They are not agents of social control. Social control as an element of social management. Social norms as a regulator of behavior

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Penza State University

Department of Sociology and Personnel Management

Course work on the topic

"Essence and forms social control»

Discipline Sociology

Completed: student group 08bx3

Tsyruleva Olga

Checked by: KSN, associate professor of the department

QiUP Kozina E.S.

Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. He acts as part of common system social regulation and is designed to ensure by various means the normal orderly functioning and development of society, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that can disorganize social life and social order.

Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control. So E. Fromm wrote that a society can only function effectively when its members achieve such a type of behavior in which they want to act the way they should act as members of a given society.

Many sociologists have studied social control. Term "Social control" was introduced into scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed to consider him as one of the critical factors socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists, such as E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre, the theory of social control was developed.

I consider the topic of this course work relevant, since society is a dynamic system and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, values are formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and effective, so there is still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in a social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is ensured by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous society will be. Therefore, the system of social control must be studied more deeply, find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the current social culture.

The purpose of the course work- to determine the role of social control in society, to reveal the dependence of the orientation and content of social control on the economic, political, ideological and other characteristics of a given social system, historically determined by the level of its development. In addition, we need to draw conclusions about the influence of social control on the development of a person's personality and society as a whole.

The set goal determined the following tasks :

Consider the essence of social control, its definition as essential tool to ensure the process of assimilation by each person various elements the culture that has developed in a given society;

· Get acquainted with the various functions of social control that it performs in society;

· Investigate the forms of social control, their relationship and the effectiveness of influence on society, based on the works of A.I. Kravchenko, V.F. Anurin, V.V. Latysheva, P. Berger, and many others.

In this way, object of this course work is directly the institution of social control, and subject- its close relationship with society, the forms in which it is carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the influence of social control on society.

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and elements

1.1 The concept of social control, its functions

The concept of social control was introduced by T. Tarde, the founder of social psychology, who understood it as a set of ways by which a criminal is led to normal behavior. Subsequently, the meaning of this term has expanded significantly. This was largely due to the research of American sociologists E. Ross and R. Park, who understood under social control a purposeful impact on an individual in order to bring human behavior into conformity with social norms.

According to T. Parsons, social control is a process by which, through the imposition of sanctions, counteraction to the deviant, i.e. deviant behavior and social stability is maintained.

So, social control - it is a way of self-regulation of a social system (society as a whole, a social group, etc.), which, through normative regulation, provides a targeted impact of people and other structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability.

Analyzing the content of this general definition, it is important to keep in mind a number of fundamental points:

Social control - component a more general and diverse system of social regulation of human behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation is here ordered, normative and rather categorical and is ensured by social sanctions or the threat of their application;

· The problem of social control is a certain cross-section of the main sociological issue of the relationship and interaction of the individual, social group and society as a whole. Social control is carried out through the socialization of the individual, i.e. internal control, and through the interaction of the individual with the primary social group, its culture, i.e. group control and through the interaction of an individual, a social group with society as a whole, i.e. social control through coercion;

· It is impossible to imagine social control one-sidedly - as a blind and automatic subordination of the individual to the requirements of social norms, when the individual acts only as an object, and society as a subject. It should be seen that in this case it is social interaction that takes place, moreover, it is constant and active, in which not only the personality is affected by social control, but also social control is undergoing a reverse influence from the personality, which can even lead to a change in his character;

· The nature, content and direction of social control are determined by the character, nature, type of the given social system. It is quite obvious that social control in a totalitarian society and in a democratic society will be fundamentally different. Likewise, social control in simple, primitive, archaic societies is completely different (for example, informal) in comparison with social control in complex modern industrial societies (a complex and developed system of formalized control).

The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, reward, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.

The following distinguishing features of social control can be pointed out:

1) orderliness, categoricality and formalization: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept a norm only because he is a member of a given society;

2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;

3) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to one or another human behavior, and therefore, can be both negative and positive incentives when choosing goals and means of achieving them.

Describing the anatomy and the mechanism of the social control system, the famous Russian sociologist and legal scholar A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them:

· Individual actions, manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment;

· The social scale of assessments, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the whole society, on which the reaction of the social environment to an individual action depends;

· Categorization of individual action, i.e. referring it to a certain category of socially approved or censured actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social scale of assessments;

· The nature of public self-awareness, including the nature of public self-assessment and assessment by the social group of the situation within which it acts, on which the categorization of individual action depends;

· The nature and content of social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of public consciousness;

· An individual scale of assessments, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action.

The mechanism of social control plays a critical role in strengthening the institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. Social institution and social control consist of the same elements, that is, identical rules and norms of behavior that reinforce and standardize the behavior of people, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most generally accepted concepts in sociology. They designate the most various means that any society uses to curb its rebellious members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who accidentally gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to disintegrate in the shortest possible time. "

Social control in relation to society has two main functions:

· Protective function. This function sometimes prevents social control from being a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions just does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes that new that is not properly tested.

· Stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, confusion, confusion and social discord.

1.2 Elements of social control

1.2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior

Each person understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by society. These rules, which are the benchmark in relation to our actions, are called social norms.

Social norms- these are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a specific situation. Social norms act as regulators of people's behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them occur in the process of socialization.

Norms impose on participants social interaction obligations, mutual responsibility. They concern both individuals and society. On their basis, the entire system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: from an individual performing a certain role, society expects predictable behavior. The individual also assumes that the society will justify his trust and fulfill its obligations.

Social norms are a product of the spiritual activity of society. They are in constant development. So, many modern rules behaviors are fundamentally different from those that were common a hundred years ago. Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and personal dignity, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols (coat of arms, anthem, flag) and the laws of the state, human qualities (loyalty, honesty, discipline, hard work), religion. Values are the foundation of norms.

Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. In contrast to the values that are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in the value orientations of many individuals), the norms are of a more rigid and binding character.

There are several types of social norms:

1) customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior;

2) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having a rational basis;

3) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulations which are published by the state. They more clearly than all other varieties of social norms, regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe punishment for violations. Compliance legal regulations provided by the power of the state;

4) political norms that relate to the relationship between personality and power. Between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts, conventions, etc .;

5) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the faith of the followers of religion in punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of their sphere of functioning; in reality, however, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs;

6) aesthetic norms that reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly.

Social norms are determined by the diversity of social life, any direction human activity regulated by them. Different types of social norms can be classified according to following criteria:

· By the scale of distribution - universal, national, social-group, organizational;

· By function - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing;

· According to the degree of increasing severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of customs or traditions in modern society is not considered a crime and is not severely condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for breaking laws. Thus, social norms perform in society very important functions:

· Regulate the general course of socialization;

· Integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;

· Control deviant behavior;

· Serve as models, standards of behavior.

Deviation from the norms is punished with sanctions.

1.2.2 Sanctions as an element of social control

In order to respond quickly to people's actions, expressing its attitude towards them, society has created a system of social sanctions.

Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created with the aim of protecting the values of society, then sanctions are intended to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If the norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool through which the individual first gets to know the norm and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a lesson learned well, rewarding a student for a conscientious study. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate such behavior in the child's mind as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, he will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control transforms external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

· Positive sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude to professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization has made a profit, helping those who need it. Each type of activity has its own rewards.

· Negative sanctions - condemning or punishing actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, discontent of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fines, as well as more severe actions such as detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more powerful than the expectation of a reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations- governments or administrations of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees.

· Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, work colleagues, classmates, passers-by. Formal and informal sanctions can also be:

· Material - a gift or fine, bonus or confiscation of property;

· Moral - rewarding with a diploma or an honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand.

For sanctions to be effective and reinforce social norms, they need to meet a number of requirements:

Sanctions should be timely. Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, and even more so punished after a considerable time. In this case, the action and the sanction on it are torn off from each other;

Sanctions should be proportionate to the action, reasonable. Undeserved encouragement generates dependent sentiments, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society;

Sanctions, like norms, should be obligatory for everyone. Exceptions to the rules give rise to a “double standard” morality, which negatively affects the entire normative system.

Thus, the norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to act and to regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, appeal, appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

1.3 Self-control

Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. Internal control is also called self-control: an individual independently regulates his behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt. Contrary to the norms of appropriate behavior, a person, for example, is jealous of a more successful rival. In such cases, they speak of pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort.

Self-awareness is an extremely important social and psychological characteristic of a person. The source from which a person's idea of himself is drawn are the people around him and those who are significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their estimates, the individual judges what he is like. The content of self-awareness is influenced by a person's idea of how others think him. Social behavior a person to a large extent consists of his reaction to the opinions of the people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-awareness.

About 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control is developed in people, the more often institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be.

Self-control is one of the most important conditions for the self-realization of a personality and its successful interaction with other people. Society evaluates a person, but the individual also evaluates society, the state and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups and society, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinking them through a certain personal experience, habits, social norms that he has learned earlier. Accordingly, the person's attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual, either positive, or negative, or neutral.

.4 The concept of social control by P. Berger

According to Peter Berger's concept, each person is at the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each subsequent circle is a new control system. [Annex 1]

The outer, largest circle is political and legal system represented by a powerful state apparatus. All are powerless before him. In addition to our will, the state levies taxes, calls up for military service, makes us obey its endless laws and regulations, rules and regulations, and if necessary, put us in jail and can take our lives. The individual is in the center of the circle as at the point of maximum pressure.

Next circle of social control includes morality, customs and mores. Everyone follows the morality of a person - from the whole society to parents, relatives, friends. The authorities can imprison you for breaking the law, parents and relatives use informal sanctions: condemnation, censure, and friends, not forgiving betrayal or meanness, can part with us. All within their competence use the tools of social control. Immorality is punished by dismissal from work, eccentricity - by the loss of chances to find a new place, bad manners - by not being invited to visit. Lack of work and loneliness are, perhaps, no less punishment compared to being in prison, says P. Berger.

In addition to the large circles of coercion, in which the individual is together with the rest of society, there are small circles of control, the most important of which is circle of control by the professional system... At work, a person is shackled with a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional responsibilities, business obligations that have a controlling influence are sometimes very tough. A businessman is controlled by licensing organizations, a worker - by professional associations and trade unions, a subordinate - by managers, who, in turn, are controlled by higher authorities. Equally important different ways informal control by colleagues and employees.

Peter Berger writes about this in the following way: “... For clarity, the reader can imagine a doctor who puts on treatment a patient who is unfavorable for the clinic; an entrepreneur who advertises a low-cost funeral ... a government official who persists in spending less than the budget; an assembly line worker who, from the point of view of his colleagues, is unacceptable, exceeds the production norms, etc. In these cases, economic sanctions are applied most often and effectively: a doctor is denied practice, an entrepreneur can be expelled from a professional organization ... be the sanction of public boycott, contempt, ridicule. Any professional role in society, even the most insignificant, requires a specific code of conduct ... Adherence to this code is usually as necessary for a professional career as technical competence and appropriate education. "

The next circle of control includes informal requirements to the individual, because each person, in addition to professional, is involved in other social relations. These relationships have their own systems of control, many of which are more formal, others are even tougher than professional ones. For example, the rules for admission and membership in many clubs and fraternities are as strict as the rules governing executives at IBM are selected. Thus, an independent system of social control is represented by social environment. It includes people far and near, unfamiliar and familiar to the individual. The environment makes its demands on a person, which represent a wide range of phenomena. These can include dressing and speaking, aesthetic tastes, political and religious beliefs, and even table manners. Thus, the circle of informal requirements describes the area of possible actions of the individual in certain situations.

The last and closest circle to the individual, which also forms a control system, is the group of people in which the individual's private life takes place, that is, it is circle of his family and personal friends... Social or, more precisely, normative pressure on the individual does not abate here - on the contrary, there is every reason to believe that in a certain sense it is even increasing. It is not surprising, because it is in this circle that the individual establishes the most important social connections for himself. Disapproval, loss of prestige, ridicule or contempt in the circle of relatives and friends have a much greater psychological weight for a person than similar sanctions coming from strangers or strangers. At work, the boss can fire a subordinate, depriving him of his livelihood. But the psychological consequences of this formal economic action will be truly disastrous, says P. Berger, if his wife and children are going through this dismissal. Unlike other control systems, pressure from loved ones can occur precisely when the individual is completely unprepared for it. At work, in transport, in in public places the person is usually alert and potentially ready to confront any threat.

The inside of the last circle, his core, make up intimate relationship husband and wife... It is in the most intimate relationships that a person seeks support for himself. To gamble these connections is to risk losing yourself. "It's no surprise that often people who are bossy at work instantly give way to their wives at home and cringe when their friends' eyebrows go up in displeasure."

A person, having looked around him and sequentially listing everyone to whom he should yield, obey or please due to his location in the center of concentric circles of social control - from the federal tax service to his own wife - eventually comes to the conclusion that society is suppresses it.

Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control

2.1 Forms of social control

Sociological science knows 4 fundamental forms of social control:

· External control;

· Internal control;

· Control through identification with the reference group;

· Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

1) The first form of control is external social control- This is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activity of the individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment.

This form is best known and understood, but in modern conditions seems to be ineffective, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, which must also be monitored by someone. Thus, on the scale of society, a classic "pyramid of controllers" is being built, which is characteristic of a totalitarian state.

2) The second form of control is internal social control Is a self-control exercised by a person, aimed at harmonizing his own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. This form presupposes the interiorization of norms and values. That is, the controller is no longer something external to the individual. Such control is more effective in modern conditions, it shifts responsibility from an external controller to the actor himself. For this form of control to function successfully, society must have an established system of norms and values.

The third and fourth forms of control are less known and require the use of more subtle socio-psychological mechanisms.

3) The third form is control through identification with a reference group- allows to show the actor possible and desirable for society models of behavior, seemingly without limiting the freedom of choice of the actor;

4) The fourth form - the so-called "many possibilities" - presupposes that by showing the agent various possible options achievement of the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the choice of the figure of those forms that are undesirable for society.

Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. His social control is carried out in the following forms:

· Compulsion, the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and therefore through informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal control, laws and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If an individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and the need for formal control arises.

Thus, in the presence of a high population size, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various coercive regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society will resort to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are well-defined rules, or enforcement systems, which are a set of sanctions in force, applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norm;

· Influence of public opinion... People in society are also controlled by public opinion or by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences adopted in this society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in decision-making by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and learned not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over his behavior is carried out;

· Regulation in social institutions and organizations... Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, funds mass media, administration of institutions).

· Group pressure... A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has an established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that an individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms adopted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions from the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this basic group.

The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control are not always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual violating the norms depends on many factors, and, first of all, on the status of this individual. For persons with high and low statuses in the group, absolutely different ways group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or the leader of the group has as one of his main responsibilities the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and himself can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his leadership status, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line through which he cannot cross. Beyond this line, he begins to experience the action of group social control from the rest of the group and his leadership influence ends.

The degree and type of group pressure also depends on the characteristics of the primary heading. If, for example, the cohesion of a group is high, the group loyalty to the cultural samples of the given group also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control rises. Group pressure from loyal group members (i.e., group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, a group that spends only their free time together and is therefore fragmented has a much more difficult time exercising intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a team or family.

The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth was described by the American sociologist S. Ask.

This list does not include such an important element as the presence of common values assimilated by individuals in the process of socialization. The point is that coercive social control does not always reduce deviations. Naturally, there are many individual reasons why people violate social norms. However, breaking the rules can become a practice that is tacitly approved or simply tolerated by society. This usually happens when the rules are too strict (or people think that they are too strict). For this reason, harsh police measures against certain types of offenses rarely bring positive results, although connivance with deviant behavior is also unacceptable.

Based on this, two conclusions can be drawn:

1) social control can be effective only when it adheres to the "golden mean" between freedom of choice and responsibility for this choice;

2) this feature indicates that social control operates mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values and stability of society and social groups.

In addition to the above forms of social control, there are also general and detailed control.

Sometimes control is equated with management. The content of control and management are very similar, but they must be distinguished. The mother or father controls how the child performs homework... Parents do not manage, but precisely control the process, since the goals and objectives were set not by them, but by the teacher. Parents only keep track of the progress of the assignment.

Thus, control is a narrower concept than management.

The difference between management and control is that the former is expressed through leadership style and the latter through methods. Control methods can be common and detailed. For example, a manager gives a subordinate a task and does not control the progress of its implementation - he resorts to general control . If a manager interferes in every action of his subordinates, corrects, pulls back, etc., he uses detailed control.

Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a non-basic social institution . Oversight grows to size large-scale social system, covering the whole country. Such a system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant services, prison guards, courts, censorship.

Since control is included in management as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that depending on the type of control, management itself will change. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. So control methods affect the management style, which, in turn, has two types - style authoritarian and style democratic.

2.2 Agents and tools of social control

Social control is the most effective way by which powerful institutions of society organize the vital activities of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case the methods of social control, are very diverse, they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is huge: from clarifying relations between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, economic coercion of a person by the whole society. Control mechanisms do not need to be aimed at judging an unwanted person or encouraging others to disloyalty to her. "Disapproval" is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, interactions with other persons.

External control – it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup.

Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration.

Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.

In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle mechanisms of control, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, constantly operate to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of basic headings. Unlike formal control methods such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.

Formal control historically arose later than informal - during the period of the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society, the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local... On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing, it operates throughout the country. He global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, that is, persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are carriers social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, in modern societies it is based on written norms; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control gained institutional support .

Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, the army, industry, the media, political parties, and the government. The school is controlled by grades, the government is controlled by the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state is controlled by the police, the secret service, state radio, television and the press.

Control methods , depending on the applicable sanctions, are subdivided into:

· Hard;

· Soft;

· Straight lines;

· Indirect. [Appendix 2]

Conclusion

The role and significance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it makes a serious contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thus plays a very important role in the stabilization and integration of the social system and strengthening social order... Social control aims to make it a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that are not objectionable by the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, immediate and obvious.

Having considered social control as a social institution, having studied its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions:

· Mechanisms of social control play an essential role in strengthening all institutions of society;

· In relation to society, social control has two main functions: protective and stabilizing.

· The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society;

· Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.

Glossary

Deviation or deviant behavior(from lat. deviatio- evasion) – social actions deviating from generally accepted norms, actions of people or their group, leading to a violation of these norms and causing the need for an appropriate response from a social group or society as a whole. V broad sense deviation includes any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, special diligence) and negative (crimes, violations of public order, moral norms). In a narrower sense (it is this sense that is touched upon in this term paper) is understood only as a negative deviation from the established norms, both legal and moral.

Interiorization- (from fr. i nteriorisation- transition from outside to inside, from lat. interior- internal) - the formation of internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of external social activities, appropriation of life experience, the formation of mental functions and development in general. Any complex action, before becoming the property of the mind, must be realized outside. Thanks to interiorization, we can talk to ourselves, and actually think, without disturbing others.

Self-control - independent regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and impulses, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms control of society over the behavior of its individual members, and personal control of each over himself. The mechanism of self-control encompasses convictions, feelings, habits, a person's self-assessment of his actions, motives, moral qualities gradually developing in the process of a person's social life activity (conscience is one of the forms of such self-assessment); self-education.

Self-awareness - a person's separation of himself from the objective world, awareness and assessment of his attitude to the world, himself as a person, his actions, actions, thoughts and feelings, desires and interests.

Social control- a mechanism for self-regulation of society and social groups, ensuring their purposeful impact on people's behavior in order to strengthen order and stability. Social control is designed to guarantee the given social values, norms and roles the behavior of a person or a social group. He bases his activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society, group and instilling its values and norms in its members by fostering patterns of behavior.

Used Books

1. Berger P. L. Invitation to sociology: a humanistic perspective. - M .: Aspect Press, 1996 .-- 168 p.

2. Kosyanov V.V. Sociology: exam answers. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 320 p.

3. Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2003 .-- 432 p.

4. Latysheva V.V. Fundamentals of Sociology: Pupil for college students. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 240p.

5. Dictionary of Ethics // edited by IS Kon. - M .: Politizdat, 1981 .-- 430 p.

6. Tadevosyan E.V. Dictionary reference book on sociology and political science. - M .: Knowledge, 1996. - 273p.

7. Tadevosyan E.V. Sociology. Tutorial... - M .: Knowledge, 1998 .-- 272 p.

8.http: //www..html

9.http: //www.5ka.ru/72/50730/1.html

10.http: //otherreferats./sociology/00001928_0.html

11.http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

Annex 1

Social control system according to P. Berger

Appendix 2

Combination of formal control methods

External control - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup.

Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration.

Formal control historically arose later than informal - during the period of the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local... On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing, it operates throughout the country. He global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, that is, persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are carriers of social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies written norms are its basis; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control gained institutional support .

Control methods , depending on the applicable sanctions, are subdivided into:

· Hard;

· Soft;

· Straight lines;

· Indirect.

Conclusion

The role and significance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it makes a significant contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure, and thus plays a very important role in the stabilization and integration of the social system and the consolidation of social order. Social control aims to make it a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that are not objectionable by the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, immediate and obvious.

Having considered social control as a social institution, having studied its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions:

· Mechanisms of social control play an essential role in strengthening all institutions of society;

· In relation to society, social control has two main functions: protective and stabilizing.

· Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.

Self-control - independent regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and impulses, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms of control of society over the behavior of its individual members, and personal control of each over himself. The mechanism of self-control encompasses convictions, feelings, habits, a person's self-assessment of his actions, motives, moral qualities gradually developing in the process of a person's social life activity (conscience is one of the forms of such self-assessment); self-education.

Bibliography

1. Berger P. L. Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. - M .: Aspect Press, 1996 .-- 168 p.

2. Kosyanov V.V. Sociology: exam answers. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 320 p.

3. Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2003 .-- 432 p.

4. Latysheva V.V. Fundamentals of Sociology: Pupil for college students. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 240p.

5. Dictionary of Ethics // edited by IS Kon. - M .: Politizdat, 1981 .-- 430.

6. Tadevosyan E.V. Dictionary reference book on sociology and political science. - M .: Knowledge, 1996. - 273p.

7. Tadevosyan E.V. Sociology. Tutorial. - M .: Knowledge, 1998 .-- 272 p.

8.http: //www.bestreferat.ru/referat-2503.html

9.http: //www.5ka.ru/72/50730/1.html

10.http: //otherreferats.allbest.ru/sociology/00001928_0.html

11.http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

Kuznetsova E.M.

Social control as an element of social control is carried out in the process of subject-object relations between subjects and objects of social control. Managerial influence is an essential feature of social control. At the same time, its subjects pursue their subjective interests, and objects adapt to the objective conditions of the social environment formed in the process of social control. The analysis of social control involves the study of essential features acquired in the process of interaction by participants in social relations.

The subjects of social control, being institutionalized communities isolated from society, have their own needs.

Usually, when considering the subject of social control, the fact that not all subjects pursue their own interests is not taken into account. In other words, a part (and a large one) of the subjects realizes not their own, but other people's interests. In order to avoid the described inaccuracy, it seems appropriate to distinguish two types of subjects of social control:

main subjects of social control - realizing their own interests in the process of social control;

social control agents - realizing in the process of social control the interests of the main subjects of social control.

An agent of social control is understood as a non-independent subject of social control that implements the functions of a subject of social control in relation to its objects on the basis of powers delegated by the main subject of social control. Realizing the interests of the main subject of social control, the agent acts within the framework of the powers delegated to him, acting in relation to him as an intermediate object of social control.

O. Spengler, characterizing the distribution of power in mass society, notes: “Everything is decided by a small number of people of outstanding intelligence, whose names, perhaps, do not even belong to the most famous, and a huge mass of second-rank politicians, rhetoricians and tribunes, deputies and journalists , representatives of provincial horizons only support the illusion of self-determination of the people in the lower strata of society. "

These needs are due to the specifics of the functioning (vital activity) of the subjects of social control, in connection with which they lend themselves to several classification options.

I. According to the criterion for the exercise of property rights there are three main types of qualitatively different subjects of social control. All of them play the role of owners of the benefits provided by the social organization:

1. Social elites - ruling communities that satisfy the individual needs of their members in the process of social management. Within the framework of subject-object relations, they exercise the right to own the resources of society and the fruits of social organization. Social institutions act for them as a mechanism to ensure the satisfaction of individual needs.

Social elites represent the highest level of social management and are therefore not subject to social control. Meeting the individual needs of members of social elites (first of all, the need for self-realization) leads to their individualization and isolation from society. Social control is intended to ensure the legitimacy of such segregation.

2. Administrative apparatus - employees of social institutions performing functions delegated to them in the process of social management. Within the framework of subject-object relations, they exercise their right to dispose of public resources on behalf of social institutions. The satisfaction of their individual needs is carried out by the social elites in exchange for the fulfillment of the functions of social management delegated to them.

At the same time being an object of social control by social elites and a subject of social control in relation to society, the administrative apparatus acts as an agent of social control. Satisfaction of the individual needs of the employees of the administrative apparatus leads to their deindividualization and assimilation with the internal environment of social institutions. Social control is the most important function of the administrative apparatus.

3. Social institutions - formal structural formations designed to ensure the legitimate existence of social elites. At the same time, as separate formations, they have their own resources, needs and interests. Within the framework of subject-object relations, social institutions exercise the right to use public resources on behalf of society.

Social institutions play the role of an impersonal bearer of social justice. However, the needs of social institutions are formed both from the needs of their own existence and from the needs of social elites and the administrative apparatus. Formally, social control over society is exercised on behalf of social institutions.

II. By the criterion of the field of activity of the social institutions representing them, two types of subjects of social control can be distinguished:

1. Economic subjects of social control represented by economic entities operating in the field of economic relations. The economic sphere of their activity determines the specific features of social control within the framework of subject-object relations. So, for example, the tasks of social control here are reduced to the formation of a favorable image of the company, stimulation of consumer activity and promotion of goods by means of advertising and propaganda.

The needs of economic subjects of social control are also expressed mainly by financial indicators. The social status of these subjects is determined by their economic capabilities.

An important feature of the economic subjects of social control is the absence of an ethnic stage of their formation. In their development, these subjects either immediately move from an interpersonal organization to an impersonal social organization economic type (firm, enterprise, company), or are created with the direct participation of social elites.

Another feature is that the economic elite does not hide from society its role in the social organization of the internal environment of its institution. The property right of the economic elite is protected by law, which ensures the legitimacy of its exclusive position. Therefore, in the course of social control, members of the economic elites set one of the most important tasks to identify the image of a social institution with their own image in the eyes of society.

All economic subjects of social control can be divided into two subspecies according to the criterion of the institutionalization mechanism:

A.Business entities represent a transitional form between an interpersonal community and a social institution. The peculiarity of this form lies in the fact that entrepreneurial subjects acquire the properties of social institutions as soon as they occupy a monopoly position in one of the spheres of economic activity. However, most often they are in a highly competitive environment and do not manifest themselves as independent social institutions. When exercising social control, their activities are usually regulated by generally binding norms that do not imply the presence of any social advantages.

B. Corporate entities represent a product of a social organization. In most cases, they arise as a result of the transfer to the corporate elite of the rights to ensure the vital needs of society in monopoly use. The peculiarity of this subspecies of economic subjects of social control is that they are a kind of activity of the social elite of the highest level of government. In the process of social control, corporate entities are able to independently shape the environment around them and maintain a monopoly position in society.

2. Administrative entities social control is represented by administrative authorities that carry out their activities in the field of social management on a territorial basis. The sphere of administrative management determines the specific features of social control within the framework of subject-object relations. The tasks of social control here are reduced to the formation of a favorable image of the authorities, relieving social tension in society and ensuring the inviolability of social relations.

The needs of the administrative bodies are expressed in statistical indicators and, as a rule, do not reflect the real needs of the elites behind them. The social status of these subjects is determined by their administrative powers.

In contrast to the economic subjects of social control, the social elites of these subjects are formed on the basis of ethnic elites that have come to power, legitimized and institutionalized. Administrative elites are most often hereditary communities and retain ethnic ties in the course of interpersonal interaction.

The priority of ethnic ties forces social elites to hide from society the real processes taking place in the field of institutional management. Therefore, in the course of exercising social control of society, one of the most important tasks is to form in it a conviction in the democratic nature and social justice of the existing social relations.

All administrative subjects of social control in federal-type states can be divided into three subspecies:

A. Federal subjects represented by the administrative authorities of the federal level of social management and their local divisions. Federal subjects have full power, both in relation to society and in relation to economic entities, as well as in relation to administrative bodies of lower levels.

This circumstance determines the nature of social control within the framework of subject-object relations. The tasks of social control here are reduced to maintaining social stability, ensuring the legitimacy of the social system as a whole and the controllability of society.

B. Regional entities represented by the administrative authorities of the regional level of social management. Regional subjects have power powers related to the solution of problems of regional significance within the framework of the powers delegated to them by the federal subjects.

The nature of social control within the framework of subject-object relations is determined here by the aspirations of the regional elite to ensure their legitimacy in the eyes federal center through community support in the field. The tasks of social control at the level of regional entities boil down to extending their control to all spheres of public life in the region, ensuring the legitimacy of the existence of regional elites and extending their influence to all spheres of social relations.

V. Municipal entities represented by the administrative authorities of the local level of social management. Formally, municipal entities are not part of the system of government bodies, they are a form of self-organization of territorial communities and have power only when resolving issues of local importance. However, in fact, their activities (resources, opportunities, powers) are determined and controlled by regional subjects of social management, and they themselves are self-sufficient social institutions independent of society (in the interval between elections).

The nature of social control within the framework of subject-object relations is determined by the needs of the functioning of social institutions and the need to legitimize the elite in the eyes of the local community. The tasks of social control at the level of municipal entities are reduced to their propaganda of their activities for the life support of the territories and to the mobilization of public efforts to solve problems of local importance.

Each of these subtypes of subjects implies the presence of corresponding social elites at the head of social institutions, possessing a high degree of legitimacy and independence in the management of social resources. All of them are isolated from society in their own way (permanently or in the interval between elections), have their own specific sources of resources, separate infrastructure and powers of power.

There are also pseudo-independent subjects of social control (political, cultural, religious, etc.), acting in the sphere of ideological influence on society. Such subjects demonstrate formal independence to society, but in their essence they are a kind of administrative agents of social control. They do not possess either own resources, nor independence in making personnel decisions and perform a completely definite social function. This function consists in replacing the ethnic content of the corresponding activity with a social content and in preventing the redistribution of power by rival ethnic elites.

In addition, it should be highlighted global subjects of social control as an independent type of subjects of social control of an administrative type, characterized by a special specificity of social management inherent only to them. Global actors perform two main functions of social control:

1. act as conductors of the interests of the global elites, who have delegated to them part of the powers of the state level of social management;

2. act as carriers of their interests (elite, administrative and institutional), limited by the existing social powers.

The advantages of these subjects of social control lies in the uniqueness of the functions of global governance they perform (UN, IMF, IOC, etc.), making their activities objectively in demand at all levels of government. The disadvantage of these subjects is their resource, organizational and status dependence on the country elites of the highest level of government, who delegated to them the social powers of global governance.

Institutional and individual needs of not only subjects, but also objects of social control are the starting point in the study of the needs that determine the process of social control. Despite the fact that the parameters of satisfying the needs of objects of social control are determined by its subjects, its nature, goals and orientation depend on the ultimate interest of objects of social control in social management.

Objects of social control are members of society and social institutions over which social control measures are implemented. This impact is designed to ensure the voluntary acceptance of social values by the objects of control and adherence to the established rules of behavior.

The main types of objects of social control are as follows:

Society is a universal object of social management that participates in social relations with any kind of subjects of social control (social institutions) that have a monopoly or the ability to appropriate public resources and regulate certain spheres of society.

Administrative apparatus acts as an object of social control only in relations with the elite of a social institution. In relations with other objects of social control, the administrative apparatus acts as a subject (agent) of social control, controlled exclusively by the corresponding social elite.

Elite communities are characterized by formal (social elites) or informal (ethnic elites) status and influence in society. All these communities exist as ethnic communities within or outside of social institutions. Therefore, informally interested social elites act as the subject of their social control. Formal social control by social institutions is also used, but outside the willful decision of the higher elite, it is ineffective.

Social institutions act as an object of social control only in relations with the administrative apparatus of a social institution of the highest level of social management, whose functional responsibilities include determining the parameters of institutional formations of lower levels.

Economic institutions act as an object of social control only in relations with the administrative apparatus of social management bodies, if we are talking about entrepreneurial formations, and only in relations with social elites, if we are talking about corporate formations... They are distinguished from other formally institutionalized objects of social control (political, religious and others) by the presence of independent resource opportunities.

Political, cultural, national, religious and other similar formations are not considered objects of social control for the following reasons:

- how social formations they are created in the process of fulfilling the social order of the state elite and, as such, represent a kind of administrative apparatus (agent of social control) specializing in relieving social tension in society.

- as ethnic formations, they self-organize on the basis of society and in this capacity they represent ethnic communities whose activities are aimed at replacing formal social control with informal ethnic control, but this is a completely different process.

Global formations are the object of social control only in relations with the social elites who have delegated the functions of global management to them. In relations with social institutions, they act as a supranational subject of social control (for example, the European Court of Human Rights).

V individual cases a situation can be observed when, for example, a corporate subject desocializes an official by giving a bribe, interfering in relations between him and the corresponding social elite. However, this is rather an exception, since, firstly, social control is carried out through the criminal prosecution of the offender, and secondly, such issues are much more efficiently resolved at the level of social elites, but not functional performers.

Objects of social control can be in social relations with several subjects at once. They constitute the bulk of the environment of social institutions and a significant part of their internal environment. At the same time, the participation of society and its institutions in social relations as objects of social management determines the possibility (and need) of exercising social control over them.

Different types of objects of social control have different social qualities. This makes it possible to apply different classification schemes to them, depending on the specifics of their relationship with the subjects of social control.

I. By location relative to the subject of social control two types of objects can be distinguished:

1. Internal objects of social control - are inside social institutions, perform certain functions of social management, but do not own social resources. The need for their social control is due to the need to increase the efficiency of performing the management functions delegated to these objects.

2. External objects of social control - are outside social institutions and act as a source of social resources that ensure their existence and development. The need for their social control is due to the need to ensure the legitimate withdrawal of public resources for the functioning of social institutions.

II. By the status of relationships with the subject of social control three types of objects can be distinguished:

1. Objects controlled by social elites are represented by objects of social control, whose activities are formed under the direct influence of social elites. Social control of the behavior of these objects is determined by the individual needs of members of social elites, in accordance with which the objects of control are considered as follows:

a) the elites of the lower levels of administrative management as carriers of needs and interests, personifying isolated social institutions, whose controlled activities affect the interests of the subject of social control;

b) the administrative apparatus as an agent of social control that ensures the activities of social institutions, on the effectiveness and loyalty of which depends social status subject of social control;

c) economic elites as carriers of individual interests and needs with their own resource, organizational and informational capabilities, whose interests have to be taken into account in the process of social control;

d) ethnic elites as bearers of an ethnic organization that have significant weight and influence in society, but do not have sufficient resource and organizational capabilities; the scope of their activity can pose a potential danger to the subject of social control;

e) society as a source of social resources and the primary basis for the self-organization of alternative social formations that arise in the process of realizing individual interests, posing a potential threat to the stability of existing social relations.

2. Objects controlled by the administrative apparatus are represented by objects, social control over which is carried out in the process of executing the administrative apparatus of its functional responsibilities... The social control of these objects is due to the content of those functions of social management that are delegated to the administrative apparatus by the social elites and in accordance with which the objects of social control are considered as follows:

a) social institutions of lower levels of government as objects of social control, carrying out isolated activities, the results of which can potentially discredit the administrative apparatus in the eyes of the social elite, or can infringe upon the individual interests of representatives of the administrative apparatus;

b) society - as a set of objects of social control, the behavior of which is an external indicator of the effectiveness of the administrative apparatus, influencing the assessment of its activities by the social elite of the highest management level.

3. Objects controlled by social institutions are represented by objects of social control that enter into social relations with subjects on an impersonal level. Social control of these objects is carried out on the basis of formalized legal norms that determine the rules of their behavior, in accordance with which they are considered as follows:

a) economic objects- as objects of social control, whose activities are regulated by generally binding norms of the current legislation;

b) society- as a set of objects of social control, whose behavior is determined by social needs and regulated by generally binding norms of the current legislation.

III. According to the criterion of methods of social control another classification of its objects is possible, based on the differences in the methods used:

1. Persuasion-controlled objects - these are objects that are especially susceptible to the influence of social illusions or objects that have the possibility of alternative behavior.

The role of the first is played by society, which, being alienated from the mechanisms for satisfying individual needs and not having all the completeness of information, is forced to accept social models of behavior on faith. The role of the second is played, for example, by members of the administrative apparatus, from whom strict adherence to corporate ethics is required.

2. Coercive Objects - these are objects that are directly dependent on the subject of social control or in relation to which the subject of social control has the ability to direct coercion.

The role of the former is, for example, society, in relation to which the entire power of the apparatus of social coercion is applied (courts, penitentiary institutions, etc.), as well as members of social elites, whose activities pose a threat to the stability of existing social relations.

3. Objects controlled by methods of indirect exposure - these are objects that cannot be controlled using methods of direct impact or objects, direct impact on which is associated with too significant costs of subjects of social control.

The former are, for example, the economic elites with a high degree of independence guaranteed by legislation. The second role is played, for example, by ethnic elites, whose influence on society and the desire for power makes it too risky to use methods of direct influence.

The above classification illustrates the special property of all objects of social control that are not capable of direct influence on the subject of social control in accordance with the fundamental principle of social organization: the vector of social management is always directed from the highest levels of social organization to the lowest. The object of social control cannot change places with the subject without losing its objectivity within the framework of specific social relations. He is only capable of a reactive (reverse) impact on him, therefore, to characterize the activities of the object of social control in the process of social management, the concept of "social adaptation" is more applicable.

Thus, we can talk about the existence of a special (exogenous) quality inherent in the objects of social control in the process of their social relations with the subjects of social control. Its presence allows us to talk about the possibility of a socio-philosophical classification and scientific analysis of objects of social control.

This quality is not determined by the will or internal predisposition of the object of social control, as is commonly believed in modern social disciplines. It is formed from the outside through the governing (socializing) influence on the part of the subject of social control, striving to satisfy his subjective needs.

Posted by:Kuznetsova E.M. Social control as an element of social management / Scientific organization of management activities: Proceedings of the All-Russian. scientific-practical conf. - Omsk: Publishing house of FGOU VPO OmGAU, 2006. - S. 30-40. -ISBN 5– 89764 – 224 -9

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SOCIAL CONTROL

Functions and content of social control.

P. Berger's concept of social control.

Agents and tools of social control.

General and detailed control.

Functions and content of social control

Social control is a mechanism for maintaining public order through the use of power and includes social norms, sanctions, power.

Social control is carried out through socialization, group pressure, compulsion.

Social norms- prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of the corresponding (publicly approved) behavior.

Norms that arise and exist only in small groups (group of friends, family, work team, sports team).

American sociologist Elton Mayo in 1927-1932. who conducted the Hawthorne experiments discovered the norms-requirements for beginners:

do not be official with your own;

do not tell your superiors what could harm group members;

do not communicate with the authorities more often than with “your own”;

do not make more products than your comrades.

Norms that arise and exist only in large groups or in society as a whole: traditions, customs, customs, laws, etiquette, behavior.

Let us arrange the norms in the order of "increasing" the measure of punishment (disapproval, imprisonment, the death penalty): customs, manners, etiquette, traditions, group habits, customs, laws, taboos.

Sanctions not only punishments are named, but also rewards that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Social sanctions- a ramified system of rewards for fulfilling the norms, that is, for conformism(for agreeing with them) and punishments (for deviating from them), i.e. for deviance.

Conformism represents external agreement with the generally accepted because internally the individual may retain his disagreement with the norms, but not tell anyone about it.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative; formal and informal.

They give four types of combinations:

Formal positive sanctions (F +)- public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (election as chairman of the board , the president of the university).

Informal positive sanctions (H +)- public approval not coming from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, glory, honor, complimentary reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, a smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, demotion from the throne, death penalty, excommunication churches.

4. Informal negative sanctions (N-)- punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, reprimand, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, disdain, refusal to lend a hand or maintain a relationship, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.

If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, is directed at himself and takes place inside, then this is - self-control(internal control). Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. About 70% of social control is carried out through self-control.

Conscience- the manifestation of internal control.

Infantilism- this is impulsive behavior, inability to rule over one's desires and whims (typical of children). On the contrary, behavior in accordance with rational norms, obligations, volitional efforts is a sign of adulthood.

The more self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control. And, conversely, the less self-control people have, the more often the institutions of social control, in particular the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be. However, strict external control, petty care inhibit the development of self-awareness and the expression of the will of a person, muffling his internal volitional efforts. Thus, a vicious circle arises, into which more than one society has fallen into throughout world history.

While most group habits are punished mildly by society, some are highly valued and severely sanctioned for breaking them.

In the Hawthorne experiments, a newcomer who violated the rules of conduct faced a severe punishment: a boycott, sticking an offensive label ("upstart", "decoy", "traitor") could create an intolerant environment around him and force him to resign. Even physical violence could be applied to them.

These kinds of habits are called informal group norms. They are born in small, not large, social groups. The mechanism that monitors compliance with such norms is called group pressure.

Agents and tools of social control. Social control is a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals.

External control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup.

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration.

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called informal control agents. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.

Formal control historically arose later than informal - during the period of the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society, the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society, especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local. On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing, it operates throughout the country. It is global, and it is always exercised by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, that is, persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are carriers of social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies written norms are its basis; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control has acquired institutional support.

Control methods, depending on the applicable sanctions, are divided into:

· Hard;

· Soft;

· Straight lines;

· Indirect.

Institute as a social organization.

Social institutions (from Lat. Institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of public relations and relations. And the very process of ordering, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

The institutionalization process includes a number of points:

1) One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, realizes relations between the sexes, generations, etc. higher education provides training work force, enables a person to develop their abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure their existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interaction and relations of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But he, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity, which has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

What are these systems? What are their main elements? First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the socio-cultural process.This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. By itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all socio-cultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of individual needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. So, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, a ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., which have certain material values (buildings , finance, etc.) Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology: A course of lectures. M., 2000.S. - 117.

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activities, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical of this institution. Based on the foregoing, the following definition of a social institution can be given. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the members' social roles, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

They are not agents of social control. Social control as an element of social management. Social norms as a regulator of behavior

Tsyruleva Olga

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and elements

1.1 The concept of social control, its functions

1.2 Elements of social control

1.2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior

1.2.2 Sanctions as an element of social control

.4 The concept of social control by P. Berger

Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control

2.1 Forms of social control

2.2 Agents and tools of social control

Conclusion

Glossary

Used Books

Annex 1

Functions and content of social control

Institute as a social organization.