How to create a collective farm in the Russian Federation. Peasant farm. Investments and income

Many novice businessmen are sure that there is nothing simpler and more profitable than agriculture: in their opinion, it is enough to plant several hectares of land with any crop in demand in order to get huge profits. In fact, in terms of the complexity of organizing and coordinating production processes, a medium-sized farm approaches an industrial enterprise, and their planning is a prerequisite for a successful business.

Therefore, it is very difficult to draw up a full-fledged business plan for a farm: in fact, an entrepreneur must develop a separate project for each type of agricultural activity, and then link these documents together and agree among themselves. Moreover, in the process of work, he will have to take into account such unpredictable values ​​as the average yield, animal productivity, the survival rate of young animals and the daily feed consumption. Therefore, experienced farmers recommend calculating several scenarios to make sure that the enterprise will have a margin of safety sufficient for a negative concurrence of circumstances.

Business features

Urban dwellers most often imagine the farming business as a large version of a subsidiary farm, in which all possible types of poultry run around the yard, goats, sheep, cows and pigs graze in the meadow at the same time, and any vegetables grow on the beds, from potatoes to eggplants ... This opinion is only partly true: indeed, mixed-type farms are more resilient and resistant to changes in the market situation, but their creation requires the involvement of a huge amount of financial and human resources.

Therefore, entrepreneurs who start a farming business from scratch are limited to one or two demanded areas, concentrating all their efforts on them. At the same time, the rest of the activities are of a non-core nature and are intended more likely to satisfy personal needs or form a forage base than to make a profit.

However, even in this case, farm labor cannot be called easy: animals and plants require constant, sometimes round-the-clock care without holidays, vacations and weekends. Since it is almost impossible to cope with so many tasks alone, entrepreneurs have to look for volunteer or hired helpers. For this reason, a small farming business is considered a family business: a person who is personally interested in the productivity of his work will work much more efficiently than an outside specialist.

Newcomers with no agricultural experience often believe that growing plants, like breeding animals, are industries that, in principle, cannot be unprofitable. However, in reality, these types of activities are accompanied by many risks and difficulties - for example, before starting a farming business from scratch, you need to take into account that:

• Work processes have a pronounced seasonal character, and the receipt of the first income should not be expected earlier than in 8-9 months;
• Yields, market saturation and the level of competition are influenced by unpredictable weather factors;
• The demand for certain types of products is dictated by fashion trends;
• It is impossible to predict an increase or decrease in the level of prices for raw materials, seeds, fuels and lubricants, feed and fertilizers.

It should be understood that it is impossible to form an objective picture of the agro-industrial sector on the basis of disadvantages and risks alone. Therefore, when developing a business plan for the development of a farm, it is also necessary to take into account the presence of the following positive factors:

• There are many programs to support the agricultural sector, including tax incentives, payment of subsidies and grants, free allocation of land, compensation for the cost of equipping peasant farms and the purchase of seeds;
• With the growth of market prices for products, the income of the enterprise also increases;
• Hundreds of different directions are available to a novice entrepreneur, and in some it is possible to open a farming business with minimal investment;
• KFH products belong to essential goods and are in constant market demand.

Activity registration

• Spouses, their parents or children, brothers and sisters, as well as grandchildren, grandfathers and grandmothers from a maximum of three families;
• Other able-bodied citizens who are not relatives of the founders of peasant farms, in the amount of a maximum of five people.

Future members of the farm must hold a meeting of founders, agree on the charter of the enterprise and elect its head, as well as form the statutory fund of the farm by contributing monetary or tangible assets totaling 10,000 rubles. The result of such a meeting of all participants is the conclusion of an agreement on the creation of a farm, containing such information as:

• Passport data of members of the farm;
• Decision on the choice of the head of the farm;
• Distribution of rights, duties and powers among its members;
• The procedure for the formation of common property, the rules of ownership and disposal of them;
• The procedure for joining and leaving the association;
• The principles of the distribution of farm income.

A peasant farm can be created even by one person, who automatically becomes its head. In this case, the procedure is greatly simplified: due to the absence of other co-owners, it is not necessary to form a statutory fund and conclude an agreement.

How to start a business: farming is considered legitimate in the fact that not only these events are carried out, but also state registration SPD. This procedure includes payment of the state duty, submission of the specified package of documents to the Federal Tax Service, registration with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and opening a current account.

Choice of direction

When looking for an idea of ​​a farming business, the state in no way restricts the entrepreneur - it is enough to remember that the main features of agriculture are the natural nature of production and the possibility of reusing the resulting product in the technological process. Simply put, the cultivation of cucumbers belongs to this category, but their processing and canning is no longer. within the framework of the peasant economy:

Cultivation of crops. When choosing specific plant species, you need to take into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the nature of the soil and the availability of demand in the local market. Peasant farms are most often cultivated:

• Cereals and grains - corn, millet, wheat, rye and barley, sunflower;
• Vegetables - tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, carrots, potatoes;
• Fruits - pears and apples, plums, apricots and peaches, strawberries, melons;
• Greens - celery, onions, garlic, lettuce, sorrel, dill, parsley;
• Mushrooms - porcini, oyster mushrooms, champignons, honey agarics.

Livestock and poultry farming. The popularity of the data is driven by the demand for meat, milk, eggs, down, wool and hides. A farm can breed:

• Birds - chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails, exotic ostriches and peacocks;
• Hoofed animals - cows, pigs, goats, bulls, sheep, horses;
• Furry animals - rabbits, nutria, mink, chinchillas;
• Fish and crustaceans;
• Bees, worms or insects for food.

Related business. When breeding cows, farmers receive additional income from processing milk into cottage cheese, sour cream or butter, and raising animals for meat allows you to diversify the range of products with smoked meats, sausages and semi-finished products. You can also consider such a business option as a store farm products: having your own retail outlet will contribute to the formation of an audience of regular customers and an increase in demand. The main condition for maintaining the status of peasant farms in this case is the structural limitation of profits: the share of income from additional activities should be no more than 30% of the total.

To simplify organizational processes, an aspiring entrepreneur can use one of ready-made business plans of farms or order its development in one of the specialized companies. At the same time, the most accessible and popular among beginners are such areas as:

• Poultry keeping. First of all, we are talking about the meat of which, at an affordable price, is one of the best in taste, and eggs are used in 80% of recipes for meat dishes and desserts. In addition, large premises are not needed to raise 500–1000 poultry, and feed consumption does not exceed 100 g per adult per day;
• Pig breeding. With intensive methods, in 7–8 months the animals reach a marketable weight of 110–120 kg: a small farm for 100–200 heads in this case pays off after selling only two or three offspring. At the same time, self-cultivation of grain and vegetables allows you to additionally save on the purchase of feed and increase the profitability of the enterprise;
• ... It is easy to start this type of business with a small herd and gradually increase the herd, offering customers such in-demand products as milk, cheese and wool. Due to the small size and unpretentiousness of animals, you can save on building a farm, and the omnivorous nature of animals allows the use of any feed base;
• Breeding sheep. involves making a profit from the sale of wool, lamb, fur and healthy sheep's milk. A significant disadvantage of this type of activity is the need to allocate sufficiently large territories for pastures;
• Breeding cattle. Even a small herd of 5–6 heads allows you to earn up to 30,000 rubles a month for the sale of milk and dairy products. Gobies are successfully raised for meat: already at the age of 12 months, an animal weighing up to 400 kg can be sold for 25–35 thousand rubles;
• Vegetable growing. Entrepreneurs who have invested in the construction of heated greenhouse complexes receive three harvests annually and pay off millions of investments in less than two years. However, even on the cultivation of garlic in the open field, you can earn about 900 thousand rubles per year.

Site search

• If it is necessary to deliver over long distances, the cost of production increases significantly, so it is better to look for a site near large cities;
• If possible, you should avoid proximity to industrial enterprises and look for land in areas with a good ecological situation;
• A prerequisite is the availability on the site of the possibility of connecting to electrical networks and water supply;
• The livestock economy should have hay meadows and areas for planting cereals to create its own fodder base;
• The required area of ​​pastures is calculated on the basis of grazing norms for certain types of domestic animals;
• The presence of natural reservoirs on the territory of the site allows you to additionally engage in raising geese or raising fish;
• Complementing the farm with an apiary, it is advisable to locate hives near the main places where honey plants grow.

The amount of expenses for the acquisition of land is limited only by the financial capabilities of the entrepreneur - for example, a business plan for a farm may include the following options for obtaining a land plot:

• Purchase (land cost starts from 7,500 rubles per hectare);
• Long-term rent (average rate - from 400 rubles per hectare per year);
• Free use of municipal land with the subsequent transfer to ownership if certain conditions are met.

Premises and equipment

The next step in setting up a farm is to prepare industrial premises... Of course, there are sometimes plots for sale with ready-made buildings, but their cost is usually frankly overstated, so an entrepreneur, as part of a business plan for a peasant farm, most often has to provide for the costs of equipping a farm from scratch. When listing the composition and purpose of the main structures, it should be mentioned:

• Granaries and vegetable stores;
• Silo pits and hay storage sheds;
• Manure pits;
• Premises and aviaries for animals and birds;
• Utility rooms, repair shops;
• Premises for slaughtering and cutting livestock and poultry;
• Greenhouse complexes.

The specifics of agricultural work requires the use of certain equipment, which is conventionally divided into two groups: equipment that helps to mechanize labor-intensive production processes, and devices used to ensure comfortable conditions for keeping plants and animals. It should be noted that you cannot do without equipment at all: even this uncomplicated business, as, requires the purchase of incubators, brooders and cell batteries for the chicks. In general, the farm can find application:

1. Tractor with a full set of attachments;
2. Truck;
3. Diesel power station;
4. Irrigation system with pumps;
5. Special lighting devices;
6. Heating system with gas or solid fuel stoves;
7. Ventilation systems for farms and greenhouses;
8. Refrigerating chambers for vegetables, fruits and meat;
9. Drinking bowls, feeders, water tanks;
10. Feed preparation devices - grain crushers, feed cutters;
11. Standard agricultural tools.

At the initial stage, heavy equipment can be rented, and as the business develops, gradually acquire ownership of potato and grain harvesters, harrows, mowers, cultivators.

Staff

At the start, most start-up entrepreneurs prefer to do it on their own and with the help of family members. However, as the enterprise develops, the volume of current tasks increases significantly, as a result of which it becomes necessary to attract not only qualified specialists, but also working personnel. For example, a business plan for a peasant farm specializing in livestock and crop production should provide for the search and hiring of:

• Agrotechnics, whose duties include planning sowing and harvesting, monitoring compliance with plant growing technology;
• Zootechnician, who makes up the diet and feeding norms of animals, controls the conditions of their keeping and breeding;
• Veterinarian for monitoring the health of animals and birds, vaccination and treatment, as well as for issuing accompanying documents for products;
• Butcher engaged in the slaughter of livestock and butchering carcasses;
• An accountant conducting financial transactions at the enterprise;
• Drivers, combine operators, field workers, milkmaids.

Marketing methods

After harvesting, the farmer has to solve a less difficult task: to look for quick and profitable ways to sell his products, which, given the short shelf life, sometimes turns into a real problem.

Depending on the volume of production of peasant farms, you can choose retail or wholesale distribution channels. The first include:

• Weekend fairs. Special events, the fashion for which has appeared in the capital, gather a huge number of citizens and entrepreneurs. Here you can sell any agricultural products, with the exception of homemade meat and dairy products;
• Food markets. Many buyers are confident that the markets are selling better quality and natural products than in supermarkets. With small and medium production volumes, farmers rent one or several points here, hire distributors and bring fresh goods daily;
• Own retail outlets. The presence within the reach of a large city makes you think about the feasibility of developing a business plan for a farm products store and consider the possibility of opening your own vegetable pavilion or butcher's here. Such retail outlets you can sell not only your own goods, but also the products of other peasant farms.

It is much easier to sell meat, milk or vegetables in bulk, since in this case the farmer will not have to spend time and resources on such non-core activities as finding a place to trade, obtaining permits and selecting sellers. The only drawback of this method is price policy buyers: in order to interest counterparties, an entrepreneur is forced to provide them with a 25–35% discount, which is not always justified for farms with low profitability.

The main wholesale customers KFHs are resellers, retail chains, supermarkets and catering establishments. In addition, you can regularly sell large enough volumes of products using such distribution channels as:

1. Specialized exhibitions. Such events are often visited by intermediaries, representatives of wholesale companies and processing enterprises in search of new partners, therefore, a high-quality presentation of their products and farm capabilities will allow concluding profitable long-term contracts;
2. Government and commercial tenders. The search for suppliers on a competitive basis is carried out by state, educational and medical institutions as well as processing plants. To win the tender, the entrepreneur must guarantee regular deliveries of the agreed quantity of products of the required quality at a competitive price;
3. Wholesale markets. You can also find customers at wholesale food markets and vegetable stores. Some farmers rent their own warehouse here, others hand over the goods to local resellers for sale;
4. Electronic platforms. There are many trading platforms, on which not only farmers place their proposals, but also suppliers of fertilizers, seeds, equipment. Such electronic exchanges allow you to quickly find counterparties with the most advantageous offers.

Related Videos

Investments and income

All other things being equal, mixed farms have certain advantages over specialized ones: even if demand for one type of product falls, they avoid significant losses due to the sale of other goods. However, to create such large enterprise no less large investments will be required, therefore, for novice entrepreneurs, the optimal way of development will be the implementation of two or three of the most popular business ideas with a phased coverage of related areas in the future.

In the process of designing an agricultural enterprise and determining the scale of investments, it is also necessary to take into account that the first profit the farmer will receive, at best, in 5-10 months. Thus, he will not only have to purchase equipment, seed and young growth, but also throughout the season to constantly buy fertilizers, feed, fuel, pay utilities... Summarizing the above, you can make a list of farm expenses:

• Land acquisition and construction works;
• Purchase of equipment and agricultural machinery;
• Seed or young stock order;
• Payment for the supply of feed, fuel and fertilizers;
• Staff salary;
• Heavy equipment rental (if necessary);
• Payment of utility services;
• Tax payments;
• Marketing expenses;
• Product certification.

Thus, the cost of creating a medium-sized farm from scratch reaches 7-10 million rubles. To reduce this amount, some entrepreneurs start by buying a small plot of 25-40 acres in the countryside, on which residential and outbuildings have already been erected. Using such an area, you can open the following types of business:

Types of agricultural business

Conclusion

Many enterprising people try their hand at areas close to agriculture: some are engaged, others set up a greenhouse in their own apartment and sell indoor plants, others buy summer cottages and plant garlic or herbs there. In such a situation, a gradual transition to full-fledged farming activities is logical.

However, there is no rush in this matter: despite the high profitability, such a business is sensitive to mistakes and miscalculations of newcomers: it is enough to purchase seed of dubious quality or use the wrong fertilizers to lose the entire crop. Therefore, only a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience will help an entrepreneur create a successful farm.

Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming is irrelevant. But think about it - every day we see the products of small private farms on store shelves. It is sometimes easier to make money in a village than in a city. By combining different types of agricultural production, you can get by with relatively low costs.

How to become a farmer? This business is not just about raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. It's a whole system. It implies the existence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition - a well-thought-out system of regulation of expenses and income.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, business always starts with an idea - regardless of scale. Anyone who decides to open his own farm must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. At the farmstead, you can engage in both plant growing and animal husbandry. The main thing is to think over everything competently and make a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and raising animals will be required. Before becoming a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual directions. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops is categorically contraindicated to produce near the places where cattle are kept.

Having decided where to start farming, you will need to think about material and monetary resources required future business... Everything should be foreseen - from primary financial investments to the arrangement of premises for keeping animals, the organization of the farm territory, the purchase of feed and fertilizers. In addition, the future farm will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of individual entrepreneurs.

Farming: activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and skin. In addition, no one will prohibit combining animal husbandry, plant growing, fish farming or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require proper quality care and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a closer look at exactly which directions may take place for individual entrepreneur in a peasant farm.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand on the market and at the same time costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because by taking up this area seriously, you can, with good care, get up to 30 piglets from one sow during the year. Each adult pig is about 200 kilos of meat and lard.

Piglets of one month old are usually purchased for breeding. They are less susceptible to disease, adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (the pigsty) should be kept clean, insulated in winter and must be provided with vents. Closeness to animals is contraindicated. They are fed according to the regimen, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

Food is greens (in large quantities), meat and dairy products and special feed for pigs. One pig can be purchased for an amount from 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and livestock area. You can breed pigs by starting with the purchase of a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In the summer, they are all able to feed on grass. They need soft hay for the winter. good quality... For feeding, horses are given oats, and cows are given compound feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat, you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat's milk is higher, since it belongs to delicacies.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding both goats and sheep is one of the most popular and profitable agricultural businesses.

Rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of aviaries, cages, pits or sheds. The choice of premises for maintenance is a private matter for the farmer. However, certain conditions must be adhered to:

• Protect animals from direct sunlight and drafts.
• Provide adequate feeding.
• Do not forget about timely vaccination.
• Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
• Remember the optimal temperature conditions.

The rabbit diet combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables in season with concentrated dry food. Hay and grass are quite suitable for feeding them.

Fish farming

This business is one of the most profitable these days. But occupation with them requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investments. Agricultural enterprises such as fish farms are most often set up on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be of different types. It depends on the volume of production and the preferred species. Due to the need for a large area for the construction of a pond, the costs of this business may be overwhelming for a novice farmer.

Who can you most often meet in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without feeding. As it they take bran, cake, compound feed.

Since about May, fish are fed on "feeding tables", which are heavy square trays of wood, approximately 50 x 50 cm in size. Each hectare of pond will require at least four such "feeding tables" for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from an apiary can be quite good. In addition, fruit plants are pollinated by bees. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The place for the apiary is selected according to the principle of desertion and remoteness from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install the hives for 12-24 frames, as well as the Omshanik (wintering house). The beekeeper can buy or make hives on his own. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in packs and in full-fledged families.

Poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or exotic enough for our area. We are talking about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowls, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to go into poultry farming? As the most unpretentious option, the usual growing of chickens is suitable. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. The demand for ducks, geese and turkeys is somewhat less, but their cost is several times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowls, pheasants and peacocks, then know that this is quite an expensive occupation, and they will most likely have to be sold to private buyers or to restaurants.

To grow poultry, you will need to acquire an incubator, special enclosures that are insulated for the winter, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers acquire couples for divorce, or in a certain amount of young offspring, which are subsequently raised. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.

To feed young chicks, you will need cereals, boiled eggs, herbs, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is practically the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mix.

Growing plants

Crop production has always been and remains one of the topical areas rural business... Indeed, in the diet of any person, vegetables, fruits and berries are an irreplaceable component. In addition, it is quite possible to plant flowers in a farm environment. The flower business has high profitability(from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. On them you can rent land, buy cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, in which a constant microclimate must be maintained and well-fertilized soil must be located.

Returning to growing greens and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for a farm is very diverse. Unpretentious species, like potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not need any special conditions... If you plan to grow greens, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, in the cold season you cannot do without greenhouses.

Their construction, along with the lease of land, will require quite serious investments. Seed costs are expected to be relatively low. In addition, in the years to come, you will provide yourself with them. The payback of vegetable growing is fast enough. Already this year you can get the first serious harvest. If you're unsure of where to start farming, vegetable growing may be the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are grown in a special room, where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. For seedlings for truffles, you will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles. It is much cheaper to purchase a base for cultivating champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to deal with strawberries, you cannot do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown outdoors. Such a business will require start-up capital of about 100,000 rubles. Add to them another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown in a different way. For her, seedlings are purchased and a plot is being prepared. They do it in the summer season; for the winter, the bushes are added in order to protect them from frost.

Sweet cherry, sea buckthorn or apples are grown in specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings, a special film for shelter for the winter. Harvesting from young trees, you will wait, at best, for the next year. The fruit and berry business is profitable at about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

Where to start a farming legally? Every business needs registration, and agricultural is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist in paying the state duty, notarizing the corresponding application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the IFTS. Next, you should wait for the issuance ready documents, go through the registration procedure in the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat, which will contain statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

You can take care of renting a land plot even before the procedure legal registration... The rental application is submitted to the local administration. After considering the case, you will receive information about where the alleged site is located. Representatives of the land management organization will need to be summoned there. They will conduct surveying and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is put on the cadastral register, the corresponding passport is issued.

After that, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a resolution for the transfer of the site. In addition, the registration of the lease agreement will be required.

The state will help us

V last years assistance to young farms is a priority for the state. Now it is not difficult to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can range from one to four million rubles. It can be designed specifically for the creation of a farm or have a lump sum payment for a household device.

This money is purposefully given to a novice farmer for renting or buying land, developing a project, purchasing the necessary equipment, carrying out the required engineering communications, as well as purchasing materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can qualify for such a payment

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms, the registration period of which is less than 24 months. At the same time, it is necessary to have education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that need to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of costs with prices. The size own funds, which will need to be invested in this case, must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The person who received it is obliged to create three or more jobs and spend the funds issued within 12 months from the date of issue.

They give out grants based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of the future business. This kind of support can be considered a great way to tackle the initial investment problem. In the case when the payment is denied, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a loan for a farm. In addition, there are various options for government subsidies.

Summing up

Modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the idea of ​​which is firmly rooted in the heads of many (hard and dirty business, low-income and thankless). Today, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in the cultivation of animals and plants. In premises for breeding birds and livestock, it is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the right microclimate. Most of the operations can actually be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm labor.

Financial support from the state is especially important in the current crisis. It allows farmers to grow their businesses. In addition, due to the wide development of the network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, there are usually no problems with the sale of finished products.

Despite the popularity of various options for entrepreneurship based on the resale of finished products, the most profitable in the long term are production areas. If it is almost impossible to open a plant for a private person "from scratch", then everyone can open a farm. KFH is a family business. It is formed by relatives who personally work in the community. No more than 5 people can be hired from outside.

Opening a farm - prospects and difficulties

Peasant family business- an interesting social and economic element of modern Russian society. From a political point of view, the members of the or farm production represent a gradually emerging middle class, which, due to significant dependence on the state and natural resources will support conservative political movements. Capital is difficult to cash out and quickly transfer to another sphere of the economy. The peasant needs stability in order to enable crops or animals to grow.

From an economic point of view, peasant farms are a promising form of business organization, since small business it is maneuverable in its activity and in a relatively short time is being rebuilt, for example, from rabbit breeding to raising quail. It is clear that the transition from livestock to crop production will take longer. A small farm occupies an economic niche in which a large producer will not be comfortable.

Weigh the pros and cons of a farm enterprise

A personal agricultural backyard has positive and negative aspects that must be taken into account when deciding to start your own business.

Let's consider the main advantages and disadvantages:

Business is regulated at the legislative level. Farming associations are subject to Federal Law No. 74 "On Peasant Economy" dated 11.06.2003. Last changes were introduced into the law on June 23, 2004. In part, the activities of such structures are regulated by the land and tax codes. As well as legislative acts regulating the issuance of loans by banking institutions.

How to open a KLF is indicated in detail in these regulatory legal acts.

In particular, Article 3 of the 74 Federal Law says that a capable citizen of Russia, as well as foreign citizens and stateless citizens, can open a farm. Associations include relatives and up to five persons who are not relatives of the founder of the case.

The KLF community includes: husbands, wives, brothers, sisters. Grandfathers, grandmothers, grandchildren, children, parents are also members of the courtyard.

When creating a KLF by several people, it is necessary to conclude an agreement regulating the provisions of the operation of the economy. If the farm is created by one person, such an agreement is not required.

In 2018, no legislative changes are planned, so the answer to the question of how to open a KLF is quite standard and proceeds from the basic legislative norms.

Consider the similarities and differences in legal organization their business.

By organizational and legal form:

• Individual entrepreneur - an individual carrying out activities aimed at making a profit;
• KFH - maybe legal entity(difficult by law), maybe one natural person or a community of relatives.

By registration method:

• Entrepreneur - at the place of permanent or temporary registration;
• Peasant - similar to IP.

By responsibility for obligations:

• IP - is responsible with all its property;
• Agricultural producer - subsidiary liability.

Upon receipt of benefits from the state and the municipality:

• Entrepreneur - practically not;
• Agricultural producer - tax holidays, preferential loans, the opportunity to receive a state order, the purchase of agricultural land at a preferential cost.

Taxation:

• Entrepreneur - STS and DOS are available;
• Farmer - ESHN, STS and OSN.

If the manager has not chosen the taxation system, he is automatically transferred to the general system. It will be able to change it not earlier than the end of the year (see).

There are three large groups of permitted production:

• Crop production;
• Livestock raising;
• Other types of agricultural production.

The farmer can grow wheat, oats, and other crops. Oil plants, root crops, as well as plants used in the production of medicines and cosmetics. Growing mushrooms is also permitted.

From animal husbandry, breeding and rearing is available for the farmer to obtain the final product of cattle (cattle), horses, pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, birds, camels, bees and even worms.

Interesting fact! Fish breeding is highlighted as a separate item. Quite costly, but quite cost-effective type of business available to the agricultural producer.

Other permitted activities include hunting, fur dressing, auxiliary work (for example, preparing seeds for planting), transporting agricultural products.

To get started, you need to analyze your capabilities, weigh the strengths and weak sides... Resolve the issue of initial funding. If necessary, before starting the registration of the farm, you must contact the employment service to receive a stimulating payment in the amount of about fifty to sixty thousand rubles. This payment is made as part of the employment process of an unemployed citizen. After receiving a positive response, you must register with government agencies.

How to register KLF in 2018

To start on legal grounds to do this business, you must go through the following stages of registration:

Stage 1

The agricultural producer collects a package of documents and submits them to the tax office at the place of residence. The set includes: a passport of the future chief, an application for registration of a peasant farmstead, a receipt for payment of a state duty, a certificate of place of residence. If necessary, an agreement between the community members is added to this package.

It is advisable at the same stage to write a statement on the choice of the system.

Stage 2

After registration with the tax office, registration takes place with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, FSS, Rosstat. A bank account is opened.

Stage 3

Within five working days tax office must either register a new business or refuse to register. In case of a positive decision, the data on the new participant in economic relations are entered into a single register. The applicant is given supporting documents, as well as a certificate of registration.

Important: what is needed to open a KLF in 2018

Passport, application for opening, payment of state fees, certificate of residence.

Opening KLF from a financial point of view on examples

The amount of the initial investment depends on the type of activity that the farmer plans to engage in.

The maximum costs will fall on the construction of a livestock complex, the minimum - on the creation of a yard for raising rabbits.

Interesting fact! Pigs are omnivorous, if necessary, they can switch to the diet of a predator, although, on an industrial scale, it is more profitable to feed them with plant food. And they also swim great.

Example 1. Financial plan for the development of a pig farm for 10 heads without capital construction, using their own real estate, includes start-up costs on average, two hundred and fifty thousand rubles. If capital construction costs are required, then the amounts will be at least half a million.

The payback period will be approximately eight to ten months.

Example 2... The starting amount for breeding rabbits will vary from 50,000 to 200,000 rubles, depending on capital construction costs. Rabbits grow less rapidly than pigs. The gain in live weight is less, therefore, the payback will not come earlier than in a year.

Example 3... Growing potatoes or onions on an industrial scale will require costs ranging from 300 to 500 thousand rubles, the payback period will be at least 2 years.

The initial capital is provided by the bank on special conditions for farmers, the amount of about 50,000 - 60,000 rubles can be obtained through the labor exchange by applying with a corresponding application.

Interesting fact! The peasant farmstead is one of the most risky types of business. According to statistics, in 2017, due to a drop in effective demand, for the period January - May, the number exceeded the number of new farms. 3 times.

In addition to the main activity, the farmer is able to engage in other types that he indicated when registering with the tax authorities.

Recently, many citizens began to open a business in rural areas, since in the city almost all profitable niches have long been occupied by experienced entrepreneurs. Another good reason is the ability to start without major investment. In this article, we'll talk about where to start farming and how to lead it to success.

How do I open a farm?

If you decide to open a farm, but do not know where to start, the first thing to do is to develop a competent business plan. First, carefully calculate all costs, consult with specialists and plan all your further actions. After that, you can start implementing the idea. The business plan will be the guiding thread that will lead your business to success. The most important thing is to have a good start, and all problems can be solved as they arise.

So where to start organizing a farm? The first thing to do is find a suitable plot of land. It can be purchased or rented. The most profitable thing is to buy land. In this case, you will not worry about the fact that its owner, after the expiration of the lease term, will refuse to renew it. At the moment, in the regions, one hectare of agricultural land costs 2-4 thousand rubles. This is a very affordable price even for beginners who do not have large start-up capital.

After you have dealt with the land plot, you need to decide what exactly you will do.

The most popular areas of activity:

• Pig breeding;
• Poultry keeping;
• Breeding cattle;
• Growing vegetables or melons;
• Fish farming.

The easiest way to start farming from scratch is to choose one field of activity and gradually develop it. The main advantage of any farmer is that in addition to the main profit, he can receive additional income. For example, if you are organized, you can work in parallel with the production of frozen berries, preserves and jams. Entrepreneurs who breed cows or pigs can produce sausages and stew. The cultivation of grain crops can be accompanied by the production of flour, pasta and cereals.

Financial investments

It is quite difficult to answer the question of how much it costs to open a farm, since the size of the initial investment largely depends on the scale of the future enterprise and the scope of activity. If you plan to start breeding cattle, you will need a large start-up capital, about 2-5 million rubles. The opening of a small poultry farm will have to spend 0.7-1.5 million rubles. For beginners who are interested in how to start a farm from scratch, it is better to start by growing vegetables. In this case, you only need money for the purchase of seeds and fertilizers.

Novice entrepreneurs who want to start their own business in the countryside often ask the question, I want to open a farm, how will the state help? You should not expect that you will be able to receive a loan immediately after registering a company. In our country, it is issued only to those farmers who fall under the program for the development of the agro-industrial complex. In addition, this is too troublesome, since in order to receive financial assistance, you need to find several guarantors. If you register for unemployment at the employment center, you may be given a free subsidy for starting a business in the amount of 50-60 thousand rubles.

Profit

The first profit from a farm can be obtained in 9-12 months. The payback period of a business does not depend on the line of business. With the right approach, you can cover all costs in just a year of work. After that, your income will be significantly higher than the cost of maintaining the farm. If you cannot decide, be sure to pay attention to this promising area of ​​activity. Many successful farmers started out as small family farms and managed to achieve great heights thanks to their patience and hard work.

Business profitability

Some farmers cannot make their enterprise profitable because they do not have the appropriate knowledge and skills. But this does not mean that it is necessary to put an end to this area of ​​activity. To be successful, you need to regularly update equipment and other assets, learn about cutting-edge agricultural developments, and incentivize land.

To increase the profitability of your business, breed several types of animals or grow different vegetables and fruits. If one part of your structure turns out to be unprofitable, the other will in any case cover all costs and allow you to make a profit.

Another effective way to increase profitability is own production on the basis of a farm. Start a small business and recycle in-house finished products... In addition, you need to find buyers who will buy it in bulk at competitive prices.

Most Popular Ideas for Newbies

Interested in how to open a farm without a large initial investment? V agriculture you can start your own business literally from scratch. If you are responsible for your work, over time, a small farm will develop into a highly profitable manufacturing enterprise. If you are not attracted to growing vegetables or other crops, you can start breeding:

Food production is actual business Anytime. The guarantee of the return on invested capital and the very entrepreneurial activity is both a steady and constantly growing demand, as well as various government programs aimed at the development of particular farms. Many citizens would like to open their own farm, but do not know how to do it and where to start. This article aims to answer some of the most frequently asked questions for beginners.

What is a peasant farm?

In the Russian Federation, the concept of a peasant farm is interpreted by Federal Law No. 74-FZ "On a peasant (farm) farm" dated 05/11/2003 as follows:

A peasant farm is an association of citizens related by kinship and (or) property, having property in common ownership and jointly carrying out production and other economic activity(production, processing, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products) based on their personal participation.

A farm can also be created by one citizen.

The farm carries out entrepreneurial activity without forming a legal entity. To the entrepreneurial activity of a farm, carried out without the formation of a legal entity, the rules of civil legislation are applied, which regulate the activities of legal entities that are commercial organizations, unless otherwise follows from federal law, other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation or the essence of a legal relationship.

A farm can be recognized as an agricultural producer in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

According to this law, as of April 1, 2017, 150,634 peasant (farmer) enterprises (PFs) were registered in Russia. They have the following key legal features:

• the main activity of a peasant farm should be aimed at the production, processing and sale of agricultural products;
• A farm is not an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, however, after registration, its head receives the status of an individual entrepreneur;
• the head of a peasant farm may be replaced in case of inability to fulfill his duties within 6 months or on his voluntary refusal;
• the change of the chairman of the farm does not mean his exit from the farm;
• members of peasant farms can only be persons who are related or in a relationship;
• persons who are not related to the head of the farm can be members of a peasant farm (no more than 5 people);
• members of peasant farms act on the basis of a signed agreement with all the key issues of activity spelled out in it;
• products, incomes and property of the farm, by agreement, are divided into shares or belong to all members of the farm;
• all transactions of a peasant farm are made by its head;
• The peasant economy is responsible for all its property for its obligations;
• a member of the farm can leave the farm, but is obliged to bear subsidiary liability for the obligations assumed by the farm;
• upon leaving the state of the peasant farm, its former member cannot receive a land plot of an instrument of production, but he is paid financial compensation proportional to its share in the common property.

Possible activities

Cultivation:

• Cereals: wheat, sunflower, barley, oats, rye, millet, corn, buckwheat ...
• Vegetables: cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, pumpkin, peppers, eggplants ...
• : onion, dill, parsley ...
• Berries and fruits: apples, strawberries, cherries, cherries, pears, plums, prunes, watermelons, melons, apricots ...
• Nuts.

Breeding:

• , goats, horses ...
• : broiler chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, ostriches ...
• : carp, trout, silver carp, sturgeon, pike, carp, catfish, ...

Manufacturing from the above:

• Meat and meat products: stew, sausages, smoked meats ...
• Canned vegetables and fruit.
• Juices, mashed potatoes, preserves, jam.
• Own.
• , cereals, cereals, bran and other products from plants and animals.

Taxation of peasant farms

If a person creating a peasant farm wants to significantly reduce the tax burden on his farm, then he needs to decide on the choice of a special tax regime. A decision must be made when registering a farm or within 30 days after its creation. The head of the farm is given a choice between:

• simplified taxation system (STS) - 15% of the difference between income and expenses, or 6% of income.
• unified agricultural tax (USHN) - 6% of the difference between income and expenses. An important condition is the availability of income from agricultural activities of more than 70% of the total. If by the end of the reporting period it will be less than 70%, then the whole year will be recalculated according to the general regime.

It is necessary to notify the Federal Tax Service about the chosen taxation system by submitting an application for the transition. If the head of the farm does not do this, then the peasant farm is automatically assigned a general taxation system (OSNO).

OSNO is a tax regime with a maximum tax burden. However, for peasant farms, a grace period of five years is provided, during which, on the basis of Art. 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, personal income tax is not paid from the income received. Also, one-time assistance for household amenities, grants for development and subsidies of regional budgets are not subject to taxation. This leads to the conclusion that for peasant farms the general taxation system is beneficial if the farm receives a VAT exemption.

The choice of one or another taxation system must be made after consultation with a tax specialist and taking into account the profile of the activity of the peasant farm being organized.

Step-by-step instructions for registering a peasant farm in the Russian Federation

For state registration of a peasant farm, you need to go through the following steps.

Choosing a branch of the Federal Tax Service

This is done at the place of permanent or temporary registration.

We form a package of documents

For registration of peasant farms, a special application form is provided, in many ways similar to an application for registration of an individual entrepreneur. An application for registration of a farm is submitted in the form R21002. The requirements for completing this form are similar to the requirements for an application on form P21001. In the case of a personal submission of the application of the future head of the farm, there is no need to certify the application with a notary. The form is signed in the presence of the tax inspector.

The next document for registering a farm is a copy of the passport. To be checked by an employee of the Federal Tax Service Inspectorate, the applied citizen needs to have the original with him. If a copy of the passport is submitted by the head of the household, then its certification by a notary is not required.

The state fee for registering a peasant farm is paid according to the same details and for the same amount as for - 800 rubles. A sample receipt for filling can be requested from the registering authority or filled out on your own through the FTS service.

If in the future there will be several peasant farms, then the Federal Tax Service must provide an agreement between the members of the peasant farm. The agreement should spell out the powers of the head of the farm, the duties and rights of the members, as well as the procedure for the distribution of income.

We hand over documents

This can be done in person at the FTS department, by mail (with a declared value and a list of investments) and via the Internet. If a package of papers is submitted by power of attorney or by mail, the applicant must certify a copy of the passport and form P21002 with a notary. In the case of submitting a package of documents through a proxy, a power of attorney will be required.

Use this service to submit online.

If the submitted papers are in order, then in 5 working days the farm will be registered, which will be reported. The end of the registration procedure is the issuance of a certificate of registration of an individual entrepreneur and an EGRIP record sheet. You can get these documents by mail or in person.

Sample business plan

Here is a farm business plan template for you to fill out on your own.