Society's assessment of the social significance of the situation. Social assessment. Distinctive features of society

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

- English evaluation, social; German Bewertung, soziale. Approval or disapproval, to-rye show a group, organization or society in relation to its members in response to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements presented to them.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

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Social status

Social status (from lat. status- position, state) of an individual is the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.

Social status - it is a certain position in the social structure of a group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Sociologists distinguish several types social statuses:

1) The statuses determined by the position of the individual in the group are personal and social.

Personal status is called the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group, depending on how his individual qualities are assessed in it.

On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine him social status.

2) The statuses, determined by the time frame, the influence on the life of the individual as a whole, are basic and non-basic (episodic).

Main status determines the main thing in a person's life (most often this is a status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).

Episodic (minor) social statuses affect the details of a person's behavior (for example - a pedestrian, a passenger, a passer-by, a patient, a participant in a demonstration or strike, a reader, listener, TV viewer, etc.).

3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of a free choice.

Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).

Mixed status possesses the features of the prescribed and achieved statuses (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).

Achievable ( acquired) is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business ties, etc.).

In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of status, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. This hierarchy is shaped by two factors:

a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

b) the value system characteristic of a given society.

If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, low, it is usually said that there is a loss of the balance of statuses. A society in which there is a similar tendency to the loss of this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning.

Prestige - it is an assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.

Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of a person primarily influences his behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is usually called a social role.

Social role is a status-oriented behavior model.

Social role - it is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.

Roles are determined by the expectations of people (for example, the idea that parents should take care of their children, that the employee should conscientiously carry out the work assigned to him, is ingrained in the public consciousness). But each person, depending on specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors, plays a social role in his own way.

Claiming this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all the roles of a person in society is called role system or role-playing set.

Role-playing set (role-playing system)

Role-playing set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.

Each role in a role-play set requires a specific demeanor and communication with people and is, therefore, a set of dissimilar relationships. In the role-playing set, one can distinguish basic (typical) and situational social roles.

Examples of major social roles:

1) a hard worker;

2) the owner;

3) consumer;

4) citizen;

5) family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).

Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional.

Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).

Conventional roles accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson).

Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and presupposing specific modes of behavior, enshrined in social norms or customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, family idol, loved one, etc.).

Role behavior

The real one should be distinguished from the social role as a model of behavior. role behavior, which means not socially expected, but actual behavior of the performer of a particular role. And here a lot depends on personal qualities the individual, on the degree of assimilation by him social norms, from his beliefs, attitudes, value orientations.

Factors defining the process of implementing social roles:

1) biopsychological capabilities of a person, which may facilitate or hinder the performance of a particular social role;

2) the nature of the role adopted in the group and the characteristics of social control, designed to monitor the performance of role behavior;

3) personal model, defining complex of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful performance of the role;

4) group structure, its cohesion and the degree of identification of the individual with the group.

In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise associated with the need for a person to perform many roles in various situations. → in some cases, the mismatch of social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.

Role conflict and its types

Role conflict is a situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the requirements of two or more incompatible roles.

Types of role conflicts:

QUESTIONS:

1. Establish a correspondence between the types of status and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.

2. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a questionnaire in which she indicated that she was a specialist with higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married, has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved status of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. Using the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and responsibilities.

1. Prescribed status - woman.

2. Achieved statuses - a specialist with a higher education, a married lady and a mother of two children.

3. As a mother of her children, she is obliged to bear moral and legal responsibility for them, to ensure a decent standard of living. Just like the mother of her children, she has the right to choose educational institution for them, with whom to communicate, etc.

Test on the topic "Social sphere"

Teacher: Taran Elena Alexandrovna

MOU Secondary School No. 1, Gryazovets, Vologda Region

Position: teacher of history, social studies

Note: You can use the test both in the basic level class and in the profile one.

Option 1.

A 1. The assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called

1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction

A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as

1) social adaptation 3) social determinants

2) social lift 4) social control

A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private firm. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest holding company in the South of Russia. This situation can be seen as an example.

1) horizontal social mobility2) vertical social mobility

3) social stratification4) professional differentiation

A 4. Relationships between people (or groups of people) that are carried out in accordance with the laws social organization societies are called

1) social relations2) social structures

3) social integration4) social differentiation

A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called

1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization

A 6. The democratic (partner) family, in contrast to the patriarchal (traditional), is characterized by

1) living together for at least three generations

2) fair division of household responsibilities

3) the economic dependence of a woman on a man

4) the dominant role of men in the family

A 7. The functions of the family include

1) education of law-abiding behavior in children

2) determination of the amount of utility bills

3) setting school standards

4) determination of the minimum wage

A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:

1) power and action 2) norms and sanctions

3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles

A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:

The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.

If the boss calls his subordinate, then the latter waits for the boss to hang up. To what type of social norms can they be classified?

1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions

A 10. The social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called

1) social mobility 3) social inequality

2) social status 4) social relations

A.R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.

B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the employment of workers leadership position at the enterprise in connection with the graduation from the university.

A 12. Which judgment is correct?

A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society, or social group, is called deviant.

B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

IN 1. Analyze the data provided in the table of the social survey reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

1) young people in all age groups singled out economic, independence, independence from others as the main criterion for success

2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family the most important in life

3) to be the best - a criterion typical for young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their adolescent maximalism.

4) the number of people who believe that the most important thing in life is career, decreases with age

A. Development of interethnic relations in modern world associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they operate constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is associated with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Between the nation-states themselves, contradictions arise in connection with the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the aggravation of conflicts are of a political, economic, demographic nature.

Determine which positions are worn

Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social *** (A). Specific group or individual *** (B) are recognized by members of society and in public opinion they are attributed to a certain significance. Social inequality in modern society is most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the presence of property, valued in society *** (D), civil rights... Social inequality is determined primarily by the significance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of the social *** (E)

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Select words one by one in sequence, filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

1) status 2) group 3) criterion

4) bundle 5) profession 6) prestige

Part 3 (tasks of level C)

1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences containing information on factors affecting social mobility

Option 2.

A 1. The profession of a programmer is especially in demand today. The degree of its prestige is determined

1) higher education institutions2) the administration of the enterprise

3) society 4) laws

A 2. What social lift was limited by the Circular of Cook's Children, adopted in Russia in 1886?

1) army 2) church 3) school 4) marriage

A 3. An example of horizontal social mobility is

1) getting the next officer rank

2) transfer to a new, better paid position

3) retirement

4) moving to another city

A 4. The collision of opposing goals, opinions and views of the subjects of interaction is

1) social control 3) social inclusion

2) social adaptation 4) social conflict

A 5. Indicate a feature characteristic of all types of social norms.

1) fixing in the appropriate regulations, laws

2) transmission from generation to generation in the form of unwritten rules and regulations

3) acting as a regulator of people's behavior

4) provision with the force of state coercion

A 6. What sign must be indicated in order to confirm that the Vasiliev family is extended?

1) Vasilievs N. and M. have been living in a registered marriage for more than 15 years

2) Vasiliev N. and M. have two minor children

3) The Vasiliev family consists of the Vasiliev spouses, their children, as well as the parents of the wife of N.

4) the Vasilievs have their own business

A 7. A small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are linked by a common life and mutual responsibility, is ...

1) genus 2) family 3) estate 4) elite

A 8. The activities of the society to prescribe and encourage the proper behavior of its members and the application of sanctions against violators of accepted norms is called

1) social control

2) social differentiation

3) social stratification

4) social progress

A 9. “When greeting a woman or an elder in office, a man should stand up. A woman in a business setting also greets an incoming employee by standing up if he is higher in rank. ”What kind of social norms does this rule refer to?

1) custom 2) rule of law 3) tradition 4) etiquette

A 10. Trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations are

1) centralization and decentralization2) bureaucratization and democratization

3) integration and differentiation4) collectivization and individualization

A 11. Which judgment is correct?

A. A cardinal change or loss of a profession by a person always entails changes in his social status.

B. As a result of a change in social status, the social roles of a person change.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

A 12. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Deviant behavior can be beneficial to society.

B. A manifestation of positive deviant behavior in society is scientific and inventive activity.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

Q 1. Analyze the data from a social survey on the topic "How often do you trust people?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

1) the older people are, the less they trust others

2) most people don't trust each other

3) the most distrustful are people whose generation graduated from school in the late 70s - first half of the 80s of the twentieth century

4) young people from 18 to 24 years old are characterized by an absolute lack of trust in people

Q 2. Read the text below, each position marked with a letter.

A. In our opinion, deviant behavior is very different from the requirements of social norms. B. It entails the application of sanctions - from the desire to reform to punishment and isolation of the offender from society. C. Evaluation of human behavior as "deviant" is extremely dependent on the era, prevailing norms and values ​​in society: what is deviant today may become the norm tomorrow. D. In sociology, there are several reasons for deviant behavior: biological (innate predisposition of some people to alcoholism, drug addiction, crime); psychological (associated with mental disorders of the personality); social (impossibility of positive self-realization of an individual) ..

Determine which text positions are worn

1) the factual nature 2) the nature of value judgments

Write a number under the letter of the position indicating its character.

Q 3. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select the words you want to replace the spaces from the list provided.

Aggravation of national relations results in *** (A). This is a form of conflict in which groups with opposite interests differ by *** (B) attribute. Their most common causes are violation of *** (C) representatives of a particular nation, violation of justice and *** (D) in interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts can be resolved only by means of *** (D) - a system of measures implemented by the state aimed at accounting, combination and implementation national interests, to resolve contradictions in the field of national relations. Its strategy in the Russian Federation was developed and substantiated in the Concept of National Policy and the State Program for National Revival and Interethnic Cooperation of the Peoples of Russia. Strategic goal is the strengthening of the unity and cohesion of all peoples on the basis of national revival and interethnic cooperation, strengthening *** (E) and ties, the formation of a state-political and interethnic community ~~ Russians.

Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Remember that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks. Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap.

1) a unitary state 2) interethnic conflicts.

3) human rights 4) national policy

5) ethnic 6) federative relations

7) the state 8) administrative-command methods

9) tolerance

Part 3 (tasks of level C)

1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "youth"? Make two sentences that reveal the essence of the problems of today's youth.

Additional task for the profile level:

2. To speak at a seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.

3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia

External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative characteristics in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually over the past 15 years. The most educated, professionally trained people are leaving Russia, and huge capital has been spent on their training. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of a country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly qualified workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the United States and a number of other countries.

The "brain drain" is clearly promising. According to the results of surveys of graduate students of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, MIPT, MEPhI, MAI, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific offers for work abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is tantamount to a loss of $ 300 thousand per year for Russia. The damage to the departure of one specialist with a doctorate degree in some cases reaches $ 2 million.According to the most conservative estimates of experts on population migration, in the coming years Russia will suffer losses of $ 30-35 billion annually due to the departure of highly trained specialists.

The paradox of the qualitative aspect of the immigration and emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low qualified personnel from part of the surplus labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia; according to many experts, there are at least 1 million illegal immigrants. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has a significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from the countries of Southeast Asia (mainly from China) concentrate in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.

Illegal immigrants occupy the most low-prestige jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without registration of their labor relations with the employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers are becoming less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.

Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open its doors wide to immigrants. It is extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But changing laws alone is not enough. There is an urgent need for other attitudes in relation to the nation and citizenship, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today in reality to take care of their welfare and health.

P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"

C1. What is a Brain Drain? Why does the author consider it to be an indicator characterizing the socio-economic situation in the country?

C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.

SZ. What is the qualitative characteristic of illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)

2. Personal and social status of a person. Social roles

Status - it is a certain position in the social structure of a group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Sociologists distinguish two types of status: personal and acquired. Personal status is the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group, depending on how his individual qualities are assessed in it. On the other hand, in the process of interacting with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.

Social status is called general position personality or social group in society, associated with a certain set of rights and obligations. Social statuses are prescribed and acquired (achieved). The first category includes nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc., the second - profession, education, etc.

In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of status, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, while others are the opposite. Prestige is the assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion. This hierarchy is shaped by two factors:

a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

b) the value system characteristic of a given society.

If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, low, it is usually said that there is a loss of the balance of statuses. A society in which there is a similar tendency to the loss of this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning. It is necessary to distinguish authority from prestige. Authority is the degree of recognition by society of the dignity of an individual, a particular person.

The social status of a person primarily influences his behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is usually called a social role. A social role is actually a certain pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society. In fact, the role provides a model showing how an individual should act in a given situation. The roles differ in the degree of formalization: some are very clearly defined, for example, in military organizations, others are very vague. A social role can be assigned to a person both formally (for example, in a legislative act) and also be informal.

Any individual is a reflection of the entire totality public relations of his era. Therefore, each person has not one but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. Their combination is called a role system. Such a variety of social roles can cause an internal conflict of the individual (in the event that some of the social roles contradict each other).

Scientists offer different classifications of social roles. Among the latter, as a rule, the so-called basic (basic) social roles are distinguished. These include:

a) the role of the worker;

b) the role of the owner;

c) the role of the consumer;

d) the role of the citizen;

e) the role of a family member.

However, despite the fact that the behavior of a person is largely determined by the status that she occupies and the roles that she plays in society, she (the person) nevertheless retains her autonomy and has a certain freedom of choice. And although in modern society there is a tendency towards the unification and standardization of the personality, its complete leveling, fortunately, does not occur. An individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles offered to him by society, those that allow him to better realize his plans, to use his abilities as efficiently as possible. A person's acceptance of a particular social role is influenced by both social conditions and his biological and personal characteristics (health status, gender, age, temperament, etc.). Any role-playing prescription only outlines a general scheme of human behavior, offering to make a choice of ways to fulfill it by the personality itself.

Economic problems are not the only difficulties faced by the state. Another area is social problems.

These factors are closely interconnected among themselves, and to one degree or another are found in any country. Below IQReview prepared an analysis highlighting and describing current social problems in Russia and their impact on the lives of citizens.

What are social issues?

According to Wikipedia, social problems are situations, events and conditions that directly or indirectly negatively affect a citizen from the point of view of society. At first, this term ("social problem") referred only to the uneven distribution of wealth. It began to be used at the beginning of the 19th (19th) century, in Western Europe.

The list of problems has changed and continues to change over time along with:

changes in circumstances (economic, social, political);

and changes in living standards citizens;

changes in the mood of citizens.

Types and classification

With all problems can be easily divided into:

Socio-economic. This includes all factors related to finances and material conditions.

Social and household. They include factors related to providing citizens with affordable housing, living conditions, material difficulties of young and large families.

Socio-psychological. Includes factors related to family and internal relations between relatives. This also includes family conflicts, domestic violence, betrayal, divorce.

Socio-political problems. This includes the arms race, regional and state conflicts, the growth of violence in individual countries and the world as a whole. This also applies to conflicts on religious or ethnic grounds.

E If you put another formulation, the classification of problems will look like this:

Between social groups.

Between classes.

Between individuals.

Between social systems.

TO global issues include such factors:

Demographic. Globally, it is associated with the overall growth of the world's population. In a number of states, it concerns a decrease in the number of inhabitants.

Food. Refers to the need to provide residents with food.

Energy. It concerns the need to provide the world's population with energy.

Ecological. Refers to environmental pollution and waste disposal.

List of major problems in Russia and the world

Topical social problems all over the world are the same. The difference lies in the fact that in some countries some problems are more acute, while others - less. In some states, a part of social problems is practically absent: the percentage of their manifestations is very small.

Now let's list. The actual social problems today are as follows:

Alcoholism, drug addiction (both among adults and among minors).

Banditry, crime - both children and adults, terrorism, prostitution, extremism.

Homelessness, violations of children's rights, abortion, abandonment of children.

Fascism, conflicts arising on religious, national, ethnic grounds.

Inequality between classes of residents (when one part of the citizens is poor and the other is rich).

Unemployment, poverty, insufficient wages.

Disability (high number of disabled people relative to the total population), attitude towards citizens with disabilities.

Demographic crisis: high mortality, low birth rate, high number of emigrated citizens, a large percentage of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Environmental pollution, the possibility of a man-made disaster.

Health status: increased incidence, epidemics, high chance of infection.

Social inequality, infringement of certain categories of citizens.

Corruption (does not depend on the level economic development- can manifest itself in both a poor and a rich state).

Inflation.

Suicide (a large number of cases relative to the population).

Restriction of the rights of citizens, suppression of freedom of speech, movement.

Low level of education, lack of specialists.

A complete list of these problems is most clearly manifested in third world countries. In addition to their acute manifestation, such states also lack completely (or work ineffectively) a system for their solution. That is, no one is trying to influence the situation. As a result, the harmful situation can progress and last for years and even decades.

In more developed countries, these problems also exist, but they are felt much weaker.

In Russia, the key negative factors are poverty and low salaries - even among narrowly specialized specialists and professions in demand.

Less serious are the following social problems:

High level of corruption, "nepotism", promotion of "friends". It can be traced in all structures.

Unemployment, lack of jobs in the regions.

Alcoholism.

Violence in family.

The rest of the social problems in the Russian Federation are for the most part a consequence of these factors, and to one degree or another depend on them.

Brief statistics

The social problems of Russia in figures have the following indicators (for 2016):

Alcoholism. Among about 5 million are alcoholics (of which 6% are minors).

Addiction. There are about 3 million citizens who constantly use drugs. Among them, 60% are aged 16-30, 20% are minors, 20% are citizens over 30 years old.

Crime. 2.16 million crimes were registered (10% lower than in 2015). Among them, 44% were cases of theft of someone else's property. Every second crime was committed by persons who previously violated the law, and every third was committed in a state of alcoholic intoxication.

Corruption. The Russian Federation belongs to the countries with a high level of corruption. The most corrupt are the social sectors (medicine, housing and communal services), law enforcement agencies and some government organizations (land distribution, government orders and government purchases, certification).

Unemployment. The unemployed - 4.1 million (compared to 2015, there is a decline in unemployment by 0.4%).

Inflation: 5.4% (in 2015 - it exceeded 12%).

Abortion. In 2015, 447 thousand abortions were performed at the request of women. According to statistics, the number of abortions in the Russian Federation has been steadily decreasing over the past two decades. For comparison: in 1995, 2.76 million abortions were performed in the Russian Federation.

Suicide. For 100 thousand citizens - 15.4 (for 2016). This is the lowest figure since 1960. In the "nineties" the Russian Federation ranked second in the world in the number of suicides, in 2013 - fourteenth, in 2016 - thirtieth. According to statistics, about 22% of suicides are committed by citizens aged 40-49, and men are 6 times more likely than women.

Ethnic conflicts. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation, conflicts on national and religious grounds arise frequently. They mainly occur in large cities (where large diasporas of representatives of other nationalities live) and in cities located close to the southern borders.

Violence in family. Statistics on this type of crime is complicated by the fact that about 60-70% of cases are not reported to law enforcement agencies, and about 97% of cases do not reach court. According to rough estimates, about a quarter of all families are at risk (domestic violence is present to some extent).

Homelessness. The exact number of homeless children in the country has not been established, according to rough estimates, it is several thousand. There are about 72 thousand children of various ages in orphanages. More than 500 thousand children are full orphans, but are brought up in other families.

Prostitution. In 2014, according to rough estimates, the number of female employees in this industry was about 3 million.

Health status. Of 188 countries, the Russian Federation was in 119th place in terms of health conditions of citizens. HIV-infected citizens - about 1.5 million. About 300 thousand citizens per year die from cancer. Tuberculosis statistics - 9 cases per 100 thousand population. In general, the assessment of the situation is below average.

Social inequality. According to official statistics around the world, the rating of the Russian Federation in the list of countries is high, but far from the “leaders” (in which inequality is most pronounced).

Demographic situation. Since 2010, the population has been growing steadily. As of the beginning of 2017, it is 146,804,372 citizens. From 1996 to 2009, inclusive, there was a demographic crisis: the population was steadily declining (from 148.291 million in 1996 to 141.9 million in 2009). The situation is more complicated with the age of the nation: the number of pensioners (at the end of 2016) is almost 43 million (that is, almost a third of the total number).

Disability. In 2015, there were almost 13 million people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. Among them - 605 thousand disabled children (under the age of 18).

Poverty. According to Rosstat, 21.4 million Russians (14.6% of the total population) can be considered poor. In fact, this figure is much higher, since (according to which the amount of poverty is calculated) is much lower than the real amount needed for life. According to various estimates, between 40 and 70 million citizens (that is, slightly less than half) are below the poverty line.

The relationship between individual factors

Almost all problems are closely interrelated and usually do not develop independently, but in a complex manner.

Larger and more serious factors "pull" several accompanying problems:

The rise in unemployment leads to poverty, an increase in crime, prostitution, social inequality, and a demographic crisis.

An increase in the number of alcoholics and drug addicts leads to an increase in crime, prostitution, domestic violence, early mortality, suicide, and an increase in morbidity statistics.

The growth of crime entails an increase in corruption, prostitution.

T social andeconomic problems... In case of prolonged the decline of the state's economy will be aggravated by the following negative factors, along the chain:

Decrease in living standards, incomes of the population.

Rising unemployment.

The rise in crime.

Aggravation of the problem of alcoholism and drug addiction - as citizens in difficult situations often resort to alcohol and drugs to distract themselves.

Increased incidence of domestic violence.

A decrease in the birth rate - as withlow income families do not have enough money to support their children.

Deteriorating health status of the population - due to cheap food, lack of funds for treatment and medicines, difficult working conditions.

Reasons for the appearance

Current social problems are a consequence of various causes. Each problem individually appears due to certain conditions. Often one problem is a consequence of another, since they are all closely related.

If we consider groups of problems, then the reasons for their occurrence include:

Demographic, family problems. They arise due to the low level of income of the population, unemployment, low level of medical care, lack of social programs (or their low quality) aimed at supporting families with children.

Crime. It is growing due to high unemployment, alcoholism and drug addiction, poor work of law enforcement agencies.

Fascism and conflicts arising on religious, national or ethnic grounds. It manifests itself due to the presence in a certain area of ​​two or more different social groups. Also, the reason may be the historical background, due to which some groups are aggressively disposed towards others.

Corruption. It arises due to weak control by the state, lack of public control behind the activities of power structures on the part of the population (or lack of response from law enforcement agencies).

Poor health of the population, a high percentage of disability. It arises due to insufficient funding for medicine, low living standards, poor environmental conditions, outdated production technologies, alcoholism and drug addiction.

Social inequality. It arises due to the large difference between the living conditions of different groups of the population (in the level of income, opportunities, benefits).

It is possible to single out general factors that lead to the development and progression of problems:

Weak control of the state apparatus, slow (or ineffective) response to emerging problems (or lack of it at all).

Not enough effective work law enforcement and other control bodies.

Insufficiently effective work of educational institutions.

The poor state of the economy as a whole.

High population density.

Change too fast(technological progress, rapidly changing fashion trends), which leads to the development of a consumer model of behavior, when the population strives to have all fashionable goods, spending money on it. Also, in this case, people are easily amenable to advertising and other information obtained from external sources.

Ways to fight and prevention

Statistics show that solving social problems forever and everywhere is impossible. It is possible to partially reduce their manifestation, down to a minimum.

Moreover, the measures taken to address some social problems may lead to the emergence of other negative phenomena. For example, in the 30s of the last century, the Soviet Union was actively engaged in the fight against unemployment. Its level fell: new jobs began to be created for citizens in construction, industry and the agricultural sector. However, this resulted in inefficient employment and heavy manual labor.

Before starting to deal with the problem, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of it. It should include:

Scale: what territory (city, region, etc.) the factor covers.

“Target audience”: which segments of the population and age groups feel its influence.

How dangerous the situation is.

What problems and factors accompany its appearance.

What problem is the key of the complex (for example, alcoholism is one of the main causes of poor health, increased crime, domestic violence).

After "diagnostics", the authorities must develop a set of measures aimed at combating negative factors. Solutions to social problems can include:

Enlightenment " target audience". The population should be aware of the current situation and its development, as well as the consequences that it entails. For example, when it comes to combating drug addiction, it is necessary to regularly inform the population about the consequences of drug use, as well as about crimes committed while under the influence of drugs.

Development of measures aimed at solving key and related problems.

Strengthening control over the situation, regular monitoring of dynamics. It is necessary to track in which direction the statistics are changing, and at what pace the changes are taking place.

If possible - toughening of responsibility. For example, if we are talking about drug addiction, then the terms of imprisonment for the distribution and production of substances should be increased.

Modern measures to deal with each problem separately is always an individual task. The same negative factor will manifest itself differently in each country.

Representatives of all levels of government, regulatory bodies and state structures - from deputies should take part in the struggle (prevention) The State Duma and before. Funds should not be left out. mass media... Their task is to inform the population of the current situation, its changes and possible consequences.

Social problems of Russia (video)