The system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Textbook for the student The dominant feature of the artistic style is

Target- correction of skills and abilities of possession of various functional styles of speech in their written (mainly) and oral form.

Questions: 1. The concept of functional styles of speech, dominant styles. 2. Oral and written forms of speech. 3. Scientific written speech. 4. Official business written speech.

Literature:

1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kataeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. manual for universities. - Rostov n / a: publishing house "Phoenix", 2002.

2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. manual for university students / Maksimov V.I., Kazarinova N.V., Barabanova N.R. and others / ed. V.I. Maksimova. - M., 2000.

3. Russian language and culture of speech: Workshop / ed. prof. IN AND. Maximova. - M .: Gardariki, 2000.

4. Fedosyuk M.Yu. and other Russian language for students of non-philology: Uchebn. allowance. - M .: "Flinta", 1997.

5. Koltunova M.V. Language and business communication. - M., 2000.

If you thought about the communication code, then, undoubtedly, you came to the conclusion that language really exists only in speech. Speech can be spoken and written, good, bad, bright, imaginative, rich, poor ... Or business, scientific, colloquial, journalistic, artistic. The need for business, scientific, etc. speech is conditioned by the sphere of communication (say, a scientific conference), i.e. such quality of speech as its relevance in a given communication situation (including the characteristics of the communication partner, the content of the speech, the purpose, the type of thinking). Relevance is created, in particular, by the correct choice of the functional style of speech: business, scientific, colloquial, journalistic, artistic.

The literary language is used in all spheres of communication; it is the basis, the basis of any functional style. However, each style has its own dominant. Everything is subordinate to her: the selection of vocabulary (words), types of sentences, case forms, temporal forms of verbs, the use of parts of speech, the construction of the text.

Check out the dominants of functional styles *

Dominant business style - utmost accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations. Therefore, the business style is characterized by cumbersomeness, long sentences with clarifying phrases (and what if they do not understand so well, punctuation marks should also clarify, highlight, underline), the use of special terms and standardized speech structure - up to the use of special forms to be filled out (but they you need to learn to read), digital markup, the prohibition of pronoun substitutions, the actual impossibility of the oral form of speech. Distinguish between business style and business communication. Business conversation can be written (correspondence) and oral (negotiations). Business negotiations can take place in different environments - both formal (close to business style) and informal (close to colloquial speech).

Dominant scientific style - conceptual accuracy. Each branch of scientific knowledge has its own terminology, which is systematically organized. The term has a definite meaning in this particular term system. Another feature of the scientific style is the emphasized consistency of speech, therefore, textual clamps of the type are widely used here: from this it follows, this leads to ..., therefore, in this way, etc. - this is conceptual accuracy (i.e., it is related to the accuracy of the functioning of concepts).

Dominant journalistic style - social appraisal. It manifests itself in newspaper "labels" (fascist, democrat, pseudo-democrat), in words with an additional connotation (connotation): compare: leader and ringleader, congress, congress and gathering), in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, in the use expressive syntax (sentence construction).

Dominant art style - the figurative and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (up to sound).

Dominant conversational style - a feature of colloquial speech (oral form of unofficial personal communication) - a minimum of care about the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic negligence, etc. The spoken language system relies on extra-linguistic factors that facilitate understanding and is suitable only in personally addressed informal communication.

When was the science of stylistics formed?

2. What was the prerequisite for the formation of stylistics as a science?.
Stylistics belongs to ancient rhetoric, but it is relatively young.
Recorded in the 20th century.
The origins of stylistics were poetics and rhetoric.
Rhetoric - the study of the verbal expression of thought provided for the selection of words, their combinations and the study of figures of speech
The significant role of the works of Lomonosov. In these works, the foundations of stylistics are laid as a teaching about the expressive means of language.
The theory of Lomonosov's 3 calmness caused controversy, on the basis of this theory 2 directions arose about the study of languages ​​(innovator-Karamzin, archaist-Chemists)
High calm - high, solemn, stately. Genres: ode, heroic poems, tragedies, oratory.
Average calm - elegies, dramas, satires, eclogs, friendly compositions.

Object and subject of stylistics

The subject of stylistics - the subject of stylistics is the expressive possibilities and means of different levels of the language of the system, their stylistic meaning and color, as well as the pattern. Use Yaz in different areas and situations of communication
The object of stylistics - The object of the study of stylistics is the units of the language system of all levels in their totality (sounds, words, their forms, phrases, sentences), i.e. language is studied "along the entire section of its structure at once" (GO Vinokur). Low calm - comedy, letters, songs, fables.

4. Definition of style.
Stylistics is a section of linguistics that has the main subject of style in all linguistic meanings of this term, as an individual manner of performing speech acts
Stylistics explores the evolution of styles, the language of the artist. Lit. In its development, universal techniques
Objects of stylistics yavl. Study of expressive means of lang. Figures and tropes that are not associated with any particular style
Javl stylistics The connecting discipline between linguistics and literary studies
Unlike the sciences that have units, the stylistics of units does not have units, and the carriers of meanings are phonetic, lexical, etc.
The main task of stylistics is the study and description of functional styles. A certain stylistic norm, describe the stylistic properties and features of linguistic units, i.e. stylistic coloration

6. Functional style of speech.
The functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious type of literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of ​​human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this area and their specific organization.

The internal structure of a style, the determining main style-forming factor, is the circumstance that affects the principles of organization in a particular functional variety, which affects the actualization of certain categories of vocabulary of grammatical categories in a given functional variety.

7. For the selection of functional styles of speech, there are the following grounds:

The sphere of human activity ( the science, right, politics, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the addressee of the text (student, institution, reader of newspapers or magazines, adult, child, etc.);

The purpose of the style ( education, establishment of legal relations, impact, etc.);

Preferential use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

The predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Speech type ( monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Communication type (public or private)

Kit genres(for a scientific style - essay, textbook etc., for official business - law, reference etc.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Substyles Function Style.

Styles of speech have varieties, in another way these styles are called sub-styles: popular science, religious, technical.

The main features of each style (dominants).

The main features of the scientific style: 1) the main form of speech is written, 2) the main goal is to communicate objective information.

The main features of the official business style: 1) high terminology, exists mainly in writing.

The main features of the journalistic style: 1) used in newspapers, television programs, social political journals, documentaries, 2) the main function is message and impact, 2) this style is intended for a mass audience. different professions and cultures that are weakly interacting with each other.

The main features of the speaking style of speech: 1) communication in the original form, 2) use in a wide sphere of informal, unofficial relations, 3) use in all spheres of life.

10 book speech styles There are 4 book styles: scientific, official-business, journalistic, artistic.

Conversational style
Purpose of speech: Direct daily communication
Situation of speech: Sphere of everyday relationships, informal setting
Speech genres: Friendly conversation, private conversation, private letters
Language tools: Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary
Stylish features of speech: Emotionality, imagery, concreteness, simplicity.

Book styles

SCIENTIFIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Communication of scientific information, explanation of facts
Setting of speech: Formal setting
Speech genres: Scientific article, report, educational literature, dissertation
Language tools: Terminology and professionalism
Stylish features of speech: Severity, consistency, objectivity, accuracy, abstraction and generalization.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE
Purpose of speech: Communication, informing
Situation of speech: Sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal
Speech genres: Laws, orders, decrees, resolutions, protocols, references, instructions, etc.
Language tools: Official business vocabulary, standardized speech patterns
Styles of speech: Precision without any other interpretation

JOURNALISTIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Function of influence through the media
Scenario of speech: Speaking in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, rallies and meetings
Speech genres: Article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratorical speech
Language tools: Social and political vocabulary
Style features of speech: Consistency and at the same time imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal.

ART STYLE
Purpose of speech: Language of fiction
Situation of speech: Direct impact on the reader, his feelings, emotions
Speech genres: Epic, Lyric, Dramatic
Language tools: Using the full wealth of vocabulary
Stylish features of speech: Imagery, emotionality, the ability to use different styles.

11. Oral and written speech Oral speech- this is sounding speech, it uses a system of phonetic and prosodic means of expression; it is created in the process of speaking; it is characterized by verbal improvisation and some linguistic features (freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamation sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought). Oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. The speaker and the listener not only hear, but also see each other. Therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the remarks of the listeners, their smiles, laughter - all this can affect the nature of speech, change it depending on this reaction. The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately. He simultaneously works on content and form. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are required. Therefore, oral speech should be structured and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners. The oral form of the literary language is presented in two of its varieties: colloquial speech and codified speech.

Speaking serves such a linguistic sphere as communication, which is characterized by the ease of communication; informality of relations between speaking people; unprepared speech; direct participation of speakers in the act of communication; widespread use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Codified speech used mainly in official areas of communication (symposia, congresses, conferences, meetings, sessions). Most often, it is prepared in advance (presentation with a lecture, report, message, information, report). She is characterized by a moderate use of non-verbal means of communication.

Written speech- this is speech, graphically fixed. It can be thought over and corrected in advance. It is characterized by some linguistic features (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to linguistic norms, the absence of extra-linguistic elements, etc.). Usually addressed to those who are absent. The one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him. Written language is not affected by the reaction of those who read it. Written speech is designed for visual perception. While reading, there is always the opportunity to re-read an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meaning of words, check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries

12. Oral public speaking A variety of the oral form of the literary language used in all sorts of public speeches on socially significant topics. Together with colloquial speech constitutes the oral form of the literary language, which is realized in two varieties - spoken and public - and opposed to its written form. Some researchers call the oral form of the literary language its oral-spoken variety. The separation of spoken and public speech is based on differences in the communicative function, in the topic and situation of speech. K U. p. R. the speaker resorts in the implementation, first of all, of the functions of communication and influence in the presence of an intellectualized topic and in a situation of public communication in the industrial and socio-cultural spheres.

13. How were the styles of speech formed? The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos - a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was in the shape of a spatula - wax was leveled with it, erasing what was written). The ancients said: "Turn the stylus!", Which literally meant "erase what is written,"

written ". With the development of the science of language, the ideas of scientists about what a style is have changed. Contradictory opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. as a historically formed and socially conscious set of techniques for the use, selection and combination of language units.

1.Display the style of speech-main function - communication.

2.Official business style of speech.

3.Scientific style of speech. (17-18 centuries)

4. Artistic style of speech (11th century)

5.Publicistic (18th century)

SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF SPEECH:
14.Formation.15. Characteristic features. 16. Features of the development of scientific speech in Russia.

The emergence of the scientific style is associated with the variety of spheres of human activity, at first the scientific style is close to the artistic one, later the scientific terminology was supplemented by Latin, which became an international scientific language. style took shape in the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, thanks to Lomonosov, scientific. terminology. He replaced foreign terms with domestic ones, in other cases introduced into circulation well-known Russian expressions to denote scientific concepts, gave foreign terms forms close to the norms of Russian grammar. The scientific style was finally formed in the 19th century.

The form of speech is written, the main purpose of communicating objective information. The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial the form existence of scientific speech written and this is no coincidence. First, the written form fixes information for a long time (and this is exactly what science, reflecting the stable connections of the world, requires). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest informative inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, and in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, since it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own personal pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, by a well-prepared addressee in this area can be perceived in writing in 5 minutes (reading "diagonally"). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to refer to information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work. and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form in scientific communication is secondary: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transferring scientific information, and then in certain versions (in a report, lecture, speech) they are reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech. In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.

Test 17. The dominant artistic style of speech is

Test 15. Shown are morphological forms not typical for the spoken style of speech in the row

Test 14. The vocabulary of not only the literary language is presented in the style of speech

Test 13. Emotional-expressive vocabulary is most fully presented in

Test 12. The language of fiction has an impact on development

Test 11. Extra-linguistic factors have a great influence on style

Test 9. Vocabulary is not typical for the colloquial style

Test 7. A trait such as

Test 6. The main language function of the spoken style is

Test 3. Does not apply to the book style of speech

a) formal business;

b) scientific;

c) colloquially everyday;

d) journalistic.

a) scientific;

b) artistic;

c) journalistic;

d) formal business.

Test 5. Style features such as informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication characteristic of the style

a) formal and business;

b) scientific;

c) colloquially everyday;

d) journalistic.

a) accumulative;

b) cognitive;

c) communicative;

d) aesthetic.

a) informality and ease of speech;

b) spontaneity and automatism;

c) accuracy and consistency of speech;

d) routine content.

Test 8. The statement is incorrect:

a) The speaking situation pays great attention to the speaking style.

b) This allows the utterance to be shortened as much as possible.

c) Compression, simplification is extremely important for the existence of a conversational style.

d) The main form of existence of the spoken style is the monologue form.

a) scientific terminology;

b) colloquial words;

c) common words;

d) common words.

Test 10. In practical application, there is often a mixture of styles, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ begins to interact with each other. This process is called:

a) semantic flow;

b) written flow;

c) speech flow;

d) oral flow.

a) journalistic;

b) formal business style;

c) scientific;

d) colloquially everyday.

a) vernacular;

b) dialects;

c) jargon;

d) literary language.

a) colloquial speech;

b) formal business speech;

c) scientific speech;

d) technical style.

a) scientific;

b) formal and business;

c) journalistic;

d) artistic.

a) sixty grams, with fifty percent;

b) a chauffeur, on vacation;

c) shorter, softer;

d) five kilograms of orange.

Test 16. Words honey, rabbit, hard worker refer to

a) neologisms;

b) evaluative vocabulary;

c) archaisms;

d) historicism.

a) abstractness and precision;

b) imagery and aesthetic value;

c) standard and objectivity;

d) evaluativeness and invocation.

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects the current history, addresses the pressing problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of themes and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on the radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of overall function... The texts of the journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with the informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. information programs of radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain effect on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life, to shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups... In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official-business style. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant of the journalistic style is social evaluativeness, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, a constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and a search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such a confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant striving of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and pictorial means comes into conflict with the need to promptly respond to all events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often encountered in those genres that require an economical and concise form and which are operatively related to the event itself: an official announcement, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) speech standards are less, original expressive techniques are brought to the fore, speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in journalistic style include the following:

Among the expressive-influencing agents, the following should be distinguished:

Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

Independent work No. 1.

(The completed work must be sent to the teacher's email address no later than 2 days before the test.

e-mail: [email protected])

I. Execute test tasks... Fill out the answer table (see below)

Which statement is not true?

a. Functional style is a kind of common language.

b. Functional style is a kind of literary language.

c. Functional styles are historically developed and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of ​​the message.

d. The functional styles of the language are so named because they perform essential functions as a means of communication.

Note the erroneous statement.

The following book styles are distinguished:

a. Formal and business;

d. journalistic.

Which of the following styles is not a book style?

a. Formal and business;

b. scientific;

c. colloquial;

d. journalistic.

The emphasis on which book style is not generally accepted?

a. Scientific;

b. art;

c. journalistic;

d. formal business.

What style of speech is characterized by such stylistic features as informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication?

a. Formal and business;

b. scientific;

c. colloquial;

d. journalistic.

What is the main linguistic function of the spoken style?

b. cognitive;

c. communicative;

d. aesthetic.

Which of the following traits is not related to the specifics of the conversational style?

a. Informality and ease of speech;

b. spontaneity and automatism;

c. accuracy and consistency of speech;

d. the ordinariness of the content.

Mark the incorrect statement.

a. The situation of speech pays great attention to the conversational style.

b. This allows you to shorten the utterance as much as possible.

c. Compression is a prerequisite for a conversational style to exist.

d. The main form of existence of the colloquial style is the monologue form.

What vocabulary is not typical for the spoken style?

a. Scientific terminology;

b. colloquial words;

c. common words;

d. colloquial words.

In what style of speech is bureaucracy not a disadvantage?

a. Scientific style;

b. formal business style;

c. journalistic style;

d. art.

In what style of speech is the terminological vocabulary based?

a. Scientific style;

b. formal business style;

c. journalistic style;

d. art style.

In what style of speech is not only the vocabulary of the literary language presented?

a. Scientific style.

b. formal business style;

c. journalistic style;

d. art.

What vocabulary do the words sweetheart, zainka, hard worker refer to?

a. Neologisms;

b. evaluative vocabulary;

c. archaisms.

d. historicism.

What style trait is characteristic of the scientific style of speech?

a. Abstractness;

b. accuracy;

c. consistency;

d. emotionality.

Is social value dominant in style?

a. Scientific;

b. official business;

c. journalistic;

d. artistic.

For which style is conceptual precision and abstractness dominant?

a. Official and business;

b. scientific;

c. artistic;

d. journalistic ;.

Is the dominant of the art style?

a. Abstractness and precision;

b. imagery and aesthetic significance;

c. standardness;

d. evaluativeness and invocation.

What style would you classify the text, which contains graphs, diagrams, diagrams?

a. Art;

b. scientific style;

c. journalistic;

a. 1st person singular;

b. 1st person plural;

c. 2nd person plural;

d. 3rd person singular.

20. For the scientific style of speech, vocabulary is not characteristic:

a. Generally used;

b. general scientific;

c. vernacular;

d. terminological.

Check the preferred sentence for scientific writing.

a. The Archean era appears to have been characterized by volcanic activity.

b. The Archean era appears to have been characterized by volcanic activity.

c. It is better to feed the crossbills with pine and spruce cones.

d. This wheat grows well and gives a lot of grain.

Find a language formula that is inappropriate in scientific speech.

a. We are happy with the results ...

b. We are terribly pleased with the results we got ...

c. We are satisfied with the results obtained in the course of the research.

d. We are quite satisfied with the results.

23. In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed.

a. gradation

v. hyperbola

with. grotesque

24. Dissuaded golden grove / Birch cheerful tongue ...

a. metaphor

v. impersonation

with. metonymy

I am a king, I am a slave, I am a worm, I am a god "

a. antithesis

v. ellipsis