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Currently, the following types of transport are used for the transportation of goods, depending on the type of natural environment in which the process of movement is carried out: land (road, rail), water (sea, river), air (air transport), pipeline (depending on the location of the pipes may refer to any of the listed modes of transport).

The types of transport mechanisms used are divided into vehicles that move with the load, and transport devices that do not themselves move in space, but provide the spatial movement of the load.

There are many classifications of modes of transport, depending on the chosen classification criterion. The most common are the following classifications.

Depending on the environment in which the transportation process is carried out, the following types of transport are distinguished:

* water transport is a transport designed to move in the aquatic environment.

In turn, water transport is subdivided into:

Surface and underwater;

Sea and river;

* ground - this is a vehicle designed to move on the earth's surface.

This type of transport is subdivided, depending on the vehicles used, into:

Automotive;

Railway;

Pipeline;

* air - this is a vehicle designed to move in the air (above the ground, but in the earth's atmosphere);

* space is a vehicle designed to move in space (above the earth, but outside the earth's atmosphere).

Depending on the range of consumers of transport services, transport is divided into:

* mainline, or public transport, is a transport that serves any market participant (the circle of consumers is not limited by anything);

* departmental (industrial, non-public) - this is a transport that serves the carriage of goods only for some part of the market participants or even only for an individual market participant.

Depending on the time of use, transport is:

* year-round (all-season) is a transport that provides transportation of goods to market participants all year round;

* seasonal (off-season) - this is a transport that works only a few months a year, as long as natural conditions permit. For example, in our country, water transport often does not function in the winter season, as rivers and seas freeze over.

Depending on the composition of the transported goods, transport is divided into:

* universal - this is a vehicle designed for the transportation of potentially any type of cargo;

* special - this is a vehicle intended for the carriage of only a certain type of cargo. Of these types of transport, this group mainly includes pipeline transport. However, in each type of transport there is always one or another specialization of vehicles according to the types of products transported. Transport specialization is an important way to reduce transport costs.

Depending on the form of ownership, transport can be:

* state-owned - this is a transport that belongs to the state;

* private - this is a vehicle that belongs to individuals (organizations or the public).

Depending on what kind of transportations are served, the transport differs:

* national (domestic) is a transport that serves the transportation of goods within a given country;

* international (external) is a transport that serves the transportation of goods between countries.

A market participant, as a rule, needs to move his cargo safe and sound to the required place at a certain distance and for some time. Usually he can do this by using different types of transport, and therefore he is always faced with the task of choosing one or another mode of transport with which he can deliver his cargo. This problem is solved taking into account the various characteristics that the movement of cargo by one or another mode of transport possesses, and the criterion, ultimately, is the minimization of transport costs and (or) the maximization of the profit of a given market participant.

Each type of transport (in this context - freight) has a number of comparative advantages (relative advantages) and comparative disadvantages (relatively negative features) at once.

The comparative market essence of the mode of transport is best shown by the unity of its main advantage and the main disadvantage for transport:

* automotive - agility versus cost;

* railway - scale against non-maneuverability;

* water - cheapness versus durability;

* air (air) - speed versus cost;

* pipeline - scale and cheapness versus cargo constraints.

Each mode of transport, ultimately, is used by market participants when its advantages for a particular carriage of goods outweigh its relative disadvantages to a greater extent than is the case with the use of other modes of transport.

Since usually the carriage of goods can be carried out by a wide variety of modes of transport, the market participant always has a choice as to what mode of transport and on what conditions he can carry out the process of carriage of goods.

The main feature of road transport is maneuverability. This type of transport has an undeniable advantage - it allows you to deliver the goods directly to the buyer's warehouse. All other types of transport can do this only on condition that the consignee has a delivery point specially equipped for a particular type of transport, for example, its own seaport, railway junction, airport. Since in most cases a market participant does not have such delivery points, he has to use road transport to deliver the goods from the point of unloading by rail, water, air transport to their own acceptance warehouse.

Features of railway transport: this type of transport is also a land mode of transport, and therefore, like road transport, it is able to provide the necessary all-weather transportation and safety of goods more than water or air transport, to the extent that it depends on the environment of transportation of goods ... Unlike road transport, rail transport is designed by design for the transportation of large consignments of goods (ore, coal, metal, etc.) over long distances. Hence, the main distinguishing feature of railway transport is its scale.

Technically, such a scale is ensured, first of all, by the fact that the vehicles used in railway transport (wagons, etc.) allow transporting large loads (by weight, dimensions). High carrying capacity is the most important technical advantage of rail transport in comparison with road transport.

Obviously, rail transport plays an important role precisely in countries large in terms of their territory, such as our country, where long distances generally exist. In small states, this type of transport usually takes a secondary place and is much inferior to the use of road transport. However, in international transportation, its role is growing significantly.

The ability to deliver large consignments over long distances means that the cost of transporting them by rail is significantly lower than by road. Therefore, the scale of railway transportation gives rise to the main market feature of this transport - its relative cheapness.

Due to its technical features, rail transport does not have the same maneuverability as road transport, that is, it cannot deliver cargo directly to its consumer.

Unlike road transport, rail transport is capital-intensive - all costs of building railways and stations in the form of depreciation deductions are directly reflected in transport tariffs. However, the scale of transportation allows these tariffs to be set at a much lower level than in road transport.

Features of water (river, sea) transport: for a large country, especially such as Russia, water transport is usually identified with river transport and is mainly an internal mode of transport, and sea transport is called water transport serving transportation by sea. In our country, sea transport is both an internal type of water transport and an external one, serving international cargo transportation. For comparison, in many European countries, the only type of water transport is river transport, which simultaneously serves both domestic and international transportation of goods from such countries. The main market distinguishing feature of water transport is its low cost. Water transport is the cheapest form of transport compared to land or air transport.

The use of water transport is potentially possible if the consignor and the consignee can be connected with each other by means of water transport, that is, if there is a river or sea routes connecting them. If both market participants are located on the same land space, the process of moving between them by water transport is usually impossible at all. Or, only part of the distance, the cargo moves through the water, and the other part - by other means of transport;

Air transport has two main interrelated features that significantly distinguish it from other modes of transport:

* speed is the main advantage of air transport. With the help of aviation, cargo can be delivered in the shortest possible time to almost anywhere in the world;

* off-road - aviation (air) transport practically does not need any roads on the surface of the earth. The need for "roads" he has only in the form of the existence of airfields. If the off-road nature of water transport stems from the fact that its "roads" have already been created by nature itself, then the off-road nature of air transport stems from the fact that it does not need any roads at all - neither natural nor artificial, that is, created by the labor of man himself.

Despite the fact that air traffic does not need specially built roads for it, as is the case in land (road and rail) transport, a high speed of movement in the air is still achieved due to the huge consumption of energy (fuel) per unit of cargo , which leads to a sharp rise in the cost of transporting a unit of cargo per unit distance. As a result, air transport is the most expensive type of freight transport.

Features of pipeline transport: this type of transport is a specific type, which is based on the fact that the cargo itself is moving directly, and not its transport carrier. The corresponding physical process, usually created by pressure, moves the cargo in a special way, but this transport mechanism itself does not move spatially, but remains in the same place. Typically, this type of transport device includes, for example, belt conveyors, which are widely used in the production processes of products or in warehouse activities, where the product moves over very limited distances. However, there is one type of transport as a transport device, used not only within some production processes, but also for the purpose of delivering goods to the consumer over long distances. This is pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is a device for moving a certain kind of goods (liquids, gases, etc.), consisting of pipes through which these goods move under pressure created by appropriate equipment (pumps, etc.). We can say that pipeline transport is a transport device that is designed to move goods over very long distances, that is, to deliver goods from the place of their production (extraction) to the places of their consumption.

The market essence of pipeline transport can be summarized in the following opposite of features: cheapness and scale in exchange for the highest degree of cargo specialization.

Automobile transport participates in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver goods "from door to door". This type of transport allows you to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small batches. Here, less stringent packaging requirements are imposed. It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers; in terms of its speed characteristics, it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low carrying capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;

6) vehicles are environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of their use.

Railway transport well suited for the transportation of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances. The key advantage is the relatively low cost price and the availability of discounts. Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high carrying and carrying capacity of railways. Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.

For the objectivity of the assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, they include: limited number of carriers, impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.

The use of rail transport is beneficial when transporting goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with an insignificant freight turnover.

Sea transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international transport. Compared to other types of transport, sea transport has a number of positive differences in providing massive intercontinental transport.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited bandwidth.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;

3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Sea transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland waterway transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, small capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock, associated with the seasonality of work, lengthening of the routes of cargo, low speed of transportation. River transport is effective in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas, high safety of goods.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger traffic, the freight traffic carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of traffic carried out by other modes of transport, is lightweight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable goods to the northern regions, as well as mail and other valuable goods.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides a low cost price with a high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of cargo to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in pumping oil and gas from fields, moving oil distillation products.

Transport documentation

The main documents governing the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Railways of the Russian Federation, inland waterways, road transport, and the Merchant Shipping Code.

The Statutes and the Code define the duties and rights, as well as the responsibilities of transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationship of transport organizations with each other and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, an agreement is concluded in the form of an agreement, according to which the carrier assumes the obligation to deliver the goods by his own means from the place of destination to the final point within the specified time frame, and the sender undertakes to pay the established fee for the transportation.

There are different contracts for different types of transportation.

Contract for carriage of goods by rail is the waybill, which is drawn up by the consignor. Road bill- a document that accompanies the cargo along the route. Wagon sheet- a document drawn up for each loaded carriage.

In liner shipping, the contract is a bill of lading, which at the same time serves as a receipt of the carrier in receipt of the goods. There are bills of lading registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, presentation (valid upon presentation).

Overseas voyage, with a non-linear form of shipping, the contract is drawn up by a charter. When transporting by sea, the primary document is loading order. In direct, water or mixed traffic, an invoice is used instead of a loading slip. Consignment notes are issued towing of rafts and other floating objects, transportation by air.

A standard contract has been established for road transport organizations... When the car leaves the trip, the driver of a freight transport is issued a waybill, which is the main document for accounting for the work, it is issued, as a rule, for one day and is returned at the end of the work.

The waybill is the basis for settlements between the customer and the trucking company.

The list of documents required for the carriage of goods: consignment note, waybills, power of attorney for carriage, specification, supplier invoice, power of attorney for carriage, summary sheets.

Routing of cargo flows

An important logistics method in determining the optimal route is the full cost analysis. The optimal route is developed by the freight forwarder of the cargo owner upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the carriage of a new cargo for him or a familiar cargo in a new direction.

At the end of the preliminary assessment, several competitive options are determined, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

It takes into account not only the cost of transportation, but also the time of transportation, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of damage to the goods.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects the participants in the transportation and concludes the necessary contracts.

International road transport

International transportation of goods by road provides economic ties of our country with the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They fall into two main groups: transportation of goods of foreign trade (machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of goods of a non-commercial nature (diplomatic goods, movable property during relocation, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of performance, can be regular and one-time. International transportation is regulated agreements on international road traffic between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Transportation of goods is carried out on the basis of permits issued for each flight and entitling to carry out round-trip transportation.

If the total mass of goods and vehicles or their overall dimensions are not included in the norms established and in force in the territory of another country, and if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to the usual permits, special permits are also required.

All vehicles and their drivers are subject to customs control. Rolling stock carrying out international transport must have national registration numbers and decals.

In international transport, heavy vehicles and vans are used. The movement is carried out according to the end-to-end system. The car's crew consists of two drivers.