The essence of any of the elements of social control. Concept, types and functions of social control. The concept of social control, its functions

The life of people flows in communication with each other, so they need to unite and coordinate their actions. Any need - for food, clothing, work, education, fame - a person can satisfy only through other people through interaction with them, occupying a certain position in complex and organized groups and institutions - in the family, school, corporate team, political parties, sports team.

Undoubtedly, the world exists solely because the actions of a huge number of people are consistent, but for this they need to understand who is supposed to do what and when. The first condition for an organized social life is the existence of certain agreements between people, which take the form of social expectations expressed in norms. Without norms that determine behavior, interactions in a social group would be impossible. We would be deprived of the guiding lines of what is permissible and what is outside the bounds of permissible. In modern society, the state plays the role of a mechanism for the implementation of a large number of norms - laws. At the same time, the whole world, social being and each person tend to deviate from the axis of their existence and development. The reason for this deviation lies in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the world around him, the social environment and himself. The diversity arising on the basis of this property in the psychophysical, socio-cultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the flourishing of society, its improvement and the implementation of social development.

Deviation in behavior - deviant behavior - is a natural condition for human development, the life of the whole society. In other words, deviant behavior was, is and will be, and this is the relevance of its study.

The presence in society of certain cultural attitudes and requirements, social expectations in itself does not guarantee their fulfillment by all social subjects. The overwhelming majority of people and their groups outwardly, as it were, automatically, spontaneously, out of habit, without external pressure, conscientiously and constantly observe public order, norms and rules of work and community life. But at the same time it is impossible not to remember that, the observance of public order occurs first of all, this is primarily due to their successful socialization and social regulation carried out through it. Secondly, these people are clearly aware that society and the state are monitoring their behavior and in the event of a serious deviation from the normative requirements, they are ready to give this an appropriate assessment and apply adequate sanctions. Third, they see that the negatively deviating behavior of others entails negative consequences for these people, and their conformal active and proactive behavior is encouraged by society and the state. Therefore, no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control. E. Fromm wrote that a society can only function effectively when its members achieve a type of behavior in which they want to act the way they should act as members of a given society.

What is social control?

Social control - it is a way of self-regulation of the social system (society as a whole, social group, etc.), providing through regulation purposeful impact on the behavior of people and other structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability.

When analyzing the content of this definition, it is important to keep in mind a number of points.

First, social control - component a more general and diverse system of social regulation of human behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation is of an orderly, formalized, normative nature and is provided by social sanctions or the threat of their application..

Secondly, the problem of social control is a certain cross-section of the main sociological issue of the relationship and interaction of an individual, a social group (community) and society as a whole. ... Social control is carried out through socialization (internal control), and through the interaction of the individual with the primary social group, its culture (group control) and through the interaction of the individual, the social group with society as a whole (social control through coercion).

Thirdly, one cannot imagine social control one-sidedly - as a blind and automatic submission of a person to requirements. social norms when a person acts only as an object, and society (social group) as a subject. In this case, it is social interaction that takes place, moreover, it is constant and active, in which not only the person is experiencing the impact of social control, but also social control is undergoing a reverse effect on the part of the person, which can even lead to a change in his character.

Fourth, the nature, content and direction of social control are determined by the character, nature, type of the given social system. ... It is obvious that social control in a totalitarian and in a truly democratic society will be fundamentally different. Likewise, social control in simple, primitive societies is completely different from social control in complex modern industrial societies (a complex and developed system of formalized control).

Famous Russian sociologist and legal scholar A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components of social control and the relationship between them:

· Individual actions, manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment;

· The social scale of assessments, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the whole society, on which the reaction of the social environment to an individual action depends;

Categorization of individual action (i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or condemned actions), which is the result of the functioning of the social rating scale;

· The nature of public self-awareness, including the nature of public self-assessment and assessment by the social group of the situation, within which it acts (social perception), on which the categorization of individual action depends;

· The nature and content of social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of public consciousness;

· An individual rating scale, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action.

In the system of social control, an important place belongs to social sanctions as a reaction of society or a social group to the behavior of an individual in socially significant situations..

Social sanctions Is an operational means of social control aimed at ensuring the proper fulfillment of the requirements of social norms and roles.

By nature sanctions, like social norms themselves, can be legal, moral, religious, etc.;

by scope - political, economic, spiritual and ideological, etc .;

by the form of fastening- formal, i.e. fixed, for example, in a law or other legal act, and informal;

in scale- international and domestic.

The application of legal sanctions is ensured by state coercion; moral - by the force of moral encouragement or condemnation on the part of society or social group; religious - by the authority of religious dogmas and church activities. This is one of the sources of their effectiveness. So, if a legal law or other legal act, the legal sanctions contained in it are based on the moral foundations and requirements of society, then their effectiveness is much increased; and vice versa. If the adopted law and the sanctions contained in it do not meet the moral norms of society, then the law itself and its sanctions may turn out to be difficult to implement, “dead”.

The role and significance of social control consists, first of all, in the fact that it makes a serious contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thus plays a very important role in stabilizing and integrating the social system and strengthening social order... Social control aims to make it a habit social standards behavior in certain situations that do not cause objections of the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. Social control plays a special role in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily deviant (deviant) behavior of people or groups.

2 Types of social deviations

V modern conditions there can hardly be a society in which all of its members behave in accordance with general regulatory requirements. When a person violates the norms, rules of behavior, laws, then his behavior, depending on the nature of the violation, is called deviant, deviant, criminal, criminal, etc.

In modern society, the most essential norms of behavior affecting the interests of other people are written into laws, and their violation is considered a crime. Sociologists usually deal with the category of offenders who break the law because they pose a threat to society. The more burglaries, the more people fear for their property; the more murders, the more we fear for our lives.

In the process of socialization, the individual assimilates patterns of behavior, social norms and values necessary for his successful functioning in a given society. However, in this process, failures and failures are possible.

A manifestation of deficiencies in socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - this various forms negative behavior of persons, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law.

Deviant behavior- committing acts that contradict the norms of social behavior in a particular community.

It is customary to refer to the main forms of deviant behavior as delinquency, including crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide.

Deviant behavior- this is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome the state of insecurity and tension through certain compensatory forms.

However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for the new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which prevents him from moving forward. Deviant behavior can include various types of scientific, technical and artistic creation... Consider the different types of social deviations.

Cultural and mental disabilities... Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from cultural norms. People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental disorders. However, personal disorganization is far from the only reason for deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms accepted in society, and, conversely, for individuals who are mentally completely normal, very serious deviations are characteristic. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.

Individual and group deviations.

Individual when a separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

Group, considered as the conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture. For example, teenagers from difficult families who spend most of their lives in basements. "Basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes. In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, since adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture..

Social control- a special mechanism for maintaining public order. It includes two main elements - norms and sanctions.

Social norms and sanctions

Social norms- this is a space, outlined by certain boundaries, within which the behavior of a certain person is perceived as normal, permissible in relation to a given society. Social norms, depending on the status and on the specific situation in society, can be structured more rigidly and less rigidly. In the event that the norms are rigidly structured, then the number of behavioral options that correspond to a specific social status within the framework of the current social norm is small. The softer the structuring of social norms, the more options for a person's behavior appear.

The main trend in the development of modern society is to expand the boundaries of social norms. However, in totalitarian and authoritarian societies, there is often a narrowing of the boundaries of social norms that are associated with certain social statuses, especially in the political sphere of society.

Close to the concept of social norm is the concept of social attitude. Social attitude- the most preferable behavior of an individual from the point of view of society, community, groups, surrounding people. Different social groups and communities may have different social attitudes.

Failure by a person (group of people) to comply with social norms entails the application of sanctions. Sanctions- means of encouragement and punishment that stimulate people to comply with social norms.

Social control brings order to human society, establishes the “order” of life and penalizes everyone who violates it. Social control is the foundation of stability in society. This protective function sometimes interferes with the development of society. But its complete absence leads to the collapse of social relations, riots, social strife.

Basic institutions of social control

Social control through group pressure... By participating in collective action, everyone must adapt to the demands of those around them. A person can be a member of many groups (family, class, student group), and each small group has an established formal or informal “code” of behavior, its own social attitudes. Deviations from correct behavior are condemned by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation is possible - from simple remarks, “sidelong” glances to expulsion from a given group.

Social control through coercion... Many primitive societies successfully control behavior through group pressure. But in complex societies, this is not enough. Group pressure can ease, the person is “lost” in the crowd, and control becomes ineffective. Hence the need for formal control arises - in laws, coercive coercion. When a person does not want to follow the laws, that is, the norms written down on paper, then society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else.

Social control through socialization... 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. No laws and the police will force, for example, a woman to wash, wash dishes, take care of children and do other routine household chores. She does this under the pressure of "internal control", which was formed in the process of socialization. A woman doesn't just force herself to do housework, she wants to do it. In the process of socialization, our desires and habits are formed, and society strives to make them what it needs. A society functions normally only when its members want to act in a way that is beneficial to society.

Deviant behavior

Deviant (deviant) behavior- a system of actions or individual actions that contradict the legal or moral norms accepted in society. The more rigidly social norms are formulated, the more options are perceived by society as deviant behavior. But it is paradoxical that, as a rule, the more rigidly formulated social norms, the less people they are violated. The explanation is quite easy: tough norms - a tough system of sanctions - fewer people violate these norms. A special type of deviant behavior is delinquent behavior - behavior that violates not only social norms, but also the criminal code, criminal behavior.

The policy of the modern Russian state in the field of social control and world practice

V Soviet authoritarian society social control was one of the backbone factors of that society. The boundaries of social norms were narrowed. who exercised social control were enough. These social institutions, depending on the violation of social norms, more or less severely punished the culprit. The punishments were varied - from public or community condemnation to the application of sanctions provided for in the criminal code.

V perestroika period social norms have changed significantly, the boundaries of old social norms have generally expanded, and sanctions have softened. The social institutions that control the implementation of social norms have either changed or ceased to exist. In general, the mechanism of social control in society has changed significantly.

Talking about global trends, then the mechanism of social control largely depends on the type of political regime: in authoritarian and especially totalitarian countries, it is tougher and tougher, respectively, and sanctions for non-compliance with social norms. Such regimes are found in Asia (especially Islamic non-democratic regimes), Africa and Latin America. On the contrary, in democratic countries the mechanism of social control is usually milder, or, more precisely, the punishment for violations of social norms is milder.

In order to protect society from social anomie and excessive level of deviation, there is social control, which is the collection sanctions designed to keep individuals from deviant behavior.

There are two types of social control:

formal control is exercised by control bodies created by the state that perform control functions, various organizations, institutions, as well as rules and norms designed to protect order. Social control organizations include law enforcement agencies, special services, courts, etc .;
informal is associated with the process of mutual control of participants in a process, a collective, as well as with various forms of public opinion reaction to people's behavior (condemnation, refusal of contacts, etc.). Informal methods of social control include self-control of personality.

Social control system

In any social group, a rather complex system of social control measures is developed (Fig. 1), which includes:

methods of persuasion, a set of prohibitions and prescriptions, measures of coercion up to the use of physical violence, applied to careless or inclined to deviant behavior;
a set of measures of encouragement, recognition, which stimulates the behavior of individuals who conscientiously fulfill the prescriptions of social norms.

Rice. 1. The system of social control

Each society forms a certain system of supervision over the behavior of citizens, which has formal and informal ways of detecting undesirable actions and behavior.

Types of social control

It is divided into two types:

self-control- the application of sanctions, committed by the person himself, aimed at himself;
external control- a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee the observance of generally accepted norms of behavior and laws.

External control is:

informal - based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions or means mass media;
formal - based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration.

In a modern society, in a complex society, in a country of many millions, it is impossible to maintain order and stability by informal methods, since informal control is limited to a small group of people, therefore it is called local. On the contrary, formal controls operate throughout the country. It is carried out by agents of formal control - specially trained and receiving wages for the performance of control functions of a person, carriers of social status and roles - judges, law enforcement officers, social workers, church ministers, etc. In traditional society, social control was based on unwritten rules. For example, in a traditional rural community, there were no written norms; v unified system social control organically intertwined the church.

In modern society, the basis of social control is the norms fixed in the documents - instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls us through exam grades, the government through the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state through the police, the secret service, state television, press and radio.

Social control methods

Depending on the applied sanctions, control methods are:

straight hard; tool - political repression;
indirect rigid; instrument - economic sanctions of the international community;
straight soft; instrument - the operation of the constitution and the criminal code;
indirect soft; the tool is the media.

Organizations control:

general (if the manager gives the subordinate a task and does not control the progress of its implementation);
detailed (if the manager intervenes in every action, corrects, etc.); such control is also called supervision.

Supervision takes place not only at the micro level, but also at the macro level.

At the macro level, the supervising subject is the state - police stations, informant services, prison guards, escort troops, courts, censorship.

An organization and society as a whole can be overwhelmed by a myriad of norms. In such cases, the population refuses to comply with the norms, and the authorities are not able to control every little thing. However, it has long been noticed: the worse the laws are executed, the more of them are published. The population is protected from regulatory overloads by their failure to fulfill them. If most of the people for whom a given norm is designed to circumvent it, the norm is considered dead.

People will necessarily not comply with the rules or bypass the law:

if this norm is unprofitable for them, contradicts their interests, causes more harm than good;
if there is no strict and unconditional mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the law for all citizens.

Mutually beneficial orders, laws, regulations and, in general, social norms are convenient because they are executed voluntarily and do not require the maintenance of an additional staff of controllers.

Each rule must be covered by an appropriate number of sanctions and control agents.

Responsibility before the execution of the law arises from citizens, provided that they:

equal before the law, despite status differences;
interested in the operation of this law.

The American sociologist of Austrian origin P. Berger proposed the concept of social control, the essence of which is as follows (Fig. 1). The person stands in the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each circle is a new control system.

Circle 1 - outer - political and legal system, represented by a powerful state apparatus. In addition to our will, the state:

collects taxes;
calls for military service;
makes you obey your rules and regulations;
if he deems it necessary, he will deprive him of freedom and even life.

Circle 2 - morality, customs and mores. Everyone follows our morality:

the morality police - can go to jail;
parents, relatives - use informal sanctions such as condemnation;
friends - will not forgive betrayal or meanness and can part with you.

Circle 3 - professional system. At work, a person is shackled: by a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional responsibilities, business liabilities with a controlling effect. Immorality is punished by dismissal from work, eccentricity - by the loss of chances to find a new job.

Rice. 1. Illustration to the concept of P. Berger

The control of the professional system is of great importance, since the profession and position decide what an individual can and cannot in non-production life, which organizations will accept him as a member, what the circle of his acquaintances will be, in which area he will allow himself to live, etc. ...

Circle 4 - social environment, namely: distant and close, unfamiliar and familiar people. The environment imposes on a person its own requirements, unwritten laws, for example: the manner of dressing and speaking, aesthetic tastes, political and religious beliefs, even the manner of behaving at the table (an ill-mannered person will not be invited to visit or will be refused home by those who value good manners).

Circle 5 - closest to individual - private life. The circle of family and personal friends also forms a system of social control. Social pressure on the individual is not weakening here, but, on the contrary, is increasing. It is in this circle that the individual establishes the most important social ties. Disapproval, loss of prestige, ridicule or contempt in the circle of loved ones have a much greater psychological weight than the same sanctions coming from strangers or strangers.

The core of privacy is the intimate relationship between husband and wife. It is in intimate relationships that a person seeks support for the most important feelings that make up the self-image. To gamble these connections is to risk losing yourself.

Thus, a person must: give in, obey, please, by virtue of his position, everyone - from the federal tax service to his own wife (husband).

Society with all its bulk suppresses the individual.

It is impossible to live in society and be free from it.

- a mechanism for maintaining public order through normative regulation, which implies the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

Social control concept

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system will be disorganized and disintegrated. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, the preservation of social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms that should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain negative sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) should be applied, including including legal.

- this is, on the one hand, the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social impact, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of an individual proceeds under the control of society and the people around him. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, observing the correctness of the assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of the individual to the social group into which he is integrated, which is expressed in the meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements- social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that motivate people to comply with social norms.

Social norms

Social norms- these are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms proper.

Legal regulations - these are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation legal regulations involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

Moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main instrument in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

TO social norms usually include:

group social habits (for example, “don’t turn your nose up in front of your own”);
social customs (eg hospitality);
social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, customs, taboos are sometimes called general rules of social behavior.

Social sanction

Sanction recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of reward (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that motivate people to abide by social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are inseparably whole, and if some social norm lacks an accompanying social sanction, then it loses its socially regulating function. For example, back in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the social norm was the birth of children only in legal marriage. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into decent marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violation of this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

Types of social sanctions

While formal sanctions seem to be more effective, in fact, informal sanctions are more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are assimilated so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, self-control mechanisms prevail over external control mechanisms.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French. interiorization - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee the observance of social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control based on formal approval or condemnation, carried out by the authorities state power, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, decrees, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of representatives of the authorities. This control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, is expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a grin. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, expulsion from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, and the least punishment is certain types group habits, in particular family.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in feelings of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social action, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

The individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows an individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral obligations and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome their inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with their beliefs.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly struggle with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore, self-control is the most important condition for the social behavior of people. Usually, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the stricter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the more rigid external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with high social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and meet needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Penza State University

Department of Sociology and Personnel Management

Course work on the topic

"Essence and forms of social control"

Discipline Sociology

Completed: student group 08bx3

Tsyruleva Olga Checked by: KSN, Associate Professor of the Department of CiUP Kozina E.S. Penza 2009 Table of contents Introduction

Main part

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and elements.

1.1. The concept of social control, its functions.
1.2. Elements of social control
1.2.1. Social norms as a regulator of behavior

1.2.2. Sanctions as an element of social control

1.3. Self-control
1.4. P. Berger's concept of social control

Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control.

2.1. Forms of social control
2.2 Agents and social control instruments

Conclusion

Glossary

Used Books:

Applications

Introduction

- Society is a self-regulating complex social system... The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. He acts as part of common system social regulation and is designed to ensure by various means the normal orderly functioning and development of society, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that can disorganize social life and social order.
- Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control. So E. Fromm wrote that a society can only function effectively when its members achieve such a type of behavior in which they want to act the way they should act as members of a given society.
- Many sociologists have studied social control. Term "Social control" was introduced into scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed to consider him as one of the critical factors socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists, such as E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre, the theory of social control was developed.
- I consider the topic of this course work relevant, since society is a dynamic system and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, values are formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and effective, so there is still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in a social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is ensured by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous society will be. Therefore, the system of social control must be studied more deeply, find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the current social culture.
- The purpose of the course work- to determine the role of social control in society, to reveal the dependence of the orientation and content of social control on the economic, political, ideological and other characteristics of a given social system, historically determined by the level of its development. In addition, we need to draw conclusions about the influence of social control on the development of a person's personality and society as a whole.
- The set goal determined the following tasks:
- Consider the essence of social control, its definition as essential tool to ensure the process of assimilation by each person various elements the culture that has developed in a given society;
- · Get acquainted with the various functions of social control that it performs in society;
- · Explore the forms of social control, their interconnection and the effectiveness of influence on society, based on the works of A.I. Kravchenko, V.F. Anurin, V.V. Latysheva, P. Berger, and many others.
- Thus, object of this course work is directly the institution of social control, and subject- its close relationship with society, the forms in which it is carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the influence of social control on society.

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and the elements 1.1 The concept of social control, its functions The concept of social control was introduced by T. Tarde, the founder of social psychology, who understood it as a set of ways by which a criminal is led to normal behavior. Subsequently, the meaning of this term has expanded significantly. This was largely due to the research of American sociologists E. Ross and R. Park, who understood under social control a purposeful impact on an individual in order to bring human behavior into conformity with social norms. According to T. Parsons, social control is a process by which, through the imposition of sanctions are opposed to deviant, i.e. deviant behavior and social stability is maintained. So, socialcontrol - it is a way of self-regulation of a social system (society as a whole, a social group, etc.), which, through normative regulation, provides a targeted impact of people and other structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability. general definition, it is important to keep in mind a number of fundamental points: · Social control is an integral part of a more general and diverse system of social regulation of people's behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation is here ordered, normative and rather categorical and is ensured by social sanctions or the threat of their application; The problem of social control is a certain cut of the main sociological issue of the relationship and interaction of the individual, social group and society as a whole ... Social control is carried out through the socialization of the individual, i.e. internal control, and through the interaction of the individual with the primary social group, its culture, i.e. group control and through the interaction of an individual, a social group with society as a whole, i.e. social control through coercion; · It is impossible to imagine social control one-sidedly - as a blind and automatic submission of a person to the requirements of social norms, when a person acts only as an object, and society as a subject. It should be seen that in this case it is social interaction that takes place, moreover, constant and active, in which not only the person experiences the impact of social control, but also social control undergoes the opposite effect from the person, which can even lead to a change in his character; , the content and direction of social control are determined by the character, nature, type of the given social system. It is quite obvious that social control in a totalitarian society and in a democratic society will be fundamentally different. Likewise, social control in simple, primitive, archaic societies is completely different (for example, informal) in comparison with social control in complex modern industrial societies (a complex and developed system of formalized control). The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, reward, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium. You can point to the following distinctive features social control: 1) orderliness, categoricality and formalization: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept a norm only because he is a member of a given society; 2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violating norms and rewards for their observance; 3) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to one or another human behavior, and therefore, can be both negative and positive incentives when choosing goals and means of achieving them. Describing the anatomy and mechanism of the social control system, the famous Russian sociologist and legal scholar A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them: , ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the entire society, on which the reaction of the social environment to an individual action depends; · categorization of an individual action, i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or censured actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social scale of assessments; the nature of public self-awareness, including the nature of public self-esteem and the social group's assessment of the situation within which it acts, on which the categorization of an individual action depends; social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of social consciousness; individual scale of assessments, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action. The mechanism of social control plays a critical role in strengthening institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. Social institution and social control consist of the same elements, that is, identical rules and norms of behavior that reinforce and standardize the behavior of people, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most generally accepted concepts in sociology. They designate the most various means that any society uses to curb its rebellious members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who have accidentally gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to disintegrate in the shortest possible time. ”Social control in relation to society has two main functions: · Protective function. This function sometimes prevents social control from being a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions just does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes new things that have not been properly tested. · Stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, confusion, confusion and social discord. 1.2 Elements of social control Social control helps to preserve the living tissue of social relations and is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements - norms and sanctions. 1.2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior Each person understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by society. These rules, which are the benchmark in relation to our actions, are called social norms. Social norms- these are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a specific situation. Social norms act as regulators of people's behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them occur in the process of socialization. The norms impose obligations and mutual responsibility on the participants in social interaction. They concern both individuals and society. On their basis, the entire system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: from an individual performing a certain role, society expects predictable behavior. The individual also assumes that society will justify his trust and fulfill its obligations. Social norms are a product of the spiritual activity of society. They are in constant development. So, many modern rules behaviors are fundamentally different from those that were common a hundred years ago. Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and personal dignity, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols (coat of arms, anthem, flag) and the laws of the state, human qualities (loyalty, honesty, discipline, hard work), religion. Values are the basis of norms. Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. In contrast to the values that are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in the value orientations of many individuals), the norms are of a more rigid and binding character. Several types of social norms can be distinguished: 1) customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior; 2) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having rational justification; 3) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulations issued by the state. They more clearly than all other varieties of social norms, regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe punishment for violations. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the strength of the state; 4) political norms that relate to the relationship between an individual and power. Between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts conventions, etc.; 5) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the faith of the followers of religion in punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of their sphere of functioning; in reality, however, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs; 6) aesthetic norms that reinforce the idea of the beautiful and the ugly. Social norms are determined by the diversity of social life, any direction of human activity is regulated by them. Different kinds social norms can be classified by following criteria: · By the scale of distribution - universal, national, social-group, organizational; · by functions - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing; · by the degree of increasing severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of customs or traditions in modern society is not considered a crime and is not severely condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for breaking laws. Thus, social norms perform in society very important functions:· Regulate the general course of socialization; · integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society; · control deviant behavior; · serve as models, standards of behavior. Deviation from norms is punished with the help of sanctions. 1.2 .2 Sanctions as an element of social control In order to promptly respond to the actions of people, expressing its attitude towards them, society has created a system of social sanctions. Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created with the aim of protecting the values of society, then sanctions are intended to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If the norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool through which the individual first gets to know the norm and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a lesson learned well, rewarding a student for a conscientious study. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate such behavior in the child's mind as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, he will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control transforms external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal. · Positive sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude to professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization has made a profit, helping those who need it. Each type of activity has its own rewards. · Negative sanctions - condemning or punishing actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, discontent of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fines, as well as more severe actions such as detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more powerful than the expectation of a reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, be preemptive rather than late. Formal sanctions come from official organizations- governments or administrations of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees. · Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, colleagues at work, classmates, passers-by. Formal and informal sanctions can also be: Material - a gift or fine, a bonus or confiscation of property; Moral - awarding a diploma or honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand. For sanctions to be effective and strengthen social norms, it is necessary, so that they meet a number of requirements: sanctions must be timely. Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, and even more so punished after a considerable time. In this case, the action and the sanction on it are torn off from each other; sanctions must be proportionate to the action, reasonable. Undeserved encouragement generates dependent sentiments, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society; sanctions, like norms, should be obligatory for everyone. Exceptions to the rules give rise to a “double standard” morality, which negatively affects the entire normative system. Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to act and to regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, appeal, appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control. 1.3 Self-control Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. Internal control is also called self-control: an individual independently regulates his behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt. Contrary to the norms of appropriate behavior, a person, for example, is jealous of a more successful rival. In such cases, they speak of pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control. Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, consisting of spontaneous impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. Self-awareness is an extremely important socio-psychological characteristic of a person. The source from which a person's idea of himself is drawn are the people around him and those who are significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their estimates, the individual judges what he is like. The content of self-awareness is influenced by a person's idea of how others think him. Social behavior a person to a large extent consists of his reaction to the opinions of people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-awareness. About 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control is developed in people, the more often institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for the self-realization of a personality and its successful interaction with other people. Society evaluates a person, but the individual also evaluates society, the state and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups and society, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinking them through a certain personal experience, habits, social norms that he has learned earlier. Accordingly, the person's attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual, either positive, or negative, or neutral. 1.4 P. Berger's concept of social control According to Peter Berger's concept, each person is at the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each subsequent circle is a new control system. [Appendix 1] Outside, the largest circle is political and legal system represented by a powerful state apparatus. All are powerless before him. In addition to our will, the state levies taxes, calls up for military service, makes us obey its endless laws and regulations, rules and regulations, and if necessary, put us in jail and can take our lives. The individual is in the center of the circle as at the point of maximum pressure. circle of social control morality is included, customs and mores. Everyone follows the morality of a person - from the whole society to parents, relatives, friends. The authorities can imprison you for breaking the law, parents and relatives use informal sanctions: condemnation, censure, and friends, not forgiving betrayal or meanness, can part with us. All within their competence apply the tools of social control. Immorality is punished by dismissal from work, eccentricity - by the loss of chances to find a new place, bad manners - by not being invited to visit. Lack of work and loneliness are, perhaps, no less punishment compared to being in prison, says P. Berger. In addition to large circles of compulsion, in which an individual is together with other members of society, there are small circles of control, the most essential of which is circle of control by the professional system... At work a person is shackled by a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional duties, business obligations that have a controlling effect, sometimes very tough. A businessman is controlled by licensing organizations, a worker - by professional associations and trade unions, a subordinate - by managers, who, in turn, are controlled by higher authorities. Equally important different ways informal control on the part of colleagues and employees. Peter Berger writes about this as follows: “... For clarity, the reader can imagine a doctor who puts on treatment a patient who is unfavorable for the clinic; an entrepreneur who advertises a low-cost funeral ... a government official who persists in spending less than the budget; an assembly line worker who, from the point of view of his colleagues, is unacceptable, exceeds the production norms, etc. In these cases, economic sanctions are applied most often and effectively: a doctor is denied practice, an entrepreneur can be expelled from a professional organization ... be the sanction of public boycott, contempt, ridicule. Any professional role in society, even the smallest, requires a specific code of conduct ... Adherence to this code is usually just as necessary for professional career as well as technical competence and related education. ”The next circle of control includes informal is requiredand I to the individual, because each person, in addition to professional, is involved in other social relations. These relationships have their own systems of control, many of which are more formal, others are even tougher than professional ones. For example, the rules for admission and membership in many clubs and fraternities are as strict as the rules governing executives at IBM are selected. Thus, an independent system of social control is represented by social environment. It includes people far and near, unfamiliar and familiar to the individual. The environment makes its demands on a person, which represent a wide range of phenomena. These can include dressing and speaking, aesthetic tastes, political and religious beliefs, and even table manners. Thus, the circle of informal requirements describes the area of possible actions of the individual in certain situations. The last and closest circle to the individual, which also forms a control system, is the group of people in which private life takes place. the individual, that is, it is circle of his familyand personal friends... Social or, more precisely, normative pressure on the individual does not abate here - on the contrary, there is every reason to believe that in a certain sense it is even increasing. It is not surprising, because it is in this circle that the individual establishes the most important social connections for himself. Disapproval, loss of prestige, ridicule or contempt in the circle of relatives and friends have a much greater psychological weight for a person than similar sanctions coming from strangers or strangers. At work, the boss can fire a subordinate, depriving him of his livelihood. But the psychological consequences of this formal economic action will be truly disastrous, says P. Berger, if his wife and children are going through this dismissal. Unlike other control systems, pressure from loved ones can occur precisely when the individual is completely unprepared for it. At work, in transport, in in public places the person is usually alert and potentially ready to confront any threat. The inner part of the last circle, his core, make up intimate relationshiphusband and wife... It is in the most intimate relationships that a person seeks support for himself. To gamble these connections is to risk losing yourself. "It's no surprise that often people who are bossy at work instantly give way to their wives at home and cringe when their friends' eyebrows go up in displeasure." A person, having looked around him and sequentially listing everyone to whom he should yield, obey or please due to his location in the center of concentric circles of social control - from the federal tax service to his own wife - eventually comes to the conclusion that society is suppresses it. Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control 2.1 Forms of social control In sociological science, 4 fundamental forms of social control are known: · external control; · internal control; · control through identification with a reference group; · control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "set opportunities "). 1) The first form of control - external social control- This is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activity of the individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment. This form is the most well-known and understandable, but in modern conditions it seems ineffective, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, and someone must also follow them. Thus, on the scale of society, a classic "pyramid of controllers" is being built, which is characteristic of a totalitarian state. 2) The second form of control is internal social control is a self-control exercised by a person, aimed at harmonizing his own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. This form presupposes the interiorization of norms and values. That is, the controller is no longer something external to the individual. Such control is more effective in modern conditions, it shifts responsibility from an external controller to the actor himself. For such a form of control to function successfully, society must have an established system of norms and values. The third and fourth forms of control are less known and require the use of more subtle socio-psychological mechanisms. 3) The third form is Tocontrol through identification with a reference group- allows you to show the agent possible and desirable for society models of behavior, seemingly without limiting the freedom of choice of the agent; 4) The fourth form - the so-called "many possibilities" possible options achievement of the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the choice of the figure of those forms that are undesirable for society. Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. His social control is carried out in the following forms: NScoercion, the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and therefore through informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal control, laws and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If an individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and the need for formal control arises. Thus, in the presence of a large population, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society will resort to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are strictly developed rules, or a system of control through coercion, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with different types deviations from the norms; Influence of public opinion... People in society are also controlled by public opinion or by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences adopted in a given society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in decision-making by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and learned not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over their behavior is carried out; Regulation in social institutions and organizations... Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, mass media, administration of institutions). · Ggroup pressure... A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms, specific both for this group and for society as a whole. Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that an individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms adopted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group. The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is not always the same in all primary groups. Group pressure on an individual violating the norms depends on many factors, and, first of all, on the status of this individual. For persons with high and low statuses in the group, absolutely different ways group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or the leader of the group has as one of his main responsibilities the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and himself can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his leadership status, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line through which he cannot cross. Beyond this line, he begins to experience the action of group social control from the rest of the group and his leadership influence ends. The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, the cohesion of a group is high, the group loyalty to the cultural samples of the given group also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control rises. Group pressure from loyal group members (i.e., group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, it is much more difficult for a group that spends only free time together and is therefore fragmented, it is much more difficult to exercise intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a team or family. The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth form was described by the American sociologist S. Ask. This list does not include such an important element as the presence of common values assimilated by individuals in the process of socialization. The point is that coercive social control does not always reduce deviations. Naturally, there are many individual reasons why people violate social norms. However, breaking the rules can become a practice that is tacitly approved or simply tolerated by society. This usually happens when the rules are too strict (or people think that they are too strict). For this reason, harsh police measures against a certain type of offense rarely bring positive results, although connivance against deviant behavior is also unacceptable. Based on this, two conclusions can be drawn: 1) social control can only be effective if it adheres to the "golden middle "between freedom of choice and responsibility for this choice; 2) this feature indicates that social control operates mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values and stability of society and social groups. In addition to the above forms of social control, there are also general and detailed control - Sometimes control is equated with management. The content of control and management are very similar, but they must be distinguished. The mother or father controls how the child performs homework... Parents do not manage, but precisely control the process, since the goals and objectives were set not by them, but by the teacher. Parents only monitor the process of completing the task. Thus, control is a narrower concept than management. The difference between management and control is that the former is expressed through the leadership style, and the latter through methods. Control methods can be common and detailed. For example, the manager gives the subordinate a task and does not control the progress of its implementation - he resorts to general control . If a manager interferes in every action of his subordinates, corrects, pulls back, etc., he uses detailed control. Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a non-basic social institution . Oversight grows to size large-scale social system, covering the whole country. Such a system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant services, prison guards, courts, censorship. Since control is part of the administration as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that depending on the type control will change and management itself. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. So control methods affect the management style, which, in turn, has two types - style authoritarian and style democratic.2.2 Agents and tools of social control Social control is the most effective way by which powerful institutions of society organize the vital activities of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case the methods of social control, are very diverse, they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is huge: from clarifying relations between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, economic coercion of a person by the whole society. Control mechanisms do not need to be aimed at judging an unwanted person or encouraging others to disloyalty to her. "Disapproval" is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, interactions with others. - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup. Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration. Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control. In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, are constantly operating to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of basic headings. Unlike formal control methods such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to the channels of their transmission. Formal control historically emerged later than informal - during the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local... On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing, it operates throughout the country. He global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, that is, persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are carriers of social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, in modern societies it is based on written norms; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control gained institutional support . Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, the army, industry, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls with grades, the government with the tax and social assistance system, the state with the police, the secret service, state radio, television and the press. , depending on the applied sanctions, they are subdivided into: · hard; · soft; · direct; · indirect. [Appendix 2] Conclusion The role and significance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it makes a significant contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure, and thus plays a very important role in the stabilization and integration of the social system and the consolidation of social order. Social control aims to make it a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that are not objectionable by the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, immediate and obvious. Having considered social control as a social institution, having studied its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions: · Mechanisms of social control play a vital role in strengthening all institutions of society; · In relation to society, social control performs two main functions: protective and stabilizing. · Main the purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society; Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium. GlossaryDeviation or deviant behavior(from lat. deviatio - evasion) - social actions deviating from generally accepted norms, actions of people or their group, leading to a violation of these norms and causing the need for an appropriate response from a social group or society as a whole. V broad sense deviation includes any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, special diligence) and negative (crimes, violations of public order, moral norms). In a narrower sense (it is this sense that is touched upon in this term paper) is understood only as a negative deviation from the established norms, both legal and moral. Interiorientation- (from fr. interiorisation- transition from outside to inside, from lat. interior- internal) - the formation of internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of external social activities, appropriation of life experience, the formation of mental functions and development in general. Any complex action, before becoming the property of the mind, must be realized outside. Thanks to interiorization, we can talk to ourselves, and actually think, without disturbing others. Self-control - independent regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and impulses, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms of control of society over the behavior of its individual members, and personal control of each over himself. The mechanism of self-control encompasses convictions, feelings, habits, a person's self-assessment of his actions, motives, moral qualities gradually developing in the process of a person's social life activity (conscience is one of the forms of such self-assessment); self-education. Self-awareness - a person's separation of himself from the objective world, awareness and assessment of his attitude to the world, himself as a person, his actions, actions, thoughts and feelings, desires and interests. Social control- a mechanism for self-regulation of society and social groups, ensuring their purposeful impact on people's behavior in order to strengthen order and stability. Social control is designed to guarantee the given social values, norms and roles the behavior of a person or a social group. He bases his activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society, group and instilling its values and norms in its members by fostering patterns of behavior. Used Books 1. Berger P. L. Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. - M .: Aspect Press, 1996 .-- 168 p. 2. V.V. Kos'yanov Sociology: exam answers. - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 320 p. 3. Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2003 .-- 432 p. 4. V.V. Latysheva Fundamentals of Sociology: Pupil for college students. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 240p. 5. Dictionary of Ethics // Edited by I.S. Kon. - M .: Politizdat, 1981 .-- 430 p. 6. E. V. Tadevosyan Dictionary reference book on sociology and political science. - M .: Knowledge, 1996. - 273p. 7. E. V. Tadevosyan Sociology. Tutorial... - M .: Knowledge, 1998 .-- 272 p. 8. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-2503.html 9. http://www.5ka.ru/72/50730/1.html10. http://otherreferats.allbest.ru/sociology/00001928_0.html 11. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki Annex 1 Social control system according to P. Berger Appendix 2 Combination of formal control methods