Diagram of the process of delivery of goods in international trade. The essence of international transport operations The essence and types of international transport operations

Topic 8. International transport

§ 1. Concept and types of international transportation. Features of legal regulation

§ 2. International air transportation.

§ 3. International rail transportation

§ 4. International road transport

§ 5. International shipping

§ 6. International multimodal transport

Concept and types of international transportation. Features of legal regulation

International transportation concept. In science, there are a number of definitions of international transportation, since there is no single definition in national regulatory and international acts. International transportation- this is such a carriage of goods, passengers and baggage, which is carried out at least between two states in accordance with the conditions provided for by interstate agreements.

This definition is approximate enough. The question of whether international transportation from the territory of one state to the territory of the same state is, but transit through the territory of another state, remains controversial (for example, transportation from Moscow to Kaliningrad through the territory of one of the Baltic countries). A number of Conventions state that such transportation will be international, provided that it stops on the territory of that other state.

So, in accordance with Russian legislation on road transport, a stop on the territory of a foreign state is not a mandatory criterion for classifying road transport as international transport.

It should be noted that international agreements on carriage give stand-alone definitions regarding international carriage by separate modes of transport in relation to various objects of carriage, applicable only to carriage regulated by these conventions. If the carriage is not subject to the relevant Convention, its international character is determined in accordance with applicable law. For example, according to the Warsaw Convention of 1929, carriage in which the place of departure and destination are located on the territory of the same member state is considered international if the agreed stop is provided in the territory of another state, even if this state is not a party to the Convention (paragraph 2 Article 1). Transportation without such a stop is not considered international in the sense of the Warsaw Convention.

Also controversial is the issue of classifying transportation as international transportation only if it is regulated by international agreements. According to some authors, in the absence of an international agreement, border crossing transportation is not international and is regulated by national legislation. According to the logic of these authors, if a country is not a party to transport conventions, then it does not carry out international transportation. Both the Conventions and the national law of countries have conflict of laws rules that determine the law applicable to transportation. This is not about national, but international transport, which for a number of reasons are governed by the law chosen on the basis of conflict of laws rules. With regard to national transport, there is no question of conflict of laws rules at all. In particular, one of these reasons is the lack of regulation of the disputed issue in the relevant Convention. Another reason may be the non-participation of a particular country in the Convention governing the transportation in question. Thus, the UN Convention on the International Multimodal Transport of Goods of 1980 has not yet entered into force, but this does not mean that the contracts for the multimodal transport of goods from one country to another, concluded by the parties, are not international. Another thing is that border crossing requires agreements between the states to which the borders belong. As for the regulation of contracts for international carriage, they may well be regulated on the basis of conflict of laws rules (national or unified conventions), which was done before the adoption of the relevant Conventions. At present, international transport by all modes of transport is regulated by a number of conventions with a large number of parties, and in practice they are mostly regulated by international agreements.

Feature international transport is the definition of a foreign element making the transport international. The traditional classification of foreign elements, which characterizes the relationship as international (transboundary), is inapplicable here. Such a foreign element is not the subject of transportation relations. For example, foreign firm carries out cargo transportation within Russia. The carriage is not international. Transportation is international if, in accordance with the contract, it must be carried out from one state to another. The foreign element is inherent in the process of movement, which is the essence of transport activities.

For the recognition of international carriage, it is not necessary that the goods or the passenger actually crossed the territorial or customs borders of the state. It is enough to conclude an international carriage agreement. For example, if the cargo is lost at the point of departure from state A to state B, the transportation qualifies as international, but there is no border crossing. Thus, one should not equate the conclusion of an international carriage agreement with its implementation.

Types of international transportation. As well as domestic transportation differ depending on the mode of transport and the object of transportation.

The types of transport are distinguished: international road, rail, air, river and sea transportation; multimodal transportation;

According to the object of transportation, they are distinguished: transportation of goods, passengers and luggage.

Transit, mixed, container and combined transportations have a certain specificity.

Features of legal regulation. The regulation of international transportation is carried out by international agreements, national legislation and customs that have developed in the practice of transportation relations.

Legal regulation different types international transport has its own characteristics. At the same time, the general principles of such regulation should be noted.

The main importance in the legal regulation of international transport belongs to international treaties. In the field of road, sea and river transport alone, there are more than 110 interstate and intergovernmental (multilateral and bilateral) agreements to which Russia is a party.

International treaties mainly contain material norms. Conflict rules of conventions usually deal with issues not regulated by substantive rules. As a rule, they refer to the law of the country of the court. Russia is a party to most of the Transport Conventions.

In international agreements on all types of transportation, practically, albeit in different ways, one and the same range of issues is resolved.

These are, first of all, the requirements for shipping documents.

In all types of international transport, issues such as carrier's liability and the establishment of its limits, the distribution of the burden of proving guilt, the consolidation of the grounds for exemption from the carrier's liability, timing limitation period and making claims. The burden of proving his innocence lies mainly with the carrier. The parties do not have the right to reduce or exclude, but they have the right to increase the carrier's liability. In the presence of intent or gross fault of the carrier or its personnel in causing harm, the limits of liability, as a rule, do not apply.

Feature transportation relations is that they are closely intertwined with the relations of ownership and other property rights to the vehicle, obligations to cause harm, labor relations of the carrier with the crew members of the vehicle, etc. The international nature of transportation creates additional difficulties in qualifying legal relations as transportation and determining the applicable law to various types of relations related to transportation, since various conflicts of law are applied to them.

Feature contracts of carriage is that in many countries, domestic transport is subject to the same rules as international transport, i.e. norms established in international conventions ( infiltration unified norms of private international law into national legal systems).

International carriage contracts apply various collision bindings: the law of the place of departure or destination; the law of the place where the contract was concluded; flag law, etc.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the law chosen by the parties applies to contracts of carriage by all modes of transport (Art. 1210). If the parties have not chosen the law, the law of the country with which the contract is most closely connected (clause 2 of article 1211) applies. Such a right is the law of the country where the carrier has a place of residence or main place of business (subparagraph 6 of paragraph 3 of article 1211). It should be borne in mind that by virtue of clause 3 of Article 1186 of the Civil Code, if the contract of carriage is regulated by an international agreement containing substantive rules, the choice of law using conflict of laws rules is not made. Issues not regulated in such conventions are resolved with the help of conflict of laws rules established in the conventions themselves, which, as a rule, refer to the national law of the country of the court. If there are no conflict of laws rules in the conventions, the applicable law is determined using the conflict of laws rules of the country of the court.

It should be borne in mind that in accordance with Russian legislation (Article 800 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the carrier's liability for harm to the life and health of a passenger is determined according to the rules of obligations due to harm (Chapter 59 of the Civil Code), unless increased liability is provided for by law or the contract of carriage carrier. These rules will apply if Russian law is determined as the applicable law.

International transport organizations. Great importance in the development of draft conventions, uniform rules and technical regulations belongs international transport organizations... They are created by mode of transport.

The most authoritative software air transport is an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It was created in accordance with the 1944 Convention as a specialized agency of the United Nations. The 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation adopted the ICAO Statutes.

The main statutory goals of ICAO are:

Ensuring the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world;

Organization and coordination of international cooperation on all issues of civil aviation, including international air transportation. One of ICAO's goals is to prevent economic losses caused by unreasonable competition.

18 annexes to the 1944 Convention are ICAO documents - international aviation regulations (standards, recommended practices, procedures).

Within the framework of ICAO, a number of conventions have been developed and adopted, including the Montreal Convention for the unification of certain rules for international air carriage in 1999.

In the area of sea ​​transport acts International Maritime Organization (IMO), established in 1949, it is a specialized agency within the UN system. Currently, more than 160 states, including Russia, are its members. Within the framework of this organization, the Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Their Baggage by Sea 1974, the International Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic 1965, and others have been developed and adopted.

In 1905 formed Baltic and International Maritime Organization (BIMCO). Its main task is preparation and revision of charter forms and other transport documentation; publication of standard forms of shipping documents. Organizations in the field of water transport are the most numerous. There are more than 100 of them.

On railway transport: Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF), Council for Railway Transport of the Member States of the Commonwealth, Organization for Cooperation between Railways (OSJD).

In the sphere road transport function:

Organization for the Prevention of Road Accidents (IRU), International Road Federation (IAF), International Road Transport Union (IRU) and others.

On river transport such well-known organizations as the Danube Commission and the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine operate.

International transport law has historically been formed on the basis of the customs of trade, primarily in maritime traffic. At present, international transport law is a convention and is closely related to international trade law. The regulation of transport activities in international communications is carried out by two types of conventions:

1. firstly, these are conventions of local significance concluded by a limited circle of states (for example, bilateral conventions or conventions, the circle of participants to which is limited by the framework of other treaties - EU or CIS countries, etc.);
2. secondly, these are conventions of global importance, concluded under the auspices of internationally recognized organizations, primarily the UN. The effect of such conventions covers a large circle of participants (practically all states), unlike local ones, it extends not only to the territory of the states parties to the convention, but also to extraterritorial spaces, the enforcement of global conventions is carried out in addition to the participating states also by international institutions.

In accordance with this, the development of acts of international transport law is carried out at the level of individual states interacting in the negotiation process or through international conferences with the participation of a large number of interested states. In any case, the developed act of international transport law must be signed by the plenipotentiary of each of the states that acceded to this act, and then ratified by this state, subject to the procedures established by national legislation. After ratification, a State party must deposit the instruments of ratification with the depositary - a State, an international organization or its chief executive officer. official, which stores the original of an international treaty and which performs the functions in relation to this treaty provided for by international law.

According to the Federal Law "On International Treaties of the Russian Federation" (15.07.95 No. 101-FZ) “International treaties form the legal basisinterstate relations, contribute to the maintenance of global peace andsecurity, development of international cooperation in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. International treaties play an important role in the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms, in ensuring the legitimate interests of states. " The Constitution of the Russian Federation established that “The generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by law, then the rules of the international treaty apply "(Article 15, paragraph 4). The same principles are established by federal laws "On state control over the implementation of international road transport and on liability for violation of the procedure for their implementation" "On federal railway transport", TUZhD, KTM, VK.

According to the Constitution, the Russian Federation is a subject of international law. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation cannot act as parties to international treaties, which does not exclude their international contractual contacts at a different level (economic, organizational, humanitarian and other issues of international cooperation). The Russian Federation participates in the creation and application of international law in the following areas: accession to international multilateral conventions; gradual entry into the European legal space; development of the international legal framework of the CIS member states, the conclusion of bilateral treaties with various states. In connection with the conclusion in 1999 of the Treaty on the Union of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, the most urgent problem arose of the speedy integration of the transport legislation of these union states.

The most authoritative body, under the auspices of which international transport law is developed, is the United Nations - UN. The UN has five regional commissions... One of them is the European Economic - UNECE (ECE 1LMO), in which Russia is taking an active part. One of the most active bodies of the UNECE is the Inland Transport Committee - ITC (ECE / ТКА№). There are three main working groups in the KVT: on road (automobile) transport (8С.1); on railway transport (8С.2); on inland water transport (8СЗ). As part of the main working group on road transport, there are working groups: on road safety (8C.1LUR.1) and on vehicle design (8C.1LLF.29) with an administrative committee to coordinate the work of this working group on vehicle design (^ R.29 / AC.2) and expert meetings on: energy and environmental pollution problems OLF.29 / SKRE); general prescriptions concerning safety (№Р.29 / ОК5С); braking and running gear issues (ESD.29 / OKKR); lighting and light signaling (^ R.29 / OKR); issues of noise OLF.29 / SKV); passive safety (IF.29 / OK8R).

Under the auspices of the UN, the ITC has developed over 50 conventions, agreements, protocols on transport issues. These acts regulate the relations of the participating countries in the areas of: road traffic and road signs, characteristics of vehicles, organization of transportation, documentation support of transportation, transport infrastructure, transportation of dangerous goods, inland navigation, transportation of perishable goods, etc. Russia is a contracting party for 24 existing documents and two that have not yet entered into force.

Legislation and established trade customs of various states, regions and individual ports provide for various forms of distribution of responsibility for goods, their transportation, insurance, documentation of transportation, etc. Hence, when moving goods in international traffic, border problems arise. In this regard, the International Chamber of Commerce is working on the unification and classification of international trade treaties by issuing collections of model rules and the interpretation of commercial terms used in international trade... The first such collection was published in 1936 and has been reissued several times. The modern version of the document International commercial terms - "Incoterms-2000" was published in English and French and has been operating since 2000.

Based on the analysis of international trade practice, the document provides a systematic list of rules and a detailed description of the rights and obligations of the parties under each of the standard rules. The Incoterms-2000 rules provide for a wide range of options for the distribution of rights and obligations of the parties to the agreement - from allowing the buyer to pick up the goods directly at the seller's warehouse to the seller's obligation to take the goods to the buyer's warehouse at his own expense. When systematizing the requirements of the rules, it was taken into account where exactly the cargo passes from the possession of the supplier to the possession of the recipient, which of the parties to the contract makes the freight (payment) for transportation, how the possible risks are distributed between the parties to the contract and who makes insurance payments, who orders and pays for customs operations, etc. The more responsibilities are assigned to the seller, the more operations are assigned to him.

The classification of individual rules of "Incoterms-2000" into groups is made according to essential characteristics (the first letter of the English name of the rule and its abbreviation is used for designation), for example:

• group E contains the rules governing the place of receipt of the goods by the buyer;
• group P contains the rules governing the conditions for the delivery of goods by the seller to a specific vehicle;
• group C contains rules governing the seller's obligations to conclude a contract of carriage, with the seller exempting from liability for risks during carriage;
• group B contains rules governing the seller's obligations to bear all shipping costs and liability for risks.

The rules establish the obligation of the parties to perform and pay for transportation, freight, loading, unloading, storage of cargo, insurance of risks, the place and moment of transfer of responsibility for the cargo are especially clearly indicated.

If the parties to the agreement wish to adhere to these rules, then in the agreement it is enough to simply make a reference to them. For example: "... on the terms of С1Р according to" Incoterms-2000 ". However, at the request of the parties to the agreement, they can additionally indicate any exceptions to the model rules or any additions to them.

When carrying out international transportation, vehicles must carry on board all the state symbols of the country of registration and other identification means. Commercial vehicles carry state registration plates ("numbers"), a T1K plate, signs confirming civil liability insurance and compliance with environmental standards. In a number of European countries, it is mandatory when entering certain territories to confirm the environmental friendliness of cars by applying a sign.

Containers bear designations of their type, numbers, an indication of the owner and certification marks.

The Federal Law "On State Control over the Implementation of International Road Transport and on Liability for Violation of the Procedure for Their Implementation" establishes the obligation of international carriers to use the registration and distinctive signs of their state. In this case, trailers and semi-trailers may have distinctive signs of another state.

International road traffic is governed by a set of conventions, the most applicable of which are the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (entered into force in 1961) and the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (entered into force in 1968). To simplify customs procedures in international road communications of European countries, in 1959, the Customs Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the Application of the International Road Carriage Carnet was signed, and in 1975 amended and amended, to which almost all European states have joined.

Under the auspices of the UNECE ITC developed:

• European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries - AGR (15.10.75);
• European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines of Relevant Facilities - AGTC (01.02.91);
• Convention on road traffic (08.11.68);
• European Agreement supplementing the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic (01.05.71);
• Protocol on road signs and signals (09.19.49);
• Convention on Road Signs and Signals (08.11.69);
• European Agreement supplementing the 1968 Convention on Road Signs and Signals (01.05.71);
• Protocol on Road Markings to the European Agreement Supplementary to the Convention on Road Signs and Signals (01.03.73);
• Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and on the Reciprocal Recognition of the Approval of Items of Equipment and Parts of Motor Vehicle (20.03.58);
• European Agreement concerning the work of crews of vehicles engaged in international road transport - AETR (01.07.70);
• Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road - CMR (19.05.56);
• Protocol to the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road - CMR (05.07.78);
• Convention on Customs Concessions for Tourists, signed in New York (04.06.54); Customs Convention on the International Carriage of Goods under the Application of a TIR Carnet (TIR Convention) (14.11.75);
• Customs Convention concerning the Temporary Importation of Road Vehicles for Commercial Purposes (18.05.56);
• Customs Convention on Containers (02.12.72);
• European Convention on the Customs Regime Applicable to Pallets Used in International Transport (09.12.60);
• International Convention on the Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (21.10.82);
• European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road - ADR (30.09.57);
• Protocol amending Article 1a, Article 14 (1) and Article 14 (3) of the European Agreement of 30.09.57 on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road - ADR (28.10.93);
• Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on Special Vehicles for. these shipments - ATP (01.09.70);
• Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road - KAPP;
• Convention on the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road - KMAPP (signed by the heads of government of the CIS member states on 09.10.97);
• International agreement (universal agreement) on civil liability insurance of motor vehicle owners under the "green card" system (20.10.89) and other contracts, conventions and agreements, protocols to them.

The EU countries have entered into the Agreement on the International Non-Scheduled Carriage of Passengers by Buses - ASOR. A similar agreement intended for accession has been developed by the ITC UNECE.

The Russian Federation has acceded to only part of the international conventions in the field of international road transport. European states have also acceded to conventions and agreements in the field of road transport selectively: Poland - 28 documents; Italy - 27; Germany, France, Finland and Hungary - 26 each; Bulgaria -25 documents. All of these states have acceded to the AGR, the Convention on Road Traffic (1949 and 1968); CMR and its Protocol; The Convention on Customs Benefits for Tourists; The TIR Convention (1959 and 1975); Customs Convention on Containers; ADR; THX; AETR and others.

The International Road Transport Union (formed in 1948) aims to promote the development of international road transport and transportation. With the participation of the Union, many conventions on international carriage by road have been developed: the Customs Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Road in 1975, the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by 1956, etc.

International Union of Public Transport - UITP unites public transport organizations of different countries and cities. The Union periodically holds conferences at which agreed requirements for the quality of transportation are developed, and experience is exchanged.

International transport operations. (Lectures)

Olga Kazantseva (exam)

Course project. Topic: Choosing the best option for cargo delivery (for example, products ...)

Topic 1. World transport system: state and development trends.

Transport in foreign economic operations.

Transport - a set of communication routes and mobile vehicles (trains), various structures and devices that create optimal conditions for their interaction.

Thanks to transport, the necessary conditions are created for the completion of production processes for the production of various products. Transport products are the very process of moving goods from manufacturer to consumer.

Transport operations in foreign trade, in comparison with operations carried out in the domestic market, are more complex. This is due to long distances, a large number of parties involved in the transportation process, as well as the presence of specific factors and conditions for the transportation of goods in international trade. (see table 1.1.)

(insert table).

Transport support for external economic transactions is one of the key elements of their effective implementation. Transport support for foreign economic activity is understood as a system that represents a set of technical, technological elements, economic, legal, organizational impacts, forms and methods of managing transport processes and operations.

The peculiarities of transport support include the fact that transport products act on international markets as an object of purchase and sale and therefore are subject to the influence of all factors affecting the development of the world economy as a whole. Another feature of the transport support for foreign economic activity is a particularly acute perception and consideration in international transport markets of the quality of transport services, which is manifested in the price of transport products.

In international trade, the decision on transport services is made before the actual start of the transport process.

At the first level - the seller and the buyer of the goods.

At the second level - the manufacturer and the seller.

At the third level - transport companies and organizations.

The following main types of transport are used in foreign trade:

Railway;

Nautical;

Inland waterway (river);

Automotive;

Air;

Pipeline.

The characteristics of individual modes of transport are shown in Table 1.2.

Insert table 1.2.

Recently, the technology of international transportation has been associated with the use of cargo terminals and terminal complexes.

Basic operations of cargo terminals:

Acceptance of goods;

Loading Unloading;

Short term storage;

Sorting;

Cargo handling of consignments;

Transport market marketing research;

Information support for terminal services.

Commercial and information services for consignees;

Carrying out settlements for transport and other accompanying operations.

When carrying out foreign trade operations, transportation management consists of the following main stages:

Choice of transportation method;

The choice of the type of transport;

Choice of vehicles;

Selection of carriers and forwarders.

International transport operations (MTO) - operations related to the movement of foreign trade goods on the external sections of the transportation route, relative to the seller and the buy country.

By means of transport (water, railway, mixed, etc.);

Transport characteristics of the cargo (dry, bulk, container, packaged);

Frequency of transportation (regular and irregular);

The procedure for crossing the border (transshipment and non-loading transportation);

Type of transport and technological system (batch, container, ferry, towing barge, river-sea);

Place of completion of transportation (in a neighboring country, transit, ring transportation);

By the type of messages (direct or re-sending).

Classification of international transport operations.

It is necessary to distinguish 3 groups of transport operations, interconnected by the sequence of their implementation in the time frame.

The 1st group of operations includes actions preceding the implementation of a foreign trade transaction: planning foreign trade transportation, analyzing the conjuncture of transport markets, tariffs and conditions for transporting goods in the region, planning transportation costs.

The 2nd group of operations arises in the process of implementing a foreign trade transaction: the inclusion of transport conditions in the contract, the preparation of goods for transportation, the conclusion of transportation contracts and their execution, the development of transport and shipping documentation, insurance, the organization of control over the movement of goods, settlements of the seller or the buyer with a carrier, clearance of customs and border, as well as sanitary and veterinary operations.

The 3rd group of operations includes possible disputes between the consignee and the carrier, exporter and importer.

By the composition of the participants in the international transportation process.

Product manufacturer;

Seller and Buyer;

Customer;

Forwarder;

Mediators;

Carrier of export-import cargo.

Depending on the location of the transport operations.

Domestic transactions;

Operations carried out on the territory of other countries.

Depending on the nature of the operation.

The main transportation, carried out by transport.

Additional: agency operations, bunkering operations, insurance, stevedoring operations, ship chartering operations, ship chandler operations, freight forwarding operations.

Depending on the type of cargo.

Transport characteristics of goods. All cargo can be classified into 2 categories:

Bulk.

Dry cargo is subdivided into:

Bulk (transported on a shaft - coal, ore);

Bulk (grain, cement, phosphates);

General. The term "general" is foreign trade. These include cargo: piece, packaged, packaged. For example: machine tools, equipment, consumer goods, cars, etc.

Goods transported in bulk: oil and products of its processing, liquid chemical cargo, vegetable oils, fats, wine, etc.

Bulk, bulk and liquid cargo have one independent metric characteristic - mass or volume. For general cargo, the number of pieces is indicated in the shipping documents.

The classification of goods by transport characteristics is of great importance from the standpoint of the technology of their loading, unloading, transportation, transshipment and storage. It has a significant impact on the principles of formation of transport tariffs and the choice of conditions for transport insurance of goods.

Transport conditions of the contract for the international purchase and sale.

Transport conditions are a special section of the contract for the international sale of goods. The content of this section of the contract depends on the subject of the transaction, the method of transportation and the type of cargo, the basic terms of delivery (INCOTERMS).

Transport conditions include:

Terms of shipment of goods;

Place and order of delivery of goods by the seller-buyer;

Carrier name;

Names of ports, railway stations, border crossing points, transshipment points;

Determination of the parties who pay the costs of transportation, handling, other costs;

Appointment and procedure for settlements with agents, brokers, operators, forwarders and other intermediaries.

Transport risk insurance procedure;

Documents accompanying the cargo;

The procedure for informing the seller / buyer about the approach of the vehicle to the points specified in the contract;

Information about the transportation of goods in transit through the territory of third countries.

The key point is the determination and distribution between the parties to the agreement of the costs associated with the transportation of goods:

Costs associated with:

Preparation of goods for shipment (quality control, packaging, labeling, storage at transshipment points, transportation of goods to border points, loading onto a vehicle, insurance, customs declaration, unloading at the destination, payment of import customs duties and taxes, payment for delivery of goods to the buyer's warehouse).

The transport component is a conditional amount of transport costs included in the foreign trade price of goods, depending on the delivery basis established in the contract.

Transportation costs - the actual cost of transporting export-import products in the process of implementing a trade transaction.

Basic terms of delivery.

INCOTERMS 2010 (insert)

Distribution of obligations of the parties to a foreign trade transaction, in accordance with INCOTERMS (in column 1, the seller's obligations, and in the second column, the buyer's obligations).

2 table. Mode of transportation and related term INCOTERMS.

Order writing a unique work

"> Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 2

">1.Theoretical basis international transport ... ... .... 4

"> 1.1 The essence and significance of international transport ... 4

"> 1.2. Classification of international transport ... ... ... .8

"> 1.3 Types of transport operations and their legal regulation …… .11

"> 2.State and trends of international transport ...................... 17

"> 2.1 The state of road transport ……………………………… 17

"> 2.2 The state of rail and air traffic …………… 20

"> 2.3 The state of sea and pipeline transportation ……………… ..26

"> 3. The state and prospects of Russian transport in the world system ... 31

"> Conclusion …………………………………………………………… ... 43

"> List of sources used …………………………………… 46

"> Introduction

"> Transport support is an integral part of foreign trade. Transport operations begin and end the process of implementing a foreign trade transaction. The costs of transporting products and related operations are included in the costs of goods or are included in the price of goods or appear in it in an indirect form.

"> In the implementation of international economic relations, transport ensures the movement of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) between two or more countries, that is, in international communications.

"> In the world there is no special international transport, isolated from national transport systems, intended exclusively for international transport of goods and passengers. International transport is served by national carriers of various countries, using their own rolling stock for this (sea and river vessels, airplanes, wagons, cars ), as well as transport networks (rail, road, river, air) and transport hubs (sea and river ports, airports, railway stations, bus stations, cargo and passenger terminals) related to the transport systems of individual countries.

"> Developing market relations force cargo owners and carriers to apply modern methods of designing transportation systems and implementing the transport process to improve the quality of transportation of goods and passengers with a guarantee of safety.

"> Based on the above, I made a conclusion about the relevance of the topic" "> International transport" at the present time and therefore chose this topic for disclosure in her course work.

"> Coursework consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and bibliography.

"> The purpose of the work is to review and analyze international transport.

"> In the course of work, you should perform a number of tasks:

"> 1) study the features of the transport economy and transport support

"> 2) consider separately road, rail, air, pipeline transport;

"> 3) analyze tables of cargo turnover for each type of transport from 2007 to 2009;

"> 4) study transport and freight traffic in Russia;

"> 5) based on the results of the work, draw appropriate conclusions and proposals for improving transport provision.

"> Object term paper is the transport support for international transport.

"> The subject of the course work is the analysis of international transport.

"> The work uses methods of analysis of educational and scientific literature, statistical, mathematical, and analytical methods. information base used scientific and educational literature, materials from periodicals, analytical tables, as well as Internet resources.

"> 1. Theoretical foundations of international transport

"> 1.1 The essence and significance of international transport

"> Transport support is an integral part of foreign trade. Insufficient level of transport support for foreign trade can have a negative impact on the results of contract work. Incorrectly calculated transport component in the contract price of goods sometimes leads to inefficiency in the implementation of a foreign trade transaction, and the wrong choice of types of transport route and the carrier - to the loss of the goods itself Poor organization of transport provision can negate all the efforts of enterprises and organizations acting together in the implementation of a particular transaction.

"> In the process of foreign economic activity, sellers and buyers, intermediaries, transport organizations and enterprises, customs and other services enter into complex relations that depend on economic factors, international and national legal regulations, conjuncture processes in the commodity and transport markets. In such a constantly changing situation, the search for rational ways of transport services, the choice of directions of transportation and methods of transporting goods, the development of advanced forms and methods of organizing the transportation process, the conduct of proper contractual work with carriers, operators, transport intermediaries and insurers come to the fore. The technical operation of transport in foreign trade transportation, as well as in the export of transport services, does not have any fundamental differences in comparison with the transportation of goods in the internal economic relations of the country. However, the commercial operation of foreign trade transport has a number of characteristic features.

"> Foreign trade goods are transported by the same vehicles, along the same transport routes, through the same transport infrastructure enterprises (sea and river ports, railway stations, airports, terminals) as any other goods. foreign trade contract, imposes some restrictions on the organization of the transportation process, which can have a significant impact on the economic efficiency of a particular transaction. The presence of an "international element" in the transportation also changes the legal procedures for the transportation of goods. In addition, the prices for the transportation of foreign trade goods differ from the cost of transportation "ordinary" cargo The characteristics of foreign trade transportation are determined by their content.

"> Transport support (TO) is a system that represents a set of technical, technological elements; economic, legal, organizational impacts; forms and methods of managing transport processes and operations.

"> The quality of the transport service is characterized by two categories: the quality standard and the complexity of the transport service.

"> Quality standard - synthesizes the specific needs of the cargo owner and determines the set of quality transport characteristics required for their optimal satisfaction (delivery speed, cargo safety, control over its movement, etc.).

"> Complexity is a transport service that provides cargo owners with a qualitatively new class of transport service, which requires compliance with the following conditions:

"> - the quality of transportation and handling of goods in all links of the transport chain must comply with the general quality standard laid down in the system;

"> - the movement of goods along the entire route must be reliably guaranteed.

"> TO WPP is a complex dynamic system, consisting of elements combined into operations, which are formed and constitute separate processes (stages), which are influenced by economic, commercial, legal, organizational methods and forms of management.

"> The individual stages of the WPP maintenance can be summarized as follows:

1. "> preparation of products for transportation, including packaging, packing, labeling;
2. "> warehouse work at the sender's warehouse;
3. "> informing the carrier and the buyer about the readiness of the goods for shipment;
4. "> preparation of the necessary shipping documentation, obtaining quarantine, veterinary, sanitary certificates, packing lists, certificates, etc .;
5. "> delivery of products to main modes of transport;
6. "> conclusion of a contract of carriage and necessary calculations with all carriers involved in the delivery of the goods;
7. "> loading and unloading and storage operations at the point of departure of products; - movement of goods by the first carrier;
8. "> customs, border, sanitary, veterinary, quarantine operations at border points;
9. "> warehouse, loading and unloading, stevedoring operations during the transfer of goods to the second carrier;
10. "> movement of cargo by the second carrier;
11. "> warehouse, loading and unloading, stevedoring operations during the transfer of goods to the 1st carrier;
12. "> loading and unloading, stevedoring and warehousing operations, crediting of transportation documents at the point of destination;
13. "> delivery of the goods to the consignee;
14. "> cargo search;
15. "> handling claims, claims, arbitration cases.

"> The technological elements of the WPP TO include a set of methods for transporting goods, when special conditions and modes are created in transport processes that contribute to an increase in the efficiency and quality of transport services. These primarily include various types of progressive transport and technological systems, including container, batch, lighter, ferry and many others, when products are moved in large, unified units.

"> Organizational aspects include information support of transport processes, building organizational structures management of transport organizations involved in foreign economic activity, etc.

"> The economic methods of influencing the WPP TO include measures of state regulation: tax policy in relation to transport enterprises, customs regulation of temporary import of vehicles, border fees for crossing the state border with goods, regulation of the pricing system for the services of natural monopolies in transport, the system of licensing of transportation, forwarding and other transport activities on various types of transport. ">

"> 1.2. Classification of international transport

"> Transport as a species economic activity can be imagined as consisting of two subsystems - public and non-public transport.

"> Public transport is a transport in the sphere of circulation, moving various types of products between producers and consumers.

"> Non-public transport moves raw materials, materials and other types of final products that have not entered the sphere of circulation, as well as production personnel within enterprises and other, sometimes very large, territorial entities. Serving industrial and agricultural production, carries out intra-industrial transportation construction organizations, enterprises of trade, supply, sales, etc. Such transport as a type of activity can be called a technological "in-house" transport. Its integral part is industrial transport. ">

"> Industrial transport performs its functions at the production stage, and its activities should be considered as an integral part of that industrial enterprise that he serves. Therefore, the means of industrial transport (rail and other roads, cars, hoisting-and-transport machines and mechanisms) are constituent parts means of production of the respective enterprise.

"> Each of the named subsystems, in turn, is characterized by a complex internal structure. Public transport includes railway, sea, river, road, air and pipeline (mainline) modes of transport.

"> Depending on the goals economic analysis transport is sometimes considered in other groupings:

1. "> Universal (eg rail, water, road and air) and specialized (pipeline).
2. "> Internal (carries out transportation within the country) and external (usually sea, carrying out transportation not only within the country, but also abroad).
3. "> Year-round (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal (inland waterways).
4. "> Trunk (usually means public transport) and non-trunk (usually industrial)

"> Table 1 - "> Classification of transport operations in foreign economic activity

"> 1.3 Types of transport operations and their legal regulation

"> Depending on the specific modes of transport used in transportation, there are sea, river, air, rail, road and pipeline communications. These are the so-called direct international communications, served by one mode of transport. In cases where international transportation of goods or passengers two or more modes of transport are used sequentially, mixed (combined) communications take place.If such transportation is issued with one (through) transport document covering all the modes of transport involved in it, it is called direct mixed.

"> Characteristics of certain types of transport used in international transport:

1. "> Railway transport

"> Railways are the most cost-effective mode of transport for long distance transport of bulk carloads of coal, ore, sand, agricultural and forestry products. Railways have recently begun to expand their services to meet customer specifications. New equipment has been created to make them more efficient. cargo handling of certain categories of goods, platforms for the transport of car trailers (scheduled contrailer), services began to be provided on the way, such as redirecting already shipped goods to another destination directly on the route and processing goods during transportation.

1. "> Water transport

"> The cost of transportation by water transport of bulky, non-perishable goods of low cost such as sand, coal, grain, oil, metal ores is very low. On the other hand, water transport is the slowest and is often affected by the weather.

1. "> Road transport

"> Trucking is constantly increasing its share of transportation. This type of transportation is extremely flexible in terms of routes and schedules. Trucks are able to transport goods door-to-door, eliminating the need for the sender of the need for unnecessary transportation. Trucks are a cost-effective mode of transport for transportation to short distances of high-value goods In many cases, road transport tariffs are competitively comparable to railway tariffs, but trucks usually provide faster service delivery.

1. "> Pipeline transport

"> Pipelines are a specific means of transporting oil, coal and chemical products from their places of origin to markets. Transportation of oil products by oil pipelines is cheaper than by rail, but somewhat more expensive than by water. Most of the pipelines are used by the owners to transport their own products ...

1. "> Air transport

"> This mode of transport is gaining in importance. Although air cargo rates are much higher than rail or road rates, air transportation is ideal when speed is of the essence and / and when it is necessary to reach distant markets. cargo of perishable goods (such as fresh fish, fresh flowers) and non-bulky items of high value (such as appliances, jewelry). Firms are convinced that the use of air transport can reduce the required level of inventory, reduce the number of warehouses, reduce packaging costs ... ">

"> States interested in expanding the activities of their national transport enterprises in international traffic have always sought international cooperation in order to develop uniform (unified) conditions for the carriage of goods and passengers, as well as to harmonize legal norms related to the regime of finding vehicles and their service personnel within the jurisdiction of the contracting parties and on many other issues.As a result of these efforts at the interstate level, a significant number of international agreements on certain types transport, called "transport conventions". V individual cases multilateral agreements on international transport have been concluded at the level of transport companies in different countries.

"> Most international transport conventions have provisions regarding the contract for the carriage of goods and passengers in the relevant international traffic. According to the contract, one party - the transport organization (carrier) - undertakes to deliver the cargo or passenger to the specified destination, and the other party - cargo owner (passenger) - undertakes to pay the carrier the carriage charge The remaining conditions of the contract of carriage supplement, specify and decipher the above obligations.

"> Transport conventions determine the basic details, and in some cases the form of transport documents that must be used in international transport. The most common two types of transport documents: waybill (for rail, air and road communications) and bill of lading (for sea and river communications) ...

1. "> International road transport is a traditional type of transport and is regulated by international private law.

"> Legal regulation of international road transport of goods, as well as the establishment of traffic rules in international law is carried out through the following regulations:

"> - Convention on Road Traffic;

"> - Protocol on road signs and signals;

"> - Customs Convention on the International Carriage of Goods;

"> - Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (TIR Convention).

"> The TIR Convention is an international agreement with the highest legal and legal force in the field of regulation of road transport.

"> Mandatory conditions the established Conventions for the transport of goods by road are:
- vehicles must comply with the technical requirements established by the convention, while such a vehicle must be provided with a "TIR" sign;
- when transporting sealed goods, they are not subject to mandatory customs inspection at intermediate customs points on the territory of transit states;
- vehicles or containers must be provided with a single TIR Carnet.
The responsibility for the safety of the cargo from the point of departure and up to the point of destination lies directly with the carrier.

1. "> International shipping -

"> The main international agreement that defines the relationship between the parties to the contract of carriage by sea and the legal status of the bill of lading is the Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules on the Bill of Lading of 1924 (The Hague Rules). The Brussels Protocol of 1968 introduced some amendments to this convention. More than 70 states participate in the Brussels Convention, and the Hague Rules focus on the issue of the liability of the sea carrier for the cargo.

"> Taking into account the criticism of a number of provisions of the Brussels Convention of 1924 on the part of cargo owners of different countries, especially developing countries, in 1978 the UN convention on the carriage of goods by sea, known as the Hamburg Rules, was adopted. no less has a significant impact on the practice of international shipping.

"> The carriage of passengers and baggage by sea was until recently regulated by the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Carriage of Passengers by Sea from 1961. In 1987, a new convention on the carriage of passengers, their baggage, vehicles and hand luggage came into force (Athens convention).

1. "> International river connections -

"> A set of issues related to the organization of international transport on rivers is regulated by the Bratislava agreements concluded by river shipping companies of the Danube countries.

1. "> International air services -

"> Among the international agreements on air transport is the convention for the unification of certain rules concerning international carriage by air, signed in Warsaw in 1929 and subsequently supplemented by protocols: The Hague 1955, Guatemalan 1971 and Montreal 1975. Most countries participate in it the world.

"> The Warsaw Convention applies to scheduled air services. Legal basis agreements for the carriage of air in non-scheduled (charter) services are the provisions of the Guadalajara Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, 1961.

1. "> International rail services -

"> The most universal multilateral agreements on international rail services are the Berne conventions on the carriage of goods (abbreviated as MGK) and on the carriage of passengers (IGC), originally concluded at the end of the last century between several European countries. The 1980 Convention on Carriage by Rail (COTIF) containing the consolidated text of the Berne Conventions Most European countries and a number of Asian and African countries are parties to the Berne Conventions.

1. "> International mixed messages -

"> In the 70s, within the framework of several international organizations, a draft agreement on a contract for direct multimodal transport was developed. As a result, in 1980, the UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods was adopted.

"> The main provisions governing the organization and conditions of carriage of goods and passengers in international traffic are contained in transport conventions and international agreements. The issues of legal regulation of carriage are also the content of many bilateral agreements concluded at the interstate level or between transport representatives of two countries. Finally, these issues are often regulated by the internal transport legislation of individual countries, but the lack of international regulation of the carriage of goods and passengers does not prevent carriers and cargo owners (passengers) from entering into relations regarding international carriage. ">

"> 2. State and trends of international transport

"> 2.1 State of road transport

"> At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, a new stage in the development of world economic ties began, a large-scale increase in the volume of intercontinental traffic. New international alliances, common markets, commonwealths and communities appeared: the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement of three countries - the United States , Canada and Mexico (NAFTA), the commonwealth of the Asia-Pacific region from 35 countries, the association of Southeast Asian states from 17 countries, the commonwealth from 12 CIS countries, etc. As a result, the volume of international traffic in terms of foreign trade has doubled over the past 25 years and reached 50% of the total cargo turnover (import, export and transit) in almost every country with a developed market economy.

"> Table 2 - Length of roads

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> The world fleet of registered road transport rolling stock totals about 600 million units, including 86% of cars, 13% of trucks and only 1% of buses. The largest number of rolling stock is in Europe (40%), America (32%) and Asia (21%) .In general, in the world, the short-term prospects for the development of this type of transport are quite compatible with long-term forecasts, which practically guarantee a fairly moderate growth rate of the fleet of vehicles and the road network by 2015. At the same time, in the most developed countries ah, the progress of road transport will be expressed in the qualitative improvement of vehicles, the improvement and implementation of highly efficient technological processes that help reduce the environmental load on the environment. Along with this, the gradual introduction of environmentally friendly fuels is quite possible. The improvement of the types of road surfaces, an increase in their throughput, an increase in traffic safety, etc., will continue fairly quickly.

"> With regard to the distribution of vehicles across the world, it is expected that the relative share accounted for by developed countries will decrease due to a faster growth in the number of vehicles in developing countries, primarily in Russia, China, India, Brazil. until 2012 park trucks, in particular in Europe, will increase by 1.5-3% annually. Approximately the same is predicted in relation to the share of the length of highways in the countries of the world. In terms of the quality of vehicles and highways, industrialized countries will retain their leadership by 2015. In the rest of the countries, the rapid increase in the number of vehicles and the length of roads will be characterized by qualitative indicators. At the present stage of development of the world economy, road transport for most developed countries is the main mode of internal transport and a key element. transport systems s, which plays a major role in ensuring economic growth and social development. In most developed countries, road transport developed at a faster pace than other modes of transport and sectors of the economy. This was facilitated by its objective advantages, complemented by significant progress in the field road construction and structures of motor vehicles, as well as in connection with the widespread use of industrial and trans "> tailor logistics.

"> Table 3 - The share of road transport in the total freight turnover (in percent)

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> In the EU countries, a significant share of the volume of freight traffic is carried out by commercial road transport companies, which are referred to as the so-called public transport. Thus, their share in the volume of transportation of basic goods in the UK is about 84%, in France - more than 75%, in Germany long distances (over 150 km) by road transport about 63% of cargo, and over short distances - up to 48%. last years due to the congestion of roads with light vehicles, measures are being taken to develop priority public bus transport. When transporting goods abroad, special attention is paid to the introduction of highly efficient transport and logistics technologies: by the terminal system, multimodal and intermodal transportation using large-capacity universal and specialized containers, contrailers, transport packages. The growth rates of cargo transportation using these technologies significantly exceed the increase in cargo transportation volumes without the use of these technologies. Over the past 7-8 years, the volume of container and piggyback traffic in Germany, France, Japan and other countries has increased by more than 1.5 times. ">

"> Due to the economic crisis, the demand for road transport services has fallen sharply. This is confirmed by a survey conducted by the IRU in 74 countries of the IRU member associations. Comparing the situation from January to June 2009 with the same period in 2008, the survey shows that international road transport is especially hit hard by the global economic downturn.

"> While forecasts are not yet clear, the road transport industry does not expect the sector to recover from a normal 1.5% growth rate through 2013.

"> 2.2 Status of rail and air transport

"> By the beginning of the 21st century, the total length of the world's railways exceeded 1 million km (1.25 million km), along which more than 3.7 billion tons of cargo are transported annually, including 1.5 billion tons in international traffic.

"> The situation on this mode of transport is characterized by instability. General changes are between stabilization and a moderate decrease in demand for a service. The data for 67 countries of Europe, Asia, North and South America for 2002-2009, which show on a decrease in cargo turnover by 7%

"> A typical example is Germany, where the total volume of railway traffic, having reached its maximum of 541.1 million tons in 1990, has not risen to this level since then. On the contrary, in 2004 it even decreased compared to 2003. by 3% The same situation is observed in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Japan and other countries.

"> In the longer term (2015), it is possible to predict a significant reduction in rail freight traffic for the group of the most developed countries. This situation is less obvious for states with large territories and associated with the need to transport bulk goods for a long time (10-15 years) (ore, coal, wheat) over long distances, primarily in Russia, China and India.

"> The electrification of its network plays an important role in increasing the efficiency of railway transport and reducing the environmental burden on the environment. Electrification of the railway network is distributed in different ways between continents and regions of the world. and Eastern Europe (45.7%) and the CIS countries (24.3%), about 20% - in South-West and Southeast Asia (mainly Japan, China, India) and 8.0% - in African countries ( Mainly due to South Africa) .The American continent is a contrast - electrification of railways is 1.7% (North and South America). In terms of the absolute length of electrified railways among the countries of the world, Russia is the leader (40.3 thousand km), by a large margin from Germany (18.8 thousand km) and South Africa (16.8 thousand km) It is interesting that 12 countries account for almost three-quarters of the total length of the electrified railway network. ti the world. ">

"> Table 4 - Share of rail transport in total freight turnover in 2009 (in percent)

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> The leader in freight transportation by rail is Ukraine 74.5%. In the US transport system, rail transport accounts for more than 45.2% of freight turnover. The share of railways in transportation work in countries such as Bulgaria, Great Britain, Germany, Poland is much smaller. , France, Japan. In some countries, for example in the Netherlands, freight transport is carried out only at night. The prospects for the development of rail transport are different in different countries... Thus, in the United States, the railroad network in 39 years has decreased by 118 thousand km (from 350 thousand km in 1970 to 232 thousand km in 2009), and promising program the development of transport, adopted in 2001, provides primarily funding for the development of the national system of highways and public transport.

"> Deutsche Bahn reported a 24% drop in freight shipments in the first quarter of 2009 and predicted a 7.5% drop for the full year of 2011. Similarly, SNCF in France reported a drop in freight shipments over the same period by 28% with a sharp drop of about 50% in the steel industry and road transport The Russian Railways also reported that in the first quarter of 2011, traffic volumes decreased by 27%, while traffic is expected to decline by 20% in the second quarter. UN, for the entire UNECE region in the first half of 2011, the decline in rail transport was about 20%.

"> Air transport. The development of air transport services until 2006 was characterized by low but steady growth rates. In 2004-2008, the average annual growth rate of world passenger traffic on scheduled airlines was about 6.3%, and world cargo turnover - 7%. In 2007, compared to 2009, the total freight turnover on scheduled airlines increased by 8.2% and amounted to 400.8 billion km. The development of the international transportation market in recent years has been more intensive than the domestic one due to the processes of globalization of the world economy taking place in the world. In the structure of regular passenger traffic of the world's airlines, the share of the volume of traffic carried out in international traffic in 2008 was 59% (in 2001 - 47%), and in the structure of freight traffic - 84% (in 2001 - 76%) The dynamics of traffic volumes in 2008 in various regions of the world differed from the world average level. (9.4%) and airlines of the Asia-Pacific region (9%). The lowest growth rates were recorded for companies from Latin America and the Caribbean (5.7%). In recent years, the most dynamically developing companies in the Asia-Pacific region. Their share in global passenger traffic increased from 17.9% in 1989 to 24.3% in 2008 (in 2008, the share of North American airlines was 36%, and European countries - 29.7% of total passenger traffic). ">

"> World air transport is characterized by a high concentration. Almost 50% of passenger, cargo and mail transportation on international and domestic routes was carried out in 2008 by companies from the USA (33.6%), Japan (5.9%) and Germany (4, 6%). The largest 30 companies in the world carried 70% of the global cargo turnover on scheduled routes in 2008. On international routes, the bulk of work performed (73%) also falls on 30 companies. These companies include 11 European, 10 Asia-Pacific region, 7 US companies, one of the countries of the Middle East and Latin America and the Caribbean.

"> Despite the steady growth rates in the volume of passenger and freight traffic of the world's airlines until 2004, financial results since 1998, their activities began to deteriorate. There was a gradual decline in the level of profitability of transportation. The world financial crisis of 1998 as a whole had a negative impact on financial situation companies.

"> Table 5 - Share of air transport in total cargo turnover in 2009 (in percent).

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> The European transport market also saw a decline in work volumes. According to the Association of European Carriers (this association includes the 29 largest European companies, which accounted for 32% of global passenger traffic on international routes in 2008), the overall decrease in the number of passengers carried by airlines - members of the Association of International Passengers in 2001 amounted to 2.5% (about 5 million passengers). Passenger turnover on international routes for the same period decreased by 5%, or by 28 billion passenger-km (for comparison: indicator in 2008 was 7.8%). Such a significant difference in the rate of decrease in passenger turnover and the number of passengers carried is due to a more significant reduction in the volume of traffic on long-distance routes, especially on the transatlantic, compared with intra-European routes. airlines - members of the Association of European Airways ozchikov as a whole for 2008 was: in the North Atlantic direction - a decline of 10.6%.

"> According to preliminary data from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), of which there are 187 member states, the total volume of work performed on scheduled services decreased by 6% in 2001 compared to 2008. The decrease in the volume of freight traffic compared to passenger traffic was The decline in the world cargo turnover on regular routes was 8%, and the passenger turnover - 5 %.The decline in the volume of passenger and freight traffic in 2008 was accompanied by a deterioration in the quality indicators of the world air transport.

"> The current situation indicates that the air transportation market is highly sensitive to political and economic instability. The predictions made by ICAO and other leading aviation organizations, indicating a steady pace of further development of civil aviation, were far from reality. ">

"> The share of Russia in the total volume of work performed by the world's airlines on regular routes in 2008 amounted to 1.2% (0.84% ​​- in international traffic), in passenger turnover - 1.4% (0.99% - in international According to the results of 2008, among other countries of the world, Russia was ranked 20th in terms of cargo turnover and 16th in terms of passenger turnover, as a result of which Spain, Italy and Brazil were ahead of Russia in this indicator.

"> 2.3 Status of sea and pipeline transport

"> Water transport is losing its positions every year. By the beginning of the 21st century it became clear that it has no future in the forms and scales that have been preserved until recently. The total length of inland waterways in the world is 175 thousand km. - tends to decrease, and this trend will continue until 2015. A similar forecast can be made for the volume of traffic (currently 1250 million tons, including in international traffic - 840 million tons). on the largest rivers, however, in the coming years, water transport will carry out mainly cruise and tourist trips.

"> Table 6 - Share of maritime and inland waterway transport in total cargo turnover in 2009 (in percent)

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> The situation in Poland is indicative in this sense. The volume of cargo transportation along the rivers of this country has a clear tendency to decrease from 1980 (22.3 million tons) to 1996 (9.3 million tons). The situation is no better. and in Germany, which is not only a major inland waterway carrier, but also one of our main trading partners.

"> The specifics of the position of inland waterway transport in Russia is determined both by natural prerequisites and by the specific economic situation. According to experts, inland waterways in Russia (103 thousand km in 1990) could be used quite intensively until 2015. Other a specific feature is the possibility of operating river-sea vessels, which allow maintaining a direct uninterrupted transport connection between river docks in the European part of Russia and points in the basins of the Rhine, Danube and even outside Europe. contribute to the revival of inland waterway transport.

"> Inland waterway transport plays an important role in the economy of Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States. The length of the US waterways is 41.5 thousand km, which is 49.2% of the same indicator in Russia. about 800 million tons of various cargoes are transported, which is almost six times more than in Russia.

"> The global crisis has had a particularly strong impact on international sea and container traffic. In the first quarter of 2009, container traffic through Western European ports decreased by 18%. Container traffic in Eastern Europe declined even more, and St. Petersburg reported container traffic declined 38% in the same quarter In the first half of 2009, Rotterdam, the largest container port, reported container production declined 15% to 4.6 TEU.

"> As for inland waterways, there is almost no data, but forecasts indicate that in the first quarter of 2009, traffic volumes decreased by 50%.

"> Pipeline transport is one of the most dynamically developing modes of transport. The total length of main pipelines in the world is more than 1.5 million km, including 500,000 km of oil and oil product pipelines, of which more than 300,000 km are in the United States.

"> Table 7 - Freight turnover of oil pipelines and oil products by individual countries.

"> Source -"> http://www.gks.ru

"> More than 2 billion tons of oil and oil products are pumped annually through this network. The largest owners of oil pipelines are the United States and Russia. The United States accounts for over 280 thousand km (2005) of oil pipelines and oil product pipelines with a total volume of pumped over 960 million tons (2007). .) and transport work 906 billion ton-kilometers (2006). The overwhelming part of the pumped loading is made up of petroleum products for domestic consumption. In addition, more than 45% of the world's main gas pipelines operate in the United States, which are mainly used for domestic needs.

"> Table 8 - Length of trunk pipelines and oil pipelines by individual mill "> (end of year; kilometers)

"> Source - http://www.gks.ru

"> The total length of Russian trunk pipelines is 65,000 km, including 50,000 km of oil pipelines and 15,000 km of oil product pipelines. Crude oil predominates in the loading system transported through this system. oil - 144 million tons, for oil products - 61 million tons). The extensive network of oil pipelines makes it possible to continue the supply of oil in the western and southwestern directions to European countries, as well as to transport oil to the Baltic ports for further shipment by tankers. 27.3 million tons were shipped through the main oil export port - Ventspils.In Russia, which ranks second in the world in terms of pipeline transport, the total length of the network also includes about 152 thousand km of gas pipelines. very important not only from the point of view of internal economic interests, but also for foreign economic relations. ">

"> 3. State and prospects of Russian transport in the world system

"> The geopolitical position of Russia between the two dynamically developing world centers of business activity - Europe and Asia - predetermines its special, key role in ensuring Eurasian ties. The territory of the Russian Federation is located at the intersection of the shortest trade routes between the countries of Europe, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific region, in the direction of which the main international transport flows are formed.However, Russia's powerful transit potential is still poorly used.At the same time, the governments of a number of states, united in international alliances with the support of the EU and international organizations, began to initiate a number of large international transport projects providing for the transportation of goods of Eurasian trade bypassing the territory of Russia.The implementation of such projects can adversely affect not only the economy of our country, but also its national security... In the struggle for competition in the market of international transport services, Russia has good starting positions and advantages of its geographical position on the Eurasian continent. International transport routes cross our country along the shortest distances, with a minimum number of crossings of state borders and pass through the territory with a single legal space, which ensures as soon as possible delivery of goods. In addition, Russia has a developed network of railways and waterways with a reserve of carrying capacity in the directions of the main international cargo flows, and a developing network of highways, which will avoid the need for large investments in the development of international corridors. Thus, one of the key links in the development of the Russian economy is the improvement of the transport system and the implementation of the country's powerful transit potential to ensure Eurasian ties.

"> Since 1999, the trend of sustainable socio-economic development has been maintained in the Russian Federation. In 2007, the increase in the real volume of gross domestic product (GDP) to the level of 2005 amounted to 7.1%; , Agriculture, transport, retail) increased by 6.6%, and industrial products- amounted to 6.1%.

"> Foreign trade turnover with non-CIS and non-CIS countries in January-August 2007 amounted to USD 32.4 billion, including with non-CIS countries - USD 28.0 billion (86.4% of total turnover ), the CIS countries - 4.4 billion US dollars (13.6%). Compared to the same period in 2005, the volume of foreign trade increased by 31.8% as a result of an increase in import purchases by 34.9% and export supplies by 27.3%.

"> In meeting this demand, a special role belongs to the road transport industry, in which a number of the most important types of activities can be regulated only by federal level(international and intercity transportation, development of transport and logistics multimodal and intermodal technologies, transport support for the country's defense, etc.)

"> At the present stage of economic development, Russian road transport, as in most developed countries, plays a crucial role in ensuring economic growth and social development of the state. taking into account personal passenger cars- at least 65% of passengers, with a tendency to further increase these indicators. The transportation of goods and passengers is carried out by about 450 thousand enterprises and organizations of various sectors of the economy and individual entrepreneurs. The fleet of vehicles for the transport of goods reached 4.6 million units, including 2.6 million units in the organizations of the branches of the economy. and in the individual ownership of citizens - 2.0 million units. There are more than 700 thousand buses for passenger transportation in the country. Fixed assets of road transport, including road infrastructure, are estimated at about 11% of all fixed assets of the country, and the annual cost of providing road transport services is over 850 billion rubles. per year or about 9% of the country's GDP. International road transport has developed significantly. In 2007, about 30 million tons and 11.3 million passengers were transported, including 11 million tons and 5.2 million passengers, respectively, by Russian carriers. More than 6.1 thousand intercity bus routes operate on the territory of the Russian Federation. In this type of communication, road transport successfully competes with rail transport.

"> Crisis conditions affected the acquisition volumes new technology... If in 2007-2008, under favorable conditions, there was a disproportionate jump-like replenishment of the park (during these two years it was renewed by a third, and about 10 thousand units were purchased), then with the onset of the crisis it became clear that the park was redundant and could not be fully used. least. Therefore, in 2009, only about 700-800 vehicles were purchased. ">

"> In 2009, the volume of freight traffic by road between Russia and foreign countries amounted to 29.1 million tons, which is 18.6% less than in 2008. At the same time, rates on the main directions fell significantly more - about 30%. Russian market sector MAP last year roughly corresponds to the level of 2004. The decrease in traffic volumes affected both Russian and foreign carriers.

"> It should be noted that the forecasts, which were made in the middle of last year, assumed a drop in the total traffic to 25 million tons. But a certain stabilization of freight traffic in the last months of 2009 allowed us to get the final result higher than expected.

"> The data of Rostransnadzor for the 1st quarter of this year show an increase in volumes by 7%. It can be assumed that the positive trend of growth in the total market volume will continue throughout the year, compensation for losses in the number of parks.

"> Figure 1-

"> Source - ">

"> Considering the ratio of the volume of traffic of import and export cargo, it should be noted that the share of export traffic in Russia as a whole increased from 27.1 to 28.6%. The growth was noted in all federal districts, with the exception of the North-West. transportation of export cargo, as in previous years, - in the Volga and Ural districts, in 3 other districts the share of export transportation in the market is more than 40%.

"> It can be noted that the lowest export share, even taking into account the increase in 2009, is in the market of the Central Federal District: it is twice lower than in Russia as a whole. significant demand for consumer goods, the location of the largest logistics centers, the implementation of a large volume of investment projects, the construction of new and modernization of existing production, on the contrary, is one of the highest. ">

"> If we talk about the participation of carriers of different groups in the Russian market, it can be noted that the share of parity carriers remained practically unchanged: they account for 50.3% of the total volume. At the same time, the volumes of Russian market participants decreased by 3 million tons. Basically, the decrease in their share was influenced by one direction - Finland, where there was a significant drop in the volume of Russian traffic.

"> Figure 2 -

"> Source - http://master-test.customs.ru

"> It is noteworthy that in almost all other priority directions our carriers not only retained their positions, but were also able to increase their share. Examples are such directions as Germany (the share increased from 56 to 57%), the Netherlands (from 46 to 48%), Italy (from 68 to 69%), China (from 76 to 80%).

"> The improvement in the state of affairs among carriers of third countries is mainly associated with the loss of their shares by a number of parity market participants, from whom they have taken part of the volumes. It is important that in all countries where there has been a significant increase in the share of carriers of third countries ), the Russian share also increased.

"> The distribution of the international transport market in Russia by directions of freight flows corresponds to the structure foreign trade turnover country. The main directions remained the same. However, a number of changes took place in this top ten: in terms of absolute volumes in 2009, compared with the previous year, Poland moved from 4th to 3rd place, Ukraine - from 5th to 4th, Kazakhstan - from 8th to 7th –E. On the contrary, Lithuania (from 3rd to 5th) and Latvia (from 7th to 9th place) decreased their shares.

"> Among other types of transport, within the framework of our topic, pipeline transport stands out. The active development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 1950s. In 2008, pipeline transport transported 488 million tons of oil and oil products, this figure has increased compared to 2000 by 53%.

"> Table 10 - Freight turnover of trunk pipelines

"> (billion tonne-kilometers)

"> Source - "> http://master-test.customs.ru

"> The turnover of pipeline transport in terms of oil and oil products in 2008 amounted to 1.1 trillion ton-kilometers, an increase in comparison with 2000 by 49%.

"> The length of the main oil and oil product pipelines in 2008 was 63 thousand km, an increase of 2 thousand km in comparison with 2000.

"> The Russian state-owned company Trans Neft and its subsidiaries have the world's largest oil trunk pipeline system, with a length of 48.7 thousand km (as of June 2006) and through which more than 90% of Russian oil is pumped.

"> In January-September 2010, the cargo turnover of transport, according to estimates, amounted to 3503.5 billion ton-kilometers, including railway - 1490.3 billion, automobile - 143.5 billion, sea - 76.1 billion. , domestic water - 44.4 billion, air - 3.4 billion, pipeline - 1745.8 billion ton-kilometers.

"> Table 9 - Freight turnover of transport in Russia

"> Source - "> http://master-test.customs.ru

"> Railway transport in Russia is one of the largest railway networks in the world, which has existed since 1837 and has 86 thousand km of railway tracks, of which about half are electrified. In terms of the total length of railway tracks, Russia occupies 2nd place, behind only the United States ( 194.7 thousand km) In terms of the length of electrified roads (43 thousand km), Russia ranks 1st in the world. ">

"> Railroad transportation of goods constitutes a significant part of the volume of transport cargo transportation in Russia. The main objectives of the company, along with making a profit, are to meet the needs of legal and individuals and the state in rail transport, works and services provided by rail. The sole shareholder of the company is the Russian Federation.

"> The most transported cargo on Russian railways is coal (on average, about 20% of all freight traffic), followed by oil and oil products (about 15%), construction cargo (about 15%), iron and manganese ore (about 10% ), ferrous metals (about 6%) and timber cargo (about 5%) .Other types of cargo individually have a very small specific weight, and together make up about a third of all traffic. ">

"> For the formation of high-quality transport services, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the parameters and quality standards, to provide incentives for their implementation and the creation of highly efficient technologies that meet quality standards, to work out the elements of technologies, regulatory framework and methods of state regulation, to introduce a number of pilot highly efficient technologies in the regions.

"> The main targets for the types of transport activities for the period 2010 - 2015 are determined by the federal target program"Development of the transport system of Russia (2010 -2015)" and its subprograms by modes of transport. It is envisaged that the main targets for the types of transport activities should be updated in accordance with the goals and objectives of the Transport Strategy. It is advisable to make these adjustments in 2014, taking into account the results achieved and new features of transport development.

"> After all, today the share of Russian carriers in the total volume of traffic carried out by domestic and foreign organizations and firms, according to ASMAP, is at the level of 30-35%, which does not correspond to their real potential.

"> Introducing and mastering new corridors is one of the ways to increase the share of transportation of domestic carriers in the transport market. The demand for the export of transport services in the world by 2014 may reach $ 8-9 billion per year. profitable terms potential clients in such a promising market is an important and solvable task.

"> The unique geopolitical position of Russia in Eurasia provides an exceptional opportunity to use its territory to unite the telecommunication systems of Western Europe and Central and East Asia. Solving this problem simultaneously with the formation of international transport corridors will provide a number of additional economic and political advantages. Solving these issues simultaneously with the development of transport communications as part of international transport corridors becomes especially relevant when using the land of railways and highways for their placement, as well as for the introduction into commercial circulation of the right to lay and operate communication lines on the lands occupied by federal routes. Solving the large-scale state task of developing the transport and transit potential of Russia by creating international transport corridors on its territory to attract international transport flows, including switching 5-6% of the commodity flow to them, will require a significant modernization of the country's transport infrastructure. Preliminary estimates show that the development of the transport infrastructure of international transport corridors in the period 2004-2014. about 600 billion rubles will be allocated. (in 2004 prices), including from own and borrowed funds of enterprises - 420 billion rubles. The annual volume of financing from the federal budget will amount to 12 billion rubles, from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 6 billion rubles. The main sources of financing for investment projects aimed at the development of international transport corridors in the period 2004-2014 will be own funds transport companies, operators and large cargo owners, as well as funds of investors interested in the implementation of these projects. The growth of the Russian economy will lead to an increase in the volume of domestic, foreign trade and international transit traffic, which, in turn, will lead to a more than 2-fold increase in the income of transport enterprises. The related increase in the investment potential of transport enterprises and an increase in their attractiveness for external investors will ensure the growth of investments directed to the development of international transport corridors, from 30 billion rubles. in 2008 up to 80-100 billion rubles. in 2010 year. Socio-economic results of the formation and functioning of international transport corridors. The results of the formation and development of international transport corridors on the territory of the Russian Federation go beyond the solution of exclusively transport problems. The results of the development of this sector of the economy can have a positive impact not only on the performance of the country's transport system, but also on macroeconomic indicators. This will relate to additional government revenues from an increase in the volume of international traffic through the territory of Russia, including an increase in transit, as well as an increase in the use of the production potential of the transport infrastructure. By expert assessments in 2010 due to an increase in the use of Russian ports and an increase in the number of ships controlled by Russian shipowners, additional income will amount to $ 1.5 billion per year. By the same period, revenues from an increase in the volume of international traffic by Russian road carriers will amount to up to $ 2 billion per year. Realization of Russia's transit potential by the end of the period under review will be able to provide additional revenues of $ 5-6 billion per year. Thus, annually additional revenues of the state during the implementation of the program for the development of international transport corridors by increasing the export of transport services can amount to 8.5-9.5 billion dollars. The implementation of large-scale transport projects will help to attract private, including foreign investments, the volume of which can be estimated from 1 to 3 billion dollars a year. The development of international transport corridors on the territory of Russia will improve the state of transport communications and will contribute to the development of foreign trade and international tourism. The growth of transport potential, the implementation of large-scale transport projects will ensure the creation of more than 100 thousand new jobs in the sphere of servicing the participants of the transport process during the construction and modernization of transport infrastructure facilities. The projected results from the implementation of the program for the development of international transport corridors on the territory of the Russian Federation make this problem one of the most important state tasks. ">

"> An important recent trend is an increase in the physical volume of foreign trade turnover and a corresponding increase in the volume of transportation of foreign trade cargo, including by sea. activities of ministries and departments in the most efficient use of the capacities of the Russian transport system.

"> Amendments to the existing customs and tax legislation have been introduced to the State Duma for consideration, providing for the abolition of customs duties and VAT on the acquisition of new ships, including on leasing. It is also advisable to exempt shipping companies of the transport fleet from property tax and allow them up to 100% use your own profit directed to investments.

"> Russian shipowners should be economically interested in placing orders for repairs and Maintenance their ships among domestic ship repair enterprises by canceling or reducing customs duties on the import of spare parts, technological and ship equipment.

"> Today, some domestic ports are unable to accept cargo such as oil and oil products, coal, mineral fertilizers, liquefied gases, containers and others, due to the lack of sufficient throughput capacity. The construction of new ports in the Baltic will contribute to the improvement of the situation in this area (Ust- Luga, Battery, Primorsk) and the development of the existing ports in the South of Russia (Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Temryuk).

"> Another important problem is the interaction of various modes of transport when transporting goods in intermodal traffic. The effective organization of intermodal transport is largely constrained by the imperfection of the mechanism for forming end-to-end tariffs, which is constantly discussed at tariff congresses and conferences and requires further scientific and practical study.

"> Increasing the competitiveness of Russian exports and Russian carriers on international markets will also be facilitated by the close cooperation of transport workers with the Coordination Council of domestic producers, and through it - with associations and unions of exporters of goods.

"> Conclusion

"> In the considered work, the international norms, rules and traditions of transport were brought to the attention. On the basis of these norms and rules, the difference between the state of the international and Russian transport systems was drawn, and in accordance with this, the following conclusions were made to eliminate the negative differences and lagging behind in the industry.

"> Based on the analysis of economic literature, it is shown that at present, much attention is paid to the development of international transport provision.

"> In servicing international trade between countries separated from each other by seas and oceans, maritime transport is indispensable, which is rightfully considered the most versatile and efficient means of delivering large amounts of cargo over long distances. This mode of transport provides transportation of more than 80% of international trade. The bulk of international sea freight flows are bulk liquid and bulk cargoes: Crude oil, oil products, iron ore, coal, grain. Air transport has recently become a serious competitor to sea transport in the intercontinental transport of valuable goods. Rail, river and road transport are widely used in intracontinental foreign trade, as well as during the transportation of export and import goods through the territory of countries - sellers and countries - buyers.

"> In the EU countries, a significant share of the volume of freight traffic is carried out by commercial road transport companies, which are referred to as the so-called public transport. Thus, their share in the volume of transportation of basic goods in the UK is about 84%, in France - more than 75%. railway transport is Ukraine 74.5%. World air transport is characterized by a high concentration. Almost 50% of passenger, cargo and mail transportation on international and domestic routes was carried out in 2008 by companies from the United States (33.6%), Japan (5.9%). %) and Germany (4.6%) .According to the results of 2008, among other countries of the world, Russia was ranked 20th in terms of cargo turnover and 16th in terms of passenger turnover, as a result of which Spain, Italy and Brazil were ahead of Russia.

"> The global crisis has had a particularly strong impact on international sea and container traffic. In the first quarter of 2009, container traffic through Western European ports decreased by 18%. Container traffic in Eastern Europe declined even more, and St. Petersburg reported In the first half of 2009, pipeline systems play an important role in international oil and gas trade and are one of the fastest growing modes of transport. more than 2 billion tons of oil and petroleum products. The largest owners of oil pipelines are the United States and Russia. More than 45% of the world's main gas pipelines operate on the territory of the United States, which are used mainly for internal needs. the total length of the network also includes about 152 thousand km of gas pipelines. the mode of transport is successfully developing, which is very important not only from the point of view of internal economic interests, but also for foreign economic relations.

"> After analyzing the state of Russian transport, several conclusions can be drawn. At the present stage of economic development, Russian road transport, as in most developed countries, plays an important role in ensuring economic growth and social development of the state. cargo and about 55% of passenger traffic.In 2009, the volume of cargo transportation by road between Russia and foreign countries amounted to 29.1 million tons, which is 18.6% less than in 2008. Among other types of transport within the framework of our topic, pipeline transport stands out In 2008, pipeline transport transported 488 million tons of oil and oil products, this figure increased by 53% in comparison with 2000. Railroad transportation of goods constitutes a significant part of the volume of transport cargo transportation in Russia.

"> The main goals of the formation and development of the industry in question in Russia are to create favorable conditions for attracting international transit flows to national transport communications and improving transport provision. increasing the competitiveness of domestic producers and transport enterprises in world commodity markets Pursuing a foreign economic policy aimed at expanding mutually beneficial cooperation with states of all continents of the globe, possessing a huge resource potential, Russia is one of the largest participants in world trade.

"> The globalization of the economy and the accompanying development processes of foreign trade exchange require new approaches to the development of transport, the search for new technologies and rational ways of developing the transportation of passengers and goods.

"> Conclusions The analysis of only the most important problems of the functioning of various modes of transport, awaiting their urgent solution, given in this work, testifies to their scale, complexity and decisive importance for the overall development of the international economy.

"> References:

1. "> Bulatova A. Economics of Russia's external relations. -M: Publishing house BEK, 2005.-346s.
2. "> Vokhmyanina A.V., Rachek S.V., Samuylov V.M. commercial activities... 2006 - 56s.
3. "> Gromyko G.L., Ivanov Yu.N., Alekseev A.R. Economic statistics "> Publisher: Infra-M 2009.-78s.
4. "> Grachev YN Transportation of goods during export-import operations. A practical guide. -M: Reason, 2005.-215c.
5. "> Degtyareva O.I., Polyanova T.N., Sarkisov S.V. economic activity: Textbook. allowance. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Delo, 2002 .-- 424 p.
6. "> Egiazarov VA Transport Law - Publisher: Yustitsinform, 2007.-89s.
7. "> Kudrov, Valentin Mikhailovich "> World Economy - M.: Delo, 2004. - 54 p.
8. "> Lenchevsky I.Yu. Fundamentals of foreign economic activity. -M: Unity, 2005.-345s.
9. "> Lukyanovich NV Sea transport in the world economy Publisher: MORKNIGA 2009-145s.
10. "> Raminsky IP Fundamentals of foreign economic knowledge. -M: International relations, 2000.-424s.
11. "> Radeba L.H.Daniels D.D. International Business: External Environment and Business Operations: Translated from English -M .:” Delo Ltd ”, 2004.-784s.
12. "> Sinetskiy BI" Foreign economic operations: organization and technology "- M: International relations, 2009.-520s.
13. "> Khasbulatov R.I. et al. World economy: Textbook for universities. - M .: International relations, 2001. - 84 p.
14. "> Chebotarev, Nikolai Fedorovich; Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, All-Russian State Tax Academician - M.: Dashkov and K, 2007. - 329 p.
15. "> http://www.gks.ru
16. "> "> http://master-test.customs.ru
17. "> trainsp.agava.ru

The process of delivery of goods in international trade includes, first of all, its transportation from the domestic point of production A to the border point (port) B of the exporting country; further international transit or sea transportation from point B to the border point (port) C of the importing country (if the trading partner countries do not have a common land border); and, finally, the transportation of goods from point C to the domestic point of its consumption D (Fig. 20.1).

Transport operations in their direct meaning mean ensuring the carriage of goods to plots A-B; B-C; V-G. These operations are carried out under a contract of carriage between the cargo owner and the carriers of the corresponding types of public transport, which include vehicles and permanent devices belonging to transport organizations provided to cargo owners under contracts.

Transport operations are considered international if they are associated with the movement of foreign trade goods on external routes relative to the exporting and importing countries. transportation B-V... The legal relations arising in such transport operations between the consignors and consignees of goods, as well as between them and the carriers, are of an international nature.

Rice. 20.1. Diagram of the process of delivery of goods in international trade

Carrying out international transport operations, carriers provide cargo owners with transport services, which are specific goods of international trade. International transport services are bought and sold in international transport markets. The prices of transport services (tariffs, freight, fees, etc.) and other conditions for their provision, in some cases are the subject of negotiations between the interested parties, and in others, they are set by the carriers themselves.

The level of tariffs (freight rates - for the carriage of goods by sea) are closely related to the loading volume, length or heaviness of the cargo, its value, the state of the commodity market, the situation in the freight market, the conditions of the ship's voyage and related costs. An important role is played by the qualitative characteristics of the cargo: its compatibility with other cargoes, the type of packaging, its ability to influence the stability of the vessel, susceptibility to damage and theft, etc.

Thus, cargo transportation services are the subject of sale and purchase in various transport markets. Countries participating in international economic relations, selling and buying transport services through their cargo, transport and other organizations, export and import their goods.

The relationship between the participants in the transport process is governed by the transport conditions of the sales contract, contracts of carriage, as well as other written documents.

In international transport, transport operations begin and end with foreign trade transactions, and transportation costs are directly accounted for and included in the price of the goods.

The implementation of the process of transporting goods from the manufacturer (seller) to the consumer (buyer) is associated with the need to prepare it for transportation, the choice of the most rational means of transport and transportation method, as well as the performance of a number of commercial, sanitary-epidemiological and other operations. To do this, in accordance with the transport conditions of the contract for the sale of goods, the seller and the buyer must conclude contracts of carriage and insurance, pay the costs of delivering the goods to the carrier, commission fees, and also insure the goods against possible risks.

Various options for contracts for the export and import of goods are set out in a special collection of the International Chamber of Commerce (2000, called INCOTERMS-2000), as well as in a number of other international agreements, which together regulate the organization of international transport.