There are 5 types of work in human activity. Activities. There are various classifications of activities. Main types of human activities

This section includes:

Physical and / or chemical treatment of materials, substances or components in order to transform them into new products, although this cannot be used as a single universal criterion for determining production (see below "waste treatment")

Materials, substances or converted components are raw materials, i.e. products Agriculture, forestry, fishing, rocks and minerals and products of other manufacturing industries. Significant periodic changes, upgrades, or transformations of products are considered to be manufacturing.

Manufactured products may be ready for consumption or may be a semi-finished product for further processing. For example, a purified aluminum product is used as a raw material for the primary production of aluminum products, for example, aluminum wire, which in turn will be used in the required structures; production of machinery and equipment for which these spare parts and accessories are intended. The production of non-specialized components and parts of machinery and equipment, such as engines, pistons, electric motors, valves, gears, bearings, is classified under the appropriate grouping of Section C Manufacturing, regardless of which machinery and equipment may include these items. However, the manufacture of specialized components and accessories by casting / molding or stamping of plastic materials includes Chapter 22.2. The assembly of component parts and parts is also classified as production. This section includes the assembly of complete structures from constituent components, manufactured by yourself or purchased. Waste processing, i.e. Waste processing for the production of secondary raw materials was included in group 38.3 (activities for the processing of secondary raw materials). While physical and chemical processing can occur, this is not considered part of the manufacturing process. The primary purpose of these activities is the main processing or recycling of waste, which is classified in section E (water supply; sewerage, waste collection and disposal, pollution control activities). However, the production of new finished products (as opposed to products made from recycled materials) applies to the entire production as a whole, even if waste is used in these processes. For example, the production of silver from scrap film is considered a manufacturing process. Special maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment in general are listed in Chapter 33 (repair and installation of machinery and equipment). However, the repair of computers and household devices is listed in grouping 95 (repair of computers, personal items and household items), at the same time, car repairs are described in grouping 45 (wholesale and retail and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles). Installation of machinery and equipment as a highly specialized activity is classified in grouping 33.20

NOTE The boundaries of manufacturing with other sections of this classifier may not have a clear unambiguous specification. Typically, manufacturing involves the recycling of materials to produce new products. These are usually brand new products. However, defining what constitutes a new product can be somewhat subjective.

Processing includes the following activities involved in production and defined in this classifier:

Processing of fresh fish (extraction of oysters from shells, filleting of fish) not carried out on board a fishing vessel, see 10.20;

Milk pasteurization and bottling, see 10.51;

Leather dressing, see 15.11;

Sawmilling and planing of wood; wood impregnation, see 16.10

Printing and related activities, see 18.1;

Retreading tires, see 22.11;

Manufacture of ready-to-use concrete mixtures, see 23.63;

Electroplating, metallization and heat treatment of metal, see 25.61

Mechanical equipment for repairs or bulkheads (e.g. motor vehicles), see 29.10

There are also activities included in the processing process, which are reflected in other sections of the classifier, i.e. they are not classified as manufacturing.

They include:

Logging classified in section A (AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, HUNTING, FISHERIES AND FISHERIES);

Modification of agricultural products classified in section A;

Preparation of food for immediate consumption on premises, classified in division 56 (activities of undertakings Catering and bars);

Beneficiation of ores and other minerals classified in section B (MINING OF MINERAL RESOURCES);

Construction and assembly work carried out on construction sites classified in section F (CONSTRUCTION);

The activities of breaking up large batches of goods into small groups and the secondary marketing of smaller batches, including packaging, repackaging or bottling products such as alcoholic drinks or chemicals;

Sorting solid waste;

Mixing paints according to the customer's order;

Metal cutting on customer's request;

Explanations for various goods classified in section G (WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES)

Activity

Additional materials on the topic "Activity as a means of subsistence".

Variety of activities.

Since the second half of the 19th century, when it was recognized that man is a product of biological evolution, the question of the main difference between humans and highly organized animals and the scientific explanation of this difference became central to the whole theory of the development of man as a living being.

Currently, human activity is recognized as such a distinctive feature as a constantly renewing process of labor aimed at transforming the environment, the result of which is the creation of artifacts, that is, various cultural samples - "second nature".

Human activity is consciously expedient character... Moreover, the conscious determination of the goal of activity (the function of goal-setting) is inherent only in people.

The following main elements of the structure of activity are distinguished:

subject- the one who carries out the activity;

an object- what the activity is aimed at;

goal- the expected result of the activity; means of achieving the goal and the result itself.

Human behavioral activity is based on certain motives activities that reflect actualized human needs.

The types of human activity are diverse. Its largest differentiation presupposes the separation of two types - practical and spiritual activity.

Practical activity is aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society and includes material and production activities (transformation of nature) and social transformation activities (transformation of society).

Spiritual activity presupposes a change in people's consciousness and includes: cognitive activity carried out in a scientific and artistic form; value-oriented activity aimed at the formation of a system of values, worldview of people; predictive activity, involving the anticipation and planning of changes in reality.

Also, human activity is subdivided into labor and leisure (during rest), creative and consumer, constructive and destructive.

Basic concepts:

Activity- a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, characteristic only for people. The main content of the activity is to change and

transforming the world, creating something that is not in nature. Human activity manifests itself in various spheres and has a varied character. It is an indispensable condition for the existence and development of man and society.

Cognitive activity (thinking)- the process of human cognitive activity, the movement of thoughts; reflection by the consciousness of a person of the surrounding world in ideas, concepts, judgments, theories, etc., the ability of a person to create new ideas, plan their actions, foresee events.

Political activity includes public administration,

the impact of political parties on the course of social processes, government decision-making, various forms participation of the broad masses in the political life of society.

Practical activity- activities aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society.

Work- activities aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- transformation of information in the process of interaction. The process of establishing and developing relationships and contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. It includes the exchange of information and emotions, perception and understanding of the personal relationships of people.

Studies- study of the experience of previous generations

Creation- human activity, the creation of something new, nothing that did not exist before.

The game- an activity characterized by the performance of real actions by imaginary means

There are various classifications of activities:

1. By the way of implementation:

- Practical activities(transformation of objects of nature and society). It includes material and production activity (transformation of nature) and social transformation (transformation of society);

- spiritual activities, associated with a change in the consciousness of people. It includes:

Cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings);

Value-oriented activity (people's attitude to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview);

Predictive activity (planning and foresight possible changes reality).

2. By the nature of human activity:

Creative activity - the production of material and spiritual values;

Destructive activity - a negative impact on nature (environmental pollution) and society (wars, invasions, etc.).

3. By creative role in social development:

Reproductive activity - aimed at obtaining a certain result of labor;

Productive activity is the production of new ideas, ways to achieve goals.

4. Depending on compliance with general cultural values ​​and social norms:

Legal and illegal;

Moral and immoral.

5. Depending on the novelty of goals, results, means:

Monotonous, stereotyped, monotonous;

Innovative, inventive, creative.

6. Depending on public spheres in which the activity takes place

Economic (industrial, consumer, etc.);

Political (state, military, international, etc.);

Social;

Spiritual (scientific, educational, leisure, etc.)

7. By the way a person is formed as a person:

- the game;

Communication.

Work- expedient social activities human, aimed at transforming the environment and achieving a socially useful result. Distinctive feature labor activity is the originality of her motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed results, pre-expected results. Labor, as a purposeful activity, began with the manufacture of tools. The availability of tools and special training is a specific feature of a person's labor activity. Only people are capable of acting on the environment with the help of specially created means of labor. Success requires skill, skill, knowledge. In any labor activity, its participants decide some a specific task, plan their actions, anticipate the result.


The game- the primary type of human activity, an imaginary representation of reality in artificially modeled situations. The main motive is not as a result, but in the process itself. Games are often in the nature of entertainment, with the aim of obtaining relaxation. Some forms play activities acquire the character of rituals, educational and training sessions, sports hobbies. The most essential feature of play activity is its two-dimensionality:

On the one hand, the player performs a real action;

On the other hand, actions are conditional. The game in its developed form includes the roles that the players take on. The role is the compliance with the accepted (conditional) norms of behavior in the game situation.

Being engaged in any activity, a person learns something, and, therefore, we change ourselves. Target teachings- the acquisition of knowledge and mastery of the methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world.

In the process of joint work, people communicate with each other, exchange practical experience and methods of activity, i.e. are situated in communication.

In modern domestic science, there are different points of view on how activities and communication are related:

1) these concepts are identified;

2) activity and communication are opposed to each other;

3) communication is considered, along with activity, as an independent, but equal phenomenon.

V teaching aids the first point of view is more often presented.

Communication is a process of interconnection and interaction of people and social groups, during which there is an exchange of information, experience, and results of activities. In the world of communication, the subject interacts not with the object, but with the subject.

Depending on the variety of subjects, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Communication between real subjects (two people);

Communication of a real subject with an illusory partner (communication with an animal),

Communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (internal dialogue);

Communication of imaginary partners (artistic characters).

All activities are interconnected and in everyday life it is difficult to separate them from each other. So, in the process of labor, a person can communicate with a partner, arranging a game in the form of a competition, learning new skills, and in this process gain fundamentally new knowledge about the world, learning its laws. A number of scientists distinguish as a type of activity, along with work, play, communication and cognition(teaching in this case is interpreted as a particular type of cognition).

The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

The emergence of various types of activity is associated with the socio-historical development of a person. The fundamental types of activity in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.

  • * communication - the interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
  • * play is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
  • * learning - the process of systematic mastering of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform labor activities;
  • * labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity that consists in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person's development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around him. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, role-playing game develops the skills of interpersonal communication with peers. The younger student is engaged in educational activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult's professional activity leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relationships between people arise in it.

A game is a type of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games can be distinguished individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching was singled out as a special type of activity. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of the assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious goal. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of a personality, since it affects the formation of its abilities and character.

The attitude to work is formed in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Labor in a certain area of ​​human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the types of activity considered above is the most characteristic for certain age stages of personality development. Current view activity prepares the next one, as it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral features.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's attitude to the world around him, activity is divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activity is aimed at changing the world around. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transforming (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing the individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing a collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value (determining the norms and principles of life), predictive (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal-setting, planning, the choice of means, etc.

By spheres public life- economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

  • § social (peoples, nations, classes, age and gender groups, etc.)
  • § economic (productive forces, production relations)
  • § political (state, parties, social and political movements)
  • § spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, they are connected with someone, they are isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relationships of the same people in connection with different aspects of their life.

The social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of immediate human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and the relationships between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of human relations arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of ​​production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society.

The political sphere is the relationship of people associated with power, which ensures joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

  • § political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc .;
  • § political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
  • § political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
  • § political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations arising in the production, transmission and development of spiritual values ​​(knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If a person's material life is associated with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of a person's life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.


The inclusion of society is massive, collective, individual.

In connection with social forms associations of people in order to carry out activities distinguish collective, mass, individual activities... Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (person, group of people, public organization etc.). Depending on the social forms of uniting people for the purpose of performing activities, they establish individual (example: managing a region or country), collective (ship management systems, working in a cllective), mass (for example mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence social norms- moral, immoral, legal, illegal.


Conditionality from the compliance of activities with existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate between legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, by the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and manufacture of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all these are illegal activities. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, learn conscientiously, be polite, appreciate relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When a person's activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then they distribute progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter I or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadievich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its accomplishment, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, routine activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative activity, inventive, on the contrary, it carries with it the nature of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity and uniqueness. And the elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its realization.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

  • · Everyday - consists in the exchange of experience and those images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
  • · Scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;
  • · Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find in it shades of the beautiful and ugly;
  • · Religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are judged in terms of pleasing God. This also includes the norms of morality and the moral aspects of actions. Considering that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing about the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes art or music, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, however, in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. The types of work activities are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not appear, in fact, these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the variety of professions existing today.

Types of professional human activity

V broad sense the concept of a profession means a varied form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity boils down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.

  • 1. Human nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
  • 2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and their information, trade and consumer services.
  • 3. Human technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
  • 4. Human - sign systems... The activity of this type is to interact with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
  • 5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Views economic activity of people

Human economic activity has recently been fiercely contested by conservationists, since it is based on natural reserves that will soon exhaust themselves. The types of human economic activities include the extraction of minerals such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit people and harm not only nature, but the entire planet.

Types of human information activities

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include obtaining, using, distributing and storing information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost invisible compared to the most difficult type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents capable of transforming this world and instilling cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of human transformative activities. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of transformative human activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes.

Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means, at least, the restoration of natural resources.

Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the dire consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Activity- specific conscious human activity aimed at cognition and creative change of the surrounding world and oneself in accordance with actual needs and goals. The main feature of activity is that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that generate it. The need itself can act as an incentive to be active, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.

In contact with

Human traits

The activity of the individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to give a definition of a person's activity on an exam, then it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.

She has such features:

Main components

In order to fully understand the complexity and specificity of human activity, you need to understand its main components:

  • Subject - an individual who performs actions.
  • An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are directed to. The object can be any material (making products), another individual (influencing to change beliefs) or the subject himself (training in the gym to change himself).

There are also components that form the structure of the activity.:

Human needs

The famous American psychologist A. Maslow has developed a "pyramid of human needs"... He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, need for safety and security) and secondary (social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of the individual, if they are not satisfied, then the transition to meeting needs from the upper layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process of a person's social life, their satisfaction occurs during the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.

Motives of activity

Based on the needs, the motives of the subject are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.

The motive can be formed under the influence of one or several needs, which pass through the prism of interests, beliefs, traditions, attitudes of the individual:

  • Interest is the main reason for action. Different social groups may have identical needs, but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; the need for both groups is common, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
  • Traditions are a set of rituals, attitudes from previous generations, which manifests itself in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate characteristics. Sometimes people, following tradition, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war can limit their need for security because professional and national traditions demand the protection of their country.
  • Beliefs are principled and firm views on events and the world around them that can force the subject to abandon basic needs in favor of what he considers right (giving up money to preserve dignity).

Defining the goal

A person's motivation determines the formation of goals and results. The individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain a specific result. When the subject begins to do something, he keeps in mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, the individual creates it in his imagination.

Since human activities are often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, you need to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways to overcome obstacles. If all tasks are solved during the manipulations, then the goal will be achieved.

Individuals can have common needs, goals and go to achieve the same results, however, when using different means and performing different actions, the content of the activity will be very different.

Types of actions

There are such types social action highlighted by M. Weber:

  • goal-oriented - with such actions, a person plans all tasks and means, thinks over ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
  • value-rational - this type of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person, risking his own life);
  • affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states(escape when attacked);
  • traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (sequence of actions at a wedding ceremony).

The basis for active human actions are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of the goal and creative character.

Forms of activity

There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:

  • Physical work- carried out with the activation of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems of the body. With this form of activity, very high energy costs and body fatigue.
  • Brainwork- implies intellectual activity to perform work related to information processing. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.

Typically, a person's actions include both forms of activity.... There are many examples of human activity in which physical and mental labor are combined: actions with the aim of modifying the surrounding space, performing work on creating creative objects, and others. Let's take a closer look: in order to plant a tree, you must first think over the course of action, get all the necessary materials for this, and then, with the help of physical efforts, perform this action.

There are many activities that a person engages in throughout his life. But which of them are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work, and creativity. They are the main ones, because it is in them that the most intensive and effective development of the individual takes place.

This is a specific type of human activity, the purpose of which is not a result, but a process. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change rapidly. Children use substitute objects that are analogous to what adults use in real life.

The game develops mental processes, attention, social activity and gaining interpersonal skills. There are different types of games that occur at certain age periods, subject to the normal development of the child.

This is one of the basic types of interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, views.... The structural components of communication are the subject (initiator of communication), the goal (what the communication takes place for), content (information that is transmitted), means (methods of transmitting information; pictures, audio, video, sensory organs can be used) and the recipient of information.

Communication is a structural component of any purposeful activity, while the activity itself is a condition for the emergence of communication.

The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by the subject. Learning can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). And also there is such a form of teaching as self-education.

Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the purpose of which is to obtain a specific result.... Labor is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop personality and transform the environment.

Creation

Creativity is the activity of a person, which generates something new that did not previously exist. It can be a stand-alone activity or a component of another activity. This is a common activity for all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest in creativity.

Depending on what result the individual's actions are directed to, there are:

Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, individual and collective activity. According to the influence on social progress, it is customary to divide progressive(develops society) and reactionary activity. The following types of activities are also distinguished: legal and illegal, reproductive(creation by pattern) and creative(creating something new), extraversional(physical actions) and introversion(thinking, fantasy, feelings).

Purposeful human activity is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his mode of existence. The behavior of animals is regulated by instincts and is a means of adapting to changing environmental conditions.

Human behavior is a conscious activity aimed at transforming the surrounding world. An example of this is setting a goal, developing an internal action plan, and anticipating the result of this activity.

The very existence of a person is a constant creation and development, a change in oneself and the outside world to create better conditions for life and satisfy one's needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal action plan, which is subsequently implemented when performing the assigned tasks. Another important difference between human behavior and animal behavior is that the individual's activity is not always associated with basic motives and can very often come into conflict with them. you will find the answer here.

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