Psychology presentation on types of temperament. Human cognitive processes Mental processes properties and states presentation

Goals :

• prepare students for adequate professional self-determination; form a well-grounded professional intention in them.

Profession -

• this is an occupation, a favorite thing, a work of a lifetime. Therefore, a favorite business is chosen once and for a lifetime.

Typical mistakes when choosing a profession

• 1. ignorance of the world of professions
• 2. ignorance of oneself
• 3. ignorance of the rules for choosing a profession

Lesson topic: "Mental Processes"

This topic considers such human abilities as:

• Sensation
• Perception
• Attention
• Memory
• Thinking

Feeling -

it is a reflection of individual properties of objects that affect the senses.

• In a person's professional activity, sensations and perceptions play an important role.

Let's list the most important sensations that help a person navigate the world.

• Visual - color, size, location in space;
• Auditory - speech, sound;
• Olfactory - smells;
• Taste - sweet, bitter, sour;
• Cutaneous - touch, temperature, pain;
• Kinetic - coordination and control of movement;
• Vibration - vibration of an elastic medium;
• Statistical - the position of the body in space.

Perception -

it is a reflection of objects and phenomena in the aggregate of their properties and parts with their direct impact on the sense organs.

Perception:

• Visual;
• Auditory;
• Tactile;
• Taste;
• Olfactory.

In a person's professional activity, sensation and perception play an important role. :

• So, for example, no device can recognize the taste and aroma of a product (coffee, tea, perfume, etc.). Good olfactory sense - professional important quality taster, cook, perfumer. For flying professions, visual acuity (not less than one) is required.

The innate property of a person not to distinguish between green and red is called color blindness. Color blindness is incurable and interferes with activities related to color assessment: pilots, drivers, artists, sailors, painters, diesel locomotive drivers, etc.

• The sense of hearing is central to the musician, instrument tuner, singer, turner, engine mechanic.
• Tactile sensations should be well developed in doctors, turners, machine operators, repairmen.
• Motor sensations are professionally important for athletes, circus performers, stuntmen, etc.

Representation -

a visual image of an object or phenomenon that arises on the basis of past experience by reproducing it

The following types of representations can be distinguished:

• Temporary;
• Spatial;
• Visual;
• Abstract logical.

Imagination -

the mental process of creating new samples based on the material of sensations and representations (fantasy).

Memory -

• the ability to consolidate, preserve subsequent reproduction. In memory, four main processes are distinguished: memorization, preservation, forgetting and restoration. Each person has his own type of memory characteristic of him

Memory types can be divided into:

• voluntary, involuntary, operational, long-term, auditory, tactile (tactile), visual, emotional, motor, verbal, figurative.

Attention –

• focus and focus on a specific object.

• Pupils write the test, the class is silent, suddenly a loud bang is heard outside the window. All students' gazes are directed to the window. This is an example of involuntary attention.

According to the degree of human activity in organizing attention, they are distinguished:

• - involuntary;
• - arbitrary;
• - post-voluntary.

• By showing attention, a person develops an important quality in himself - attentiveness, which can and should be developed.

Thinking -

the process of reflecting reality, the highest form of human creative activity

• Thinking always has a purposeful character, since any act of thinking is aimed at solving a certain mental task, finding an answer to a question that has arisen in consciousness. By the nature of the tasks to be solved, practical thinking (performed in the course of practical activity) and theoretical (aimed at solving theoretical problems that are not directly related to practice) are distinguished.

Give examples of what can happen due to inattention

• a) in the lesson; b) on the street, on the road; c) in production.

Observation:

• I show the image of the figures, examine them carefully for 1-2 seconds, then I remove (close the slide) with the image of the figure, your task is to write down in a notebook which figures are drawn, which numbers were inscribed in each figure.

Look carefully (1-2 sec)

Now please calculate:

• a) how many figures did you remember correctly?
• b) how many numbers did you interpret correctly?
• c) how many numbers did you enter correctly into the figure?

• Your attention span is a + b + c =
• Conclusion: A good amount of your attention is 8-10.

Reflection:

• What new did you learn in the lesson?
• What have you learned?
• What was left unclear?
• What did you like?
• Is it important to take this knowledge into account when choosing a profession?

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THEME №2: Cognitive processes LEARNING QUESTIONS: Feeling Perception Representation Memory Thinking Speech Attention Olga V. PRLEPINA

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The mental process is the course of a mental phenomenon, caused both by external influences and by stimuli coming from the internal environment of the body. The central place in the human psyche is occupied by cognitive processes: sensation; perception; representation; imagination; Attention; memory; thinking; speech.

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SENSATIONS Sensation is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflection in a person's consciousness of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his sense organs. SENSATIONS are the main external signs of objects and phenomena; condition internal organs... receptors that perceive irritation; conductive nerve pathways; awareness of signals by the cerebral cortex. From a physiological point of view, they represent activity. Reflect. Stimuli are objects and phenomena of reality that affect our senses.

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EXTERORoreceptive - visual; - olfactory; - gustatory; - auditory; - temperature; - tactile INTERRECEPTIVE - sensations of pain, - sensations of balance; - sensations of acceleration PROPRIORECEPTIVE - musculoskeletal

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PERCEPTION Perception is a reflection in the consciousness of a person of directly affecting his senses, objects and phenomena in general. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OF PERCEPTION analytical type of perception synthetic type of perception

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REPRESENTATIONS Representation is a mental cognitive process of re-creation (reproduction) of specific images of objects and phenomena of the external world, which previously influenced our senses.

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P A M I ​​T Memory is the mental process of capturing, preserving and reproducing what a person reflected, did or experienced. Evolutionarily, the initial types of memory are genetic and mechanical memory. Genetic memory - memory that is stored in the genotype, is transmitted and reproduced by inheritance. Mechanical memory is the mechanical ability to learn and gain experience. This memory is accumulated but not retained. It is based on repetition without comprehending the actions performed and memorizing the material. A person also has an arbitrary, logical and mediated memory.

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MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS ACCURACY READY MEMORY PROPERTIES CAPACITY SPEED DURATION

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UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF MEMORY MECHANISMS 1. When memorizing material, it is best to reproduce its beginning or end ("edge effect"). 2. Memorization improves by repeating the material several times over several hours or days. 3. Any repetition contributes to better memorization of the learned. Repetition should not be mechanical, but logical. 4. Setting to memorize leads to better memorization. It is very useful to link the material to the purpose of the activity. 5. One of the interesting effects of memory is the phenomenon of reminiscence. This is an improvement over the time of reproduction of the studied material, without any additional repetition. Reminiscence most often occurs on the second or third day after memorizing the material. 6. Simple events that make a strong impression on a person are remembered immediately, firmly and for a long time. 7. A person can experience more complex and not so interesting events many times, but they are not postponed in memory for long. 8. Any new impression does not remain isolated in the memory. The event memory changes as connects with another impression. 9. A person's memory is always associated with his personality. Therefore, any pathological changes in personality are always accompanied by memory impairment. 10. Human memory is always lost and restored according to the same "scenario". With memory loss, the more complex and recent experiences are the first to be lost. When restoring, on the contrary, at first simpler and older memories are restored, then more complex and recent ones.

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M O N E N OTHER FEATURES OF THE PROCESSING THE MEDIATED CHARACTER OF THE RELATIONSHIP ON KNOWLEDGE PROCEEDS FROM LIVING CONCEPTION, BUT IT DOESN'T DECLINE TO IT THE REFLECTION OF CONNECTIONS AND RELATIONS IN THE VERBAL FORM IS CONNECTED WITH THE PERSONALITY OF THE PERSONALITY AND THE PRACTICE OF MENTALITY OF RELATIONSHIPS. phenomena of the objective world.

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SPEECH PROPERTIES EXPRESSIVE IMPACT CLEARABILITY CONTENT TEACHING INSTRUCTION REQUEST ORDER INSTRUCTION ADVICE Speech is the process of a person's practical application of language to communicate with other people.

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EXPRESSIONS OF SPEECH FUNCTION IMPACT MESSAGES DESIGNATIONS TYPES OF SPEECH ORAL WRITTEN INTERNAL MONOLOGICAL DIALOGICAL EXTERNAL

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IMAGINATION IMAGINATION CREATIVE; RECREATING INTENTIONAL UNINTENTIONAL PASSIVE ACTIVE IMAGINATION is a mental process of creating new images based on previously perceived

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TYPES OF ATTENTION involuntary voluntary post-voluntary

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PRACTICAL LESSON # 1 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Stages of development of psychology 2. Psychic as a subjective reflection of the objective world 3. Social and individual consciousness 4. The problem of biological and social in human nature 5. Psychic cognitive processes TOPICS OF REPORTS AND ABSTRACTS 1. The origin of psychological thought in countries of the Ancient East 2.The state and development of Soviet psychological science 3. The isolation in philosophical doctrines of consciousness as a subject of psychology 4. Development of psychological science in the Renaissance 5. V. Wund's contribution to experimental psychology 6. Basic concepts of psychoanalysis Z. Freud 7. Development of psychological views in Russia 8. The main provisions of the reflex theory of IM Sechenov 9. Feelings as a source of human knowledge 10. Memory and patterns of its development

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PRACTICAL LESSON No. 1 REFERENCES 1. Gippenreiter Yu.B. An introduction to general psychology. M., 1996 2. Daniel Lapp. The art of remembering and forgetting / Lapp Daniel. Saint Petersburg: Peter, 1995 3. Dyachenko M.I. Brief psychological dictionary / M.I.Dyachenko, L.A. Kandybovich. Minsk: Halton, 1998 4. Zhdan A.N. History of psychology from antiquity to modern times / AN Zhdan. Minsk, 1999 5. Mironenko V.V. Popular psychology / V.V. Mironenko. M .: Education, 1990 6. Psychology of memory: a reader in psychology / Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova. M.: CheRo, 2000 7. Psychology of sensations and perception: a reader in psychology, ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.V. Lyubimova, M.B. Mikhalevskaya. Moscow: CheRo, 1999 8. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology / S.A. Rubinstein. SPb: Peter. 1998

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Universal principles of memory mechanisms

1. When memorizing material, it is best to reproduce its beginning or end ("edge effect").
2. Memorization improves by repeating the material several times over several hours or days.
3. Any repetition contributes to better memorization of the learned. Repetition should not be mechanical, but logical.
4. The memorization mindset leads to better memorization. It is very useful to link the material to the purpose of the activity.
5. One of the interesting effects of memory is the phenomenon of reminiscence. This is an improvement over the time of reproduction of the studied material, without any additional repetition. Reminiscence most often occurs on the second or third day after memorizing the material.
6. Simple events that make a strong impression on a person are remembered immediately, firmly and for a long time.
7. A person can experience more complex and not so interesting events many times, but they are not postponed in memory for long.
8. Any new impression does not remain isolated in the memory. The event memory changes as connects with another impression.
9. A person's memory is always associated with his personality. Therefore, any pathological changes in personality are always accompanied by memory impairment.
10. Human memory is always lost and restored according to the same “scenario”. With memory loss, the more complex and recent experiences are the first to be lost. When restoring, on the contrary, at first simpler and older memories are restored, then more complex and recent ones.

After examining this topic the student must be able to: define thinking, imagination, speech; basic mental processes; attention characteristics; classification of memory and attention; forms and processes. The student must have an idea of: about mnemonics (memorization techniques) about the factors that contribute to attracting and reducing attention

Thinking is the highest form of mental reflection, establishing connections and relationships between cognized objects and phenomena. (Quoted from EI Bondarchuk) Thinking is a socially conditioned, cognitive mental process inextricably linked with speech, characterized by a generalized and mediated reflection of connections and relationships between objects in the surrounding reality. (Quoted by Rean)

C O D E R E M N I E N I N Mental operations Forms Types Methods Analysis Synthesis Comparison Abstraction Generalization Concretization Concept Judgment Inference Visual-effective Figurative Abstracted Induction Deduction Theoretical Practical

Analysis (decomposition, dismemberment) mental dismemberment of an object or phenomenon into parts, highlighting certain of its elements, properties, connections. Synthesis (connection, composition) the mental reunification of a whole from parts, the connection of various sides, elements of objects or phenomena into a single whole.

Forms of thinking A concept is a thought that reflects the most general, essential and distinctive features of objects and phenomena of reality. For example: textbook, student, teacher. Judgment is a form of thinking containing the affirmation or denial of the connection between objects and phenomena. For example: Today is a sunny day. Inference is a form of thinking in which, on the basis of several judgments, a new judgment is deduced, called a conclusion or consequence.

Types of thinking Visual-effective - thinking directly involved in the activity. Figurative - thinking, carried out on the basis of images, representations of what a person perceived before. Abstract - realized on the basis of abstract concepts that are not figuratively presented.

Theoretical thinking: aimed at knowing the most general laws and rules; operates with the most general categories and abstract concepts (scientific concepts, theories, methodological foundations of science) constitutes the basis of scientific creativity. Types of thinking

Intelligence is an internal structure that selects, organizes and transforms information. Intelligence is an adaptation because it allows you to act intelligently, quickly adapt to change, and learn. (J. Piaget and D. Wexler)

Methods for solving creative problems and searching for creative ideas method of brainstorming "method of focal objects method control questions

Stages of creativity (according to G. Wallace) Preparation (the birth of an idea). Maturation (concentration, "gathering" of knowledge, directly and indirectly related to this problem, obtaining the missing information). Illumination (intuitive grasp of the desired result). Examination.

1. What is the significance of cognitive processes in human life? 2. What is attention? 3. What types and properties of attention can you name? 4. Describe memory as a mental cognitive process. 5. What classification of memory do you know? 6. Name and characterize memory processes. 7. What are the reasons affecting the productivity of memory. 8. List the main stages of logical memorization. 9. What is mnemonics? 10. What techniques of productive memorization of information do you know? Control questions

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