatic operation of equipment, when the functions of the worker are limited only to observation and adjustment.

Auxiliary time is the time that is not overlapped by machine time when the equipment stops to perform work to support the main work, for example, the time to install or remove a part from the machine.

In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be subdivided into machine (hardware) -free and for the operation time of equipment with the participation of a worker.

Machine (hardware) -free time is the operating time of the equipment when it does not need the direct participation of the worker.

The operating time of the equipment with the participation of the worker is the time of the worker's employment in servicing the equipment during multi-station (multi-unit) service or operational time minus the time of the machine (hardware) -free.

The operating time of equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of random work.

The time of breaks in the operation of the equipment is divided into the time of regulated and non-regulated breaks.

The time of regulated breaks is subdivided: into the time of breaks associated with the preparation of equipment for work and with its organizational and technical maintenance; for the period of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process (equipment repairs on schedule, unavoidable technological breaks); during breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker.

The time of unregulated breaks may arise due to disruption of the production process (lack of electricity, raw materials, materials, etc.), as well as due to violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, premature departure from the workplace, etc.).

The time of unproductive and casual work, the time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline and violations of the production process, refer to non-standardized costs of working time. The rest of the equipment operating time is standardized.

Diversity production processes and forms of organization of labor, the different content and frequency of expenditure of working time, as well as the purposes of their study necessitate the use of different methods and techniques of observation, different equipment.

The methods of study and types of observation of the expenditure of working time can be classified according to the following criteria:

According to the observation method - continuous, selective, periodic, cyclic, instant observations

According to the object of observation - individual, group

According to the form of recording the results of observations

Digital, index, graphic, oscillographic, combined

By the way of observation - visually, with the help of instruments.

The method of continuous (continuous) measurements - is used in all production processes with different forms labor organization and types of study of working time (timing, photography); allows you to get the most complete, detailed and accurate idea not only about the average, but also about the actual costs and losses of working time in terms of their content, size and sequence of implementation.

Periodic observation method, used in group and route photography, allows: to obtain data on the number of incidents of certain costs, loss of working time or equipment downtime. Monitoring is carried out simultaneously for the work of a large number of workers or pieces of equipment. Simultaneous coverage is up to 20 objects, sometimes one person can monitor 70 workers.

Sampling method used mainly in timing, when the individual elements of the operation are studied. It is most widely used in the study of the techniques of auxiliary time in the conditions of a multi-station organization of labor, instrumental processes.

Cycle measurement method- a kind of selective observation process - it is used only for timing, when it is necessary to measure the time of performing techniques (actions or movements) with a very short duration, and therefore it is impossible to accurately record the time of their implementation using conventional methods of observation (using stopwatches). Here, time measurements are taken in groups of separate techniques.

Momentary observation method costs of losses of working time and use of equipment in time is based on the theory of probability and is a kind of sampling method. In order for the results of the observations to reflect the actual use of working hours, the following conditions must be met:

* observations of certain expenditures of working time should be random and equally possible;

* the number of observations (sample size) should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

In the study of labor processes, the most important is the solution of two problems: determining the actual time spent on performing elements of operations (labor movements, actions.); determination of the structure of time spent during a work shift or part of it. Depending on the purpose of the study, three methods of studying the costs of working time are used: timing, FRV, photo timing.

Working time concept

Working hours are measured in different ways. It can be a shift, day, week, month, or year. This time is a measure of the assessment of labor. The length of the work shift varies by different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and professions.

The purpose of the classification of labor costs

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.

Classification of labor costs

Working hours are divided into separate categories and types. When drawing up the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Working hours are generally divided into:

• time spent on the production task (working time);
• time spent taking a break from work.

In turn, working time is subdivided into:

• preparatory and final time;
• operational time;
• time of service of the workplace.

The preparatory and final time implies the time spent preparing for the beginning of the labor process and at the end of such a process. For example, a worker completes the quota of a certain task (product release) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare the workplace (starting the equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must put the equipment in proper form (clean, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It should be noted that the length of time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the performance standards for the task. For example, one hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparation and completion of work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the execution of the production task (meeting the standards).

In turn, the operational time is subdivided into:

• main time;
• auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Slack time is time that provides quality main time. This can be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time implies spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.

In turn, such time is subdivided into:

• Maintenance;
• organizational service.

Workplace maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational services include the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Work time that is not provided by the production assignment. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, in the event of a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unregulated interruptions can occur for both production and non-production reasons.

The manufacturing process can be viewed as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products.

A production operation is understood as a part of the labor process carried out to transform objects of labor into finished products at the same workplace.

In turn, production operations are divided into:

Elements;

Labor actions;

Labor movements.

In addition, when analyzing an operation, the labor process is considered not only in labor relations, but also technologically. And when rationing the costs of working time, the total costs of labor are taken into account both in labor and in technological terms.

From the point of view of technology, the task is set: to study what modifications occur to the subject of labor in the process of technological operations, and what actions are performed by workers.

Working time is the length of a working day or working week established by law. At the moment, it is equal to 40 hours during normal operation. There is also a 36 hour mode for the work week.

Any excess of this standard is considered processing according to the schedule, unless otherwise provided by law (irregular working day).

Working time in the case of overwork is understood to mean the entire period during which the employee is at work in connection with the work performed by him.

Because the production process connects the time of the employee, the time of using the equipment and the time of exposure to the subject of labor, then the classification of the costs of working time should be carried out in 3 directions:

1. Subjects of labor;

2. Employees;

3. Equipment.

The basis of these classifications is the definition of two components: the time of the production process and the break time.

Work time - the time spent by the employee to perform the work (operations) provided for in the production task and the time to complete the work not provided for in the production tasks, but arising from the production need.

Break time - the time of regulated breaks, i.e. stipulated by legislation or the order of organization and the time of unregulated breaks, i.e. arising on the initiative or through the fault of the employee.

When calculating labor standards, the costs of working time are established:

1. Preparatory and final;

2. Operational;

3. Service of the workplace;

4. Break time for rest and personal needs;

5. Regulated (standardized) breaks.

Preparatory-final - the time spent on preparing for the implementation of this task and the actions associated with its completion:

Receiving tools, devices

Familiarization with the work

Instruction on the performance of work

Removal of accessories and tools after completing work

· Delivery of devices, tools, documentation.

Operational time - the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, as well as on the performance of auxiliary actions necessary to carry out these changes.

The costs of operational time are charged from each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary.

The main (technological) time is spent on purposeful changes in the object of labor (its size, shape, properties, state and position).

During the auxiliary time, the following is performed:

Removal of finished products

Equipment management

Change of operating modes of equipment

· Monitoring the progress of the technical process and product quality.

Thus, auxiliary time is the time spent on operations that provide the ability to perform basic operations.

Workplace maintenance time - the maintenance time spent by the worker to take care of the equipment and maintain the workplace in good condition, taking into account sanitary, hygienic and safety regulations, i.e. not related to the performance of any operations. It is subdivided into technical and organizational time.

The time spent on maintenance of the workplace is spent on caring for the equipment when performing a specific job (replacing worn-out tools, setting up equipment, cleaning shavings, etc.)

The time of organizational maintenance of the workplace is spent on the care of the workplace associated with the performance of work during the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Rest time and personal needs are set to maintain normal performance and personal hygiene. The length of these breaks depends on the working conditions. This norm is established by the enterprise.

The time of regulated breaks takes into account the downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations established by the technology and organization of production. These breaks are not included in the time limit.

When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment, the time of completing the production task and the time of employment with other jobs (correction of marriage, search for material and tools) are highlighted.

The busy time can be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (from one machine to another) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course.

When analyzing the cost of working time, regulated breaks are allocated for organizational and technical reasons and due to the fault of employees.

Break time in terms of regulated breaks is the time when an employee does not perform a work activity for one of the following reasons:

Due to the peculiarities of the technological process;

For organizational reasons included in the production regulations;

Employees do not perform work in view of rest and restoration of working capacity in accordance with Labor Code Russian Federation and the operating mode established at the enterprise.

Unregulated breaks - the time when the employee does not perform labor activities for the following reasons:

Disruption of the normal course of the production process;

Violation of labor discipline.

In this case, the violation of the normal course of the production process can be caused by circumstances independent of the employee, or through the fault of the employee.

Violation of labor discipline always refers to unregulated breaks caused by the employee.

Organizational and technical reasons include downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for documentation of blanks, tools.

The time of breaks due to violation of labor discipline is due to the late start and premature end of work, excess rest time.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time expenditures into overlapping and non-overlapping is essential.

The overlapped time refers to the execution time by the worker of those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment.

Non-overlapping - this is the time of performing labor techniques (setting the workpiece, quality control) when stopped, i.e. not working equipment.

Hardware (free machine time), during which the equipment works without any participation of workers, is called free machine hardware time.

The production process time is subdivided into the following components:

1) the time of the actual technological process;

2) time transport operations;

3) the time of control and testing of finished products;

4) the time of breaks in the course of production processes. From the point of view of labor rationing, all costs are divided into:

normalized, which are included in the time rate; non-standardized, which are not included in the time rate.

For an employee, standardized costs are all the time required by the production assignment and regulated breaks.

For equipment, the standardized components are also the time to complete production tasks and the time of regulated breaks, but not only in the process of work, but also in the waiting process.

Irregular costs represent accidental and unforeseen work, as well as ad hoc breaks.

From the point of view of labor rationing, all non-standardized costs are related to the loss of working time.