Rumors of an accident at the Balakovo nuclear power plant provoked panic in the Volga region. Nuclear power plant of russia Which power plant of the Volga region is a nuclear

There are nine nuclear power plants in Russia now, and all of them are working. Eight of them are part of the Rosenergoatom system, and one (Leningrad NPP) is an independent operating organization.
Rosenergoatom includes the following NPPs:
Balakovskaya (Balakovo, Saratov Region - four reactors);
Novovoronezh (Novovoronezh, Voronezh Region - three reactors);
Kursk (Kurchatov, Kursk region - four reactors);
Smolensk (Desnogorsk, Smolensk region - three reactors);
Kalininskaya (Udomlya, Tver region - two reactors);
Kola (Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region - four reactors);
Beloyarskaya (Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region - one reactor);
Bilibinskaya (Bilibino village, Magadan region - four reactors). (The number of reactors in operation is indicated in brackets only. - A.K.)
The Obninsk NPP in the Kaluga Region is not an industrial one and operates as an experimental station of a scientific center.
The oldest power unit has been in operation since 1971 at the Novovoronezh NPP, the youngest since 1993 in Balakovo. The estimated service life of all stations is 30 years. However, a preliminary check of the power units showed that they are all safe and their work can be continued.
Prospects for the development of nuclear power in Russia are determined by the Federal target program"Development of nuclear power industrial complex Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future until 2015 "and other documents
According to these programs, by 2025 the share of electricity generated at the country's nuclear power plants should increase from 16 to 25%, 26 new power units will be built.

Currently, work is underway at the following facilities:

Rostov NPP, power unit No. 2, commissioning plan - 2009;
- Kalinin NPP, power unit No. 4, commissioning plan - 2011;
- Beloyarsk NPP, power unit No. 4 (BN-800), commissioning plan - 2012;
- Novovoronezh NPP-2, power units No. 1,2, commissioning plan - 2012 and 2013;
- Leningrad NPP-2, power units No. 1 and 2, commissioning plan - 2013 and 2014.
- The selection of sites for the Seversk NPP (Tomsk region), Central NPP (Kostroma region), Baltic NPP (Kaliningrad region), South Ural NPP (Chelyabinsk region) is coming to an end.

Balakovo NPP

Location: Saratov region

Balakovo NPP is the largest electricity producer in Russia. It generates more than 30 billion kWh of electricity annually (more than any other nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plant in the country). Balakovo NPP provides a quarter of electricity production in the Volga Federal District and a fifth of the generation of all nuclear power plants in the country. Its electricity is reliably supplied to consumers of the Volga region (76% of the electricity supplied by it), the Center (13%), the Urals (8%) and Siberia (3%). Electricity of Balakovo NPP is the cheapest among all NPPs and thermal power plants in Russia. The installed capacity utilization factor (ICUF) at Balakovo NPP is over 80 percent.
Balakovo NPP is a recognized leader of the nuclear power industry in Russia, it has been repeatedly awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia" (based on the results of work in 1995, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007). Since 2002, the Balakovo nuclear power plant has the status of a branch of Energoatom Concern OJSC (prior to corporatization of the Rosenergoatom Concern FSUE) of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy (until March 2004 - the RF Ministry of the Russian Federation).
The main thing in the activities of the NPP management is to ensure and improve safety during operation, protect the environment from the influence of the technological process, reduce costs in the production of electricity, improve the social protection of personnel, and increase the plant's contribution to the socio-economic development of the region.

Beloyarsk NPP

Location: Sverdlovsk region, Zarechny
Total capacity of 1 unit: 600 MW
Beloyarsk NPP named after I.V. Kurchatova is the firstborn of the large nuclear power industry in the USSR. The station is located in the Urals.
Three power units have been built at the Beloyarsk NPP: two with thermal reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor.
Power unit 1 with the 100 MW AMB-100 reactor was shut down in 1981, power unit 2 with the 200 MW AMB-200 reactor was shut down in 1989. Fuel from the reactors was unloaded and is stored for long-term storage in special cooling pools located in the same building with the reactors ...
At present, the third power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, which was put into operation in April 1980, is in operation - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor.

Bilibino NPP

Location: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Bilibino
Total capacity of 3 blocks: 48 MW
The Bilibino NPP is the central link in the Chaun - Bilibino power center and is connected by a 110 kV overhead line with the Chaunskaya CHPP (Pevek) and the Chersky substation (Zeleny Mys). In addition to these overhead lines, there is a network of 35 kV overhead lines, through which power supply to local consumers is provided. The station generates both electrical and thermal energy, which goes to the heat supply of the city of Bilibino. The Bilibino nuclear power plant is the first nuclear power plant beyond the Arctic Circle and the only nuclear power plant in the permafrost zone. In 2005, the station operated at 35% of its installed capacity, in 2006 - 32.5%.

The source of economic, drinking and technical water supply to the Bilibino NPP is the reservoir on the Bol brook. Ponneurgen, located three kilometers east of the industrial site. The reservoir meets the water needs of the industrial site, the town of Bilibino and other NPP facilities and is retained by an earth dam.

Rostov (Volgodonsk) NPP

Location: Rostov region, Volgodonsk
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW
The first stone at the construction site of the Volgodonsk NPP was laid on October 28, 1977. Full-scale construction of the station, originally called Volgodonskaya, began in 1979 after a careful study of seven possible sites.
For installation at the Rostov NPP, a pressurized water-moderated power reactor of a pressure vessel type VVER-1000 was selected. Reactors of this type are among the safest and are widely used at nuclear power plants in Russia and Ukraine - for many years they have been reliably operating at Balakovskaya (4 units), Novovoronezh (1 unit), Kalininskaya (1 unit), Zaporizhzhya (6 units), Yuzhno -Ukrainian (1 unit), Khmelnytsky (2 units) and Rivne (1 unit) NPPs, having proved their safety and efficiency. Russian VVER-1000 reactors are also installed at the operating Kozloduy NPP (Bulgaria, 2 units) and the Temelin NPP under construction (Czech Republic, 2 units). Work has begun on the construction of a nuclear power plant with VVER-1000 in Iran, China and India have become actively interested in Russian reactors.
Reactors of a similar type are used at most nuclear power plants in the world.
During the construction of the Rostov NPP, inspections of the progress of its construction were repeatedly carried out, documenting the quality of the work performed.
In the wake of the well-known post-Chernobyl sentiments, the Rostov Regional Council of People's Deputies in June 1990. made a decision, which reads: "... to consider the construction of a nuclear power plant on the territory of the Rostov region at the present stage unacceptable."
On the basis of the decision of the Regional Council, the construction of the Rostov NPP was suspended by the minutes of a meeting with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR IS Silaev and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Ryabeva L.D. on August 29, 1990. In the same protocol, the Goskompriroda was ordered to ensure the environmental impact assessment of the project and the constructed facilities of the Rostov NPP in accordance with the decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In pursuance of this decision, an additional section of the Rostov NPP project on the plant's environmental safety was developed - "Assessment of the impact of RosNPP on the environment (EIA)", which was submitted in 1992. to the Ministry of Ecology and natural resources RF for the State Environmental Expertise.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of design and other materials, the State Environmental Expert Commission came to a conclusion about the environmental safety of the Rostov NPP. The positive conclusion of the State Expertise is legal basis to resume construction of the station. On July 21, 1998, this was recognized by the Decree of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov Region. At present, the 1st and 2nd power units of the Rostov NPP are scheduled for commissioning in accordance with the "Program for the Development of Nuclear Power Engineering" approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in July 1998 Russian Federation for 1998-2005 and for the period up to 2010.

Kalinin NPP

Location: Tver region, Udomlya

In the mid-70s of the XX century, when the construction of a nuclear power plant began in the quiet patriarchal Udomla, the city began to develop rapidly. In 1981, the settlement became a city of regional, and in 1986, regional subordination.
For 30 years of construction and operation of the KNPP, a modern city has been built among picturesque lakes and forests: with a developed infrastructure, a system of education and medical services, a network of cultural and educational institutions, an excellent base for physical education and sports, good conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
The Kalinin nuclear power plant provides electricity to the largest regions of the central part of Russia. For 22 years of operation, the station has generated over 250 billion kWh of electricity.
The specific weight of electricity generated at the KNPP is about 60 percent of its total production in the Tver region. 25 percent marketable products produced in the region falls on the share of the Kalinin NPP.
The commissioning of the third power unit in operation provided additional revenues to the region in the form of property tax, deductions to the 30-kilometer zone in the amount of 2 billion rubles. In addition, in the process of completing the construction of power unit No. 3, Energoatom Concern OJSC (prior to corporatization of FGUP Rosenergoatom Concern) invested more than 1.5 billion rubles in the economy and social sphere of the Tver region.
According to the results of 2002, the Kalinin nuclear power plant was awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia". In 2003 and 2004 KNPP was in second place.
4th power unit
Construction of the second stage of the Kalinin NPP, which includes power units No. 3 and No. 4 with a VVER-1000 reactor, began in 1984.
By order of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry in 1991, the construction of power unit No. 4 was suspended and mothballed in a state of 20% construction readiness. And only almost a decade later, the question of the need to resume the construction of the block was raised again. The developing Russian economy demanded the introduction of new generating capacities.

Kola nuclear power plant

Location: Murmansk region, Polyarnye Zori
Total capacity of 4 blocks: 1760 MW

The history of the construction of the Kola NPP began in the 60s of the twentieth century. The rapid development of the region's industry required additional energy resources. The Kola Peninsula did not have any other sources of electricity, except for water resources, which were almost completely used. It was decided to build the first nuclear power plant in the Arctic.
During exploration work in 1963 on the shore of Lake Imandra, a site was selected for the construction of a nuclear power plant. 1967 - Gosstroy of the USSR approved the design assignment for the construction of the Kola NPP. On May 18, 1969, the first cubic meter of concrete was poured into the base of the station. In 1968, Alexander Romanovich Belov was appointed director of the station under construction - candidate of technical sciences, three times winner of the USSR State Prize, a leader who had extensive economic experience behind him. In the position of chief Construction Office Alexander Stepanovich Andrushechko entered.
The hard and well-coordinated work of the entire team of builders, installers, adjusters and operators was crowned with success: on June 29, 1973, the first power unit of the Kola nuclear power plant was launched.
In the year of its launch, the station generated 1 billion kWh of electricity.
The construction of power units continued at a rapid pace. On December 8, 1974, the second power unit was launched, on March 24, 1981, the third, and on October 11, 1984, the fourth.
Today the main supplier of electricity for the Murmansk region and Karelia is the Kola nuclear power plant, located 200 kilometers south of Murmansk on the shores of Lake Imandra, one of the largest and most picturesque lakes in northern Europe. Currently, the station operates 4 power units with a capacity of 440 MW each, which is about 50% of the total installed capacity of the region. The station can generate over 12 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. The generation of electricity at a nuclear power plant releases millions of tons of fossil fuel annually, eliminating the harmful effects of combustion products on the environment. To date, the capacities of the Kola NPP are not fully utilized, which creates preconditions for the development of the region's industry.

NPP awards:
2006 Best NPP in the field of safety;
2006 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year";
2007 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year";
2008 Best NPP in the field of safety culture;
2008 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year".

Kursk NPP

Location: Kursk region, Kurchatov
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The Kursk nuclear power plant is located 40 kilometers west of the city of Kursk, on the banks of the Seim River. Kurchatov is located 3 km from the station.
The decision to build the Kursk nuclear power plant was made in the mid-60s. Start of construction - 1971. The need for construction was caused by the rapidly developing industrial and economic complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Staro-Oskol and Mikhailovsky mining and processing plants and other industrial enterprises in the region). General design: Moskovkovskoe branch of Atomenergoproekt. Chief designer of the reactor: Institute NIKIET, Moscow. Scientific advisers: Russian Scientific Center "Kurchatov Institute". The construction of the 1st and 2nd stages was carried out by the Construction Department of the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant (now OOO Kurskatomenergostroy Association).
The Kursk nuclear power plant is a single-loop type plant: steam supplied to the turbines is generated directly in the reactor when the coolant passing through it boils. Ordinary purified water circulating in a closed loop is used as a heat carrier. To cool the exhaust steam in the turbine condensers, water from the cooling pond is used. The surface area of ​​the reservoir is 21.5 km 2.
As part of the two operating phases of the Kursk nuclear power plant, 4 RBMK-1000 power units (1-4 power units) are in operation, the third phase is under construction.
The installed capacity of each power unit is 1,000 MW (electrical). Power units were commissioned: 1st power unit - in 1976, 2nd - in 1979, 3rd - in 1983, 4th - in 1985.
The Kursk nuclear power plant is one of the top three nuclear power plants of the country equal in terms of capacity, and in terms of the amount of electricity generated - in the top four power plants of all types in Russia, including, in addition to the Balakovskaya and Leningrad nuclear power plants, the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station.
The Kursk nuclear power plant is the most important node of the Unified Energy System of Russia. The main consumer is the Center energy system, which covers 19 regions of the Central Federal District. The share of the Kursk nuclear power plant in the installed capacity of all power plants in the Chernozem region is 52%. It provides electricity to 90% of industrial enterprises in the Kursk region.
In May 2008, a cooling pond of the third stage of the Kursk NPP was commissioned to meet the needs for technical water of power unit No. 5 under construction and power unit No. 6 planned for construction. ...
The new reservoir holds about 50 million cubic meters of water. Water from the cooling ponds of nuclear power plants is involved in the technological process of generating electricity. Its use ensures the operation of heat exchange equipment and technical protection systems of nuclear power plants and does not harm the environment.

Leningrad NPP

Location: Leningrad Region, Sosnovy Bor
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The station includes 4 power units with an electric capacity of 1000 MW each, the 1st and 2nd power units (the first stage) are located approximately 5 km south-west of the city of Sosnovy Bor, the 3rd and 4th power units (the second stage) are located two kilometers to the west.
The grandeur of this structure can be judged by the fact that the construction volume of only one main building of the first stage of the station is 1,200,000 m 3, the height of the reactor block reaches 56 m, and the length of the main facade is more than 400 m.

The Leningrad NPP was laid down on July 6, 1967. On December 23, 1973, the members of the State Acceptance Commission accepted the first power unit into operation. In 1975, the second unit of the Leningrad NPP was launched and the construction of the second stage of the station began. Work on the construction of the second stage began on May 10, 1975. The first assembly work on the third block were started on February 1, 1977.
On December 26, 1980, at 20:30 pm, the physical start-up of the reactor of the fourth unit was carried out, and on February 9, 1981, shortly before the opening of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, the fourth power unit was put under industrial load.
Over the years of successful operation, and in 2002, LNPP will celebrate its 30th anniversary, the plant has generated over 600 billion kWh. electricity - and this is a record figure for a power plant in Europe.
Each power unit of the station includes the following main equipment:
RBMK reactor with a circulation loop and auxiliary systems;
2 turbine units of the K-500-65 / 3000 type with a steam and condensate feed path;
2 generators of TVV-500-2 type. ...
The reactor and its auxiliary systems are housed in separate buildings. The machine room is shared by 2 power units. Auxiliary shops and systems for the two power units are common and are geographically located near each of the stages (2 power units) of the plant.
The total area occupied by the Leningrad NPP is 454 hectares.

Novovoronezh NPP

Location: Voronezh region, Novovoronezh
Total capacity of 3 blocks: 1880 MW

The decision to build a nuclear power plant was made in May 1957.
September 1964 - power start-up of the unit;
December 1964 - bringing the unit's capacity to design (210 MW);
January 1966 - development of an increased power level (240 MW);
December 1969 - testing and operation of the power unit at a capacity of up to 280 MW.
With the commissioning of the first unit of the Novovoronezh NPP on September 30, 1964, the countdown began in the history of the atomic energy of our country and European countries. Although the capacity of the power unit, according to modern concepts, was small, at the level of that time it was the most powerful nuclear power unit in the world.
1 power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP, created as a pilot industrial unit, clearly demonstrated the advantages of using nuclear energy, the reliability and safety of the NPP
On December 30, 1969, the 2nd power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP was put into operation. The reactor plant for the 2nd power unit (VVER-365) was the basis for the transition to the construction of serial units with VVER.
In December 1971, the third power unit was commissioned.
In 1972, power unit No. 3 reached its design capacity, and in December, the next, fourth, power unit was launched.
A new page began in the history of the station - the construction of the country's first power unit with a VVER-1000 reactor, which gave current on May 31, 1980.
A series of units with VVER-440 reactors were built at the Kola, Armenian, Rovno NPPs, as well as abroad - in Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Finland. The head power unit No. 5 became serial for the South-Ukrainian, Kalinin, Zaporozhye, Balakovskaya, Rostov NPPs, as well as for the Kozloduy NPP in Bulgaria.
In the meantime, the design life of the first two power units of the NPP was coming to an end. In August 1984, after the expiration of the commercial operation of the reactor vessel, the first unit was shut down for reconstruction and modernization.
In 1986, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the safety concept of nuclear power plants in the USSR was revised and work on the modernization of Unit 1 was discontinued.
Based on the existing operating experience, the technical policy of the administration of the Novovoronezh NPP for a long time was associated with the issues of modernization and reconstruction of units 3 and 4, the term of design operation was also coming to an end. Thanks to the extensive work on the modernization of systems and equipment aimed at improving safety, the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia in 2001-2002. it was decided to extend the life of units 3 and 4 for 15 years.

Smolensk NPP

Location: Smolensk region, Desnogorsk
Total capacity of 3 units: 3000 MW

The plant annually supplies the power system with an average of 20 billion kWh of electricity, which is 13% of the electricity generated by ten nuclear power plants in the country.
Today SNPP is the largest city-forming enterprise of the Smolensk region, the share of revenues to the regional budget is more than 30%.
Three power units with uranium-graphite channel reactors RBMK-1000 of the second and third generation are in commercial operation at the SNPP.
The first power unit was commissioned in 1982, the second in 1985, and the third in 1990.
The electric capacity of each power unit is 1000 MW, the thermal capacity is 3200 MW.
In 2007, the Smolensk nuclear power plant was the first among Russian nuclear power plants to receive an international certificate of conformity of the quality management system ISO standard 9001:2000.
In order to extend the life of the Smolensk NPP, the plant is gradually carrying out scheduled and current repairs with a large amount of work on the reconstruction and modernization of equipment.
All power units are equipped with an accident localization system that excludes the release of radioactive substances into the environment.
In preparing the material, information from the site rosenergoatom.ru was used

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Fuel and energy complex. The Volga region uses both its own fuel and energy raw materials and imported ones. More than half of the oil and gas produced in the region is exported. At the same time, thermal power plants (TPPs) and thermal power plants (CHPPs) of the region operate on energy coals from Kuzbass, Karaganda, etc., on Orenburg gas supplied through the main gas pipeline. In perspective significant changes in the structure of the fuel balance is not expected. More active use of surplus fuel in the eastern regions is expected.

The Volga region in 1995 generated about 100 billion kW / h of electricity, ranking fifth in this indicator in Russia.

In the Volga region electric power represented by three types of power plants: hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. The power industry of the region is of republican importance. The Volga region specializes in the production of electricity (over 10% of the total Russian production), which supplies other regions of Russia as well.

The basis of the energy economy is the hydroelectric power station of the Volga-Kama cascade (Volzhskaya near Samara, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk, Volgograd, etc.). According to preliminary estimates, the total electricity generation at all hydropower plants in the Volga region may exceed 30 billion kWh per year. The cost of energy generated at these HPPs is the lowest in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Hydroelectric power plants of the Volga region play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country.

A number of powerful thermal power plants operate in the region, located in the centers of large consumption of heat and electricity. In the total electricity production, the share of thermal power plants is approximately 3/5. One of the largest is the state district power station in the Republic of Tatarstan, which runs on gas.

The development of the chemistry of organic synthesis in the region of oil refining demanded the creation of powerful heat and power engineering.

Industry leader in the Volga region oil and gas chemical complex is the largest in the country in terms of production. It includes the entire technological chain of sequential processing of oil and gas - from their extraction to the production of various chemical products and products from them.

The development of this complex was facilitated primarily by the presence of a powerful resource base. Petrochemical industries were able to develop at a rapid pace due to the good supply of water, fuel and energy resources... In addition, an important role was played by the transport and geographical location of the region, which is in close proximity to the consumers of the products.

Oil industry remains one of the main branches of specialization of the region, although the emerging last years the tendency of a decline in the production of this fuel and raw materials as a result of the depletion of the most productive deposits. The current scale of oil production in the region ranges from 10-14% of the level of the Russian Federation. To maintain this level, the latest methods of the most complete oil recovery are used here.

More than half of oil production comes from Tatarstan. The largest oil production center here is Almetyevsk, which developed on the basis of the Romashkinskoye field, the most powerful in the Volga region. The Druzhba oil pipeline originates from Almetyevsk. The Samara region is also distinguished by oil production, the most important centers are the cities of Otradny and Neftegorsk. Currently, oil production in Kalmykia is being developed.

Development of oil and gas processing industry... The region's oil refineries (Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Nizhnekamsk, Novokuibyshevsk, etc.) process not only their own oil, but also the oil of Western Siberia. Refinery and petrochemicals are closely related. Along with natural gas, associated gas is extracted and processed, which is used in the chemical industry.

Reached a very high level chemical and petrochemical industry... The chemical industry of the Volga region is represented by mining chemistry (extraction of sulfur and table salt), chemistry of organic synthesis, and the production of polymers. The largest centers are: Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volzhsky, Togliatti. In the industrial hubs of Samara-Togliatti, Saratov-Engels, Volgograd-Volzhsky, energy and petrochemical production cycles have developed. The production of energy, petroleum products, alcohols, synthetic rubber, and plastics are geographically close to them.

Recently, the district accounted for 22.2% of the total Russian production of all chemical products. Hydrocarbon resources, favorable opportunities for water and energy supply and the constantly growing needs of the country and the region itself in the products of this industry have made it possible to locate and develop large chemical and petrochemical complexes and enterprises here.

Machine-building complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of all industrial products district. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. Mechanical engineering works primarily on rolled metal products from the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by its own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites various machine-building industries. The Volga machine building produces a wide range of machines and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.

A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of aircraft and helicopters, cargo and passenger cars, trolleybuses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).

But the automotive industry stands out especially in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the "automobile workshop" of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, it is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex makes it possible to organize wide cooperation ties.

In the Volga region, 71% of cars and 17% of trucks Russia. Among the engineering centers, the largest are:

Samara (machine-tool industry, bearing production, aircraft construction, production of automotive and tractor equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.);

Saratov (machine tools, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);

Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);

Togliatti (a complex of VAZ enterprises - the leading one in the country's automotive industry).

The important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation).

The automotive industry of the Volga region is presented in Table 1.

The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.

Page 1

The fuel and energy complex produces almost a third (27% in 1996) of the region's gross output. The Volga region annually produces about 100 billion kWh of electricity - about 10% of its total Russian production. In terms of the volume of electricity produced, the region is second only to the Central, Ural, East Siberian and West Siberian regions. The area is surplus in terms of electricity production.

The power industry of the Volga region is represented by three types of stations: hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear. On its territory there are powerful HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade: Volgograd (2530 thousand kW) and Nizhnekamsk (1080 thousand kW).

HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country. Electricity is transmitted through the AC transmission line-500 Togliatti - Moscow and Volgograd - Moscow. Connections with the Urals are stable, carried out through the power transmission line-220. Power transmission line-500 Nizhnekamsk HPP - Cheboksary - Nizhny Novgorod were built. The development in the region of oil refining and the chemistry of organic synthesis required the creation of powerful heat and power engineering. The main fuel for these stations is fuel oil produced in the region, Kuzbass power coals and natural gas from the Orenburg field. The largest TPPs are Zainskaya KES (2.4 million kW), Nizhnekamskaya, Novokuibyshevskaya, Togliatinskaya TPPs (250 thousand kW each) and Balakovskaya TPP (200 thousand kW).

A qualitatively new stage in the power industry of the Volga region began in connection with the construction of the Balakovo NPP (capacity 4 million kW).

The leading oil and gas and energy chemical cycle in the industry of the Volga region is the largest in the country in terms of production and completion. It includes the entire technological chain of sequential processing of oil and gas - from their extraction to the production of various chemical products and products from them. The development of the cycle was facilitated, first of all, by the presence of a powerful resource base. Petrochemical industries were able to develop at a rapid pace due to the good availability of water, fuel and energy resources. An important role was also played by the location of the region in the center of the European part of the country, in close proximity to the main consumers of the products, as well as good transport availability.

The main oil fields of the Volga region are located in the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Volgograd and Saratov regions. At the fields, oil is purified from water, salts, and prepared for further processing; there are installations for complex oil treatment, with the help of which, when using a wide fraction of oil stabilization, hydrocarbon raw materials are extracted. Associated petroleum gases are also utilized here, of which liquefied gases and gasoline are produced at the Minnibaevsky (Tatarstan) and Otradnensky (Samara region) gas-petrol plants. The content of heavy hydrocarbons in associated petroleum gas reaches 25%. The percentage of its utilization at the factories of the Volga region is the highest in the country (over 80%). Oil and gas are further processed at oil refineries, where they receive fuel (motor gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil), lubricating oils, liquefied gases (propane, butane, isobutane, etc.) - a valuable raw material for chemical production. Largest enterprises There are oil refineries in the Samara region: the Syzran plant (arose on the basis of the Baku oil refinery evacuated during the war years), the Kuibyshev plant and the Novokuibyshevsk petrochemical plant, the Volgograd oil refinery - the country's leading producer of lubricating oils. About 15% of the production of oils in Russia is concentrated here, and the production volumes of aviation and gear oils make up 20 and 50% of their total Russian production, respectively. There is oil refining in Saratov; technological unit for oil refining was established at the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical plant. The district's oil refineries are characterized by high quality of their products - a large share of unleaded gasoline, low sulfur content. At present, the region refines not only the Volga oil, but also oil supplied through the Aktau - Samara, Samotlor - Tyumen - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk oil pipelines.

Several oil companies are involved in the production and refining of oil. Most of the production (66%) is carried out by the oil production association AO TATNEFT with a production volume of 25 million tons.

Basic oil refineries are the largest vertically integrated oil companies Russia, for example OJSC Lukoil, Sidanko.

Hydrocarbon raw materials are used for the production mineral fertilizers, synthetic ethyl alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics, etc.

The oil and gas and energy chemical cycle of the Volga region is characterized by a high territorial concentration of production. Several large petrochemical centers have developed in the region. Combinations of petrochemical industries in their most complete form arose within the Samarskaya Luka: in Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Togliatti. Novokuibyshevsk Petrochemical Plant is the largest producer of synthetic alcohol, high and low pressure polyethylene. There are factories for the production of synthetic rubber and mineral fertilizers in Togliatti. In Nizhnekamsk, the world's largest universal complex of petrochemical industries was created, producing synthetic rubber, styrene, polyethylene; built tire factory... The Nizhnekamsk Petrochemical Plant operates the country's most powerful plants for processing a wide fraction of hydrocarbons. An organic synthesis plant for the production of high and low pressure polyethylene was built in Kazan. Partially using the petrochemical raw materials of the Volgograd oil refinery, chemical enterprises operate in the cities of Volgograd and Volzhsky. The Volzhsky Chemical Combine produces synthetic rubber, alcohol, artificial fiber; the production of tires and rubber products was organized. At the Volgograd Chemical Combine, on the basis of salt and natural gas processing, the production of soda, caustic soda, chlorine, pesticides, acetylene, fertilizers, organochlorine products, PVC and epoxy resins was created. There is a smaller combination of chemical industries in Saratov (synthetic alcohol, artificial fibers), Engels and Balakovo (artificial fibers). The Astrakhan gas complex, which includes gas fields and a gas processing plant, operates on the basis of the Astrakhan gas condensate field. The complex is specialized in the production of technical gas sulfur, motor gasoline, diesel and boiler fuel, propane-butane fraction.

Poldi Pezzoli Museum
The museum houses the collection of Count Gian Giacomo Poldi-Pezzoli, transferred to the city at the end in 1881. Its most significant part is the painting of the old masters: portraits of Luther and his wife by Lucas Cranach, the famous profile portrait of a Florentine girl with a long neck by an unknown author, Ph. ..

Forest resources
Forests are the national wealth of the people, a source of timber and other types of valuable raw materials, as well as a stabilizing component of the biosphere. They are of great aesthetic and recreational (restorative) importance. The rational use and conservation of forests is currently acquiring ...

Water resources
Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, water is widely used in all industrial and non-industrial sectors. Pure fresh water is of the greatest value, the deficit of which is more and more tangible in Ukraine. The republic's water resources are surface (rivers, lakes, ...

Nuclear physics, which arose as a science after the discovery in 1986 of the phenomenon of radioactivity by scientists A. Becquerel and M. Curie, became the basis of not only nuclear weapons, but also the nuclear industry.

Start of nuclear research in Russia

Already in 1910, the Radium Commission was created in St. Petersburg, which included famous physicists N.N.Beketov, A.P. Karpinsky, V.I. Vernadsky.

The study of the processes of radioactivity with the release of internal energy was carried out at the first stage of the development of nuclear power in Russia, in the period from 1921 to 1941. Then the possibility of capturing a neutron by protons was proved, the possibility of a nuclear reaction was theoretically substantiated by

Under the leadership of IV Kurchatov, employees of institutes of various departments have already carried out specific work on the implementation of a chain reaction in the fission of uranium.

The period of the creation of atomic weapons in the USSR

By 1940, a huge statistical and practical experience had been accumulated, which allowed scientists to offer the country's leadership to technically use the enormous intra-atomic energy. In 1941, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow, which made it possible to systematically investigate the excitation of nuclei by accelerated ions. At the beginning of the war, the equipment was transported to Ufa and Kazan, followed by employees.

By 1943, a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus appeared under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov, the purpose of which was to create a nuclear uranium bomb or fuel.

The use of atomic bombs by the United States in August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a precedent for monopoly possession of this country with superweapons and, accordingly, forced the USSR to accelerate work on the creation of its own atomic bomb.

The result of the organizational measures was the launch of the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor in Russia in the village of Sarov (Gorkovskaya Oblast) in 1946. The first nuclear controlled reaction was carried out at the F-1 test reactor.

An industrial plutonium enrichment reactor was built in 1948 in Chelyabinsk. In 1949, a nuclear plutonium charge was tested at the Semipalatinsk test site.

This stage became a preparatory stage in the history of the domestic nuclear power industry. And already in 1949 the design work to create a nuclear power plant.

In 1954, the world's first (demonstration) nuclear installation of a relatively small capacity (5 MW) was launched in Obninsk.

An industrial dual-purpose reactor, where, in addition to generating electricity, weapons-grade plutonium was also produced, was put into operation Tomsk region(Seversk) at the Siberian Chemical Combine.

Russian nuclear power: types of reactors

The nuclear power industry of the USSR was initially focused on the use of high-power reactors:

• Channel thermal reactor RBMK (channel high power reactor); fuel - poorly enriched uranium dioxide (2%), reaction moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling water purified from deuterium and tritium (light water).
• Thermal neutron reactor, enclosed in a pressure vessel, fuel - uranium dioxide with an enrichment of 3-5%, moderator - water, which is also a coolant.
• BN-600 - fast neutron reactor, fuel - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. The world's only industrial reactor of this type. Installed at the Beloyarsk station.
• EGP - thermal neutron reactor (power heterogeneous loop), operates only at the Bilibino NPP. It differs in that the overheating of the coolant (water) occurs in the reactor itself. Recognized as unpromising.

In total, there are 33 power units in operation at ten nuclear power plants in Russia with a total capacity of more than 2,300 MW:

• with VVER reactors - 17 units;
• with RMBK reactors - 11 units;
• with BN reactors - 1 unit;
• with EGP reactors - 4 units.

List of NPPs in Russia and the Union Republics: commissioning period from 1954 to 2001

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga region. Purpose - industrial demonstration. Reactor type - AM-1. Stopped in 2002
2. 1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk region. Purpose - production of weapons-grade plutonium, additional heat and hot water for Seversk and Tomsk. Reactors type - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. It was finally stopped in 2008 by agreement with the United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Reactor types - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Purpose - to generate heat for the Krasnoyarsk mining and processing plant. The final stop occurred in 2010 by agreement with the United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region. Reactor types - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 was shut down in 1983, AMB-200 - in 1990. Operating.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactors type - VVER, five units. The first and second are stopped. The status is valid.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, Melekess (Dimitrovograd since 1972), Ulyanovsk region. The types of research reactors installed are MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 and VK-50 generate additional electricity. The stop period is constantly being extended. Status - the only station with research reactors. Estimated closure - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, shut down in 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Region. Four VVER reactors. The status is valid.
9. 1973, Leningradskaya, Pine forest town, Leningrad region. Four reactors RMBK-1000 (the same as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). The status is valid.
10. 1974 year. Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Region. The types of reactors are AMB (now shut down), BN and four EGP. Active.
11. 1976 year. Kursk, Kurchatov, Kursk region Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. Active.
12. 1976 year. Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Two VVER units, the first was shut down in 1989, the second is in operation.
13. 1977 year. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. The fourth unit was destroyed in 1986, the second unit was shut down in 1991, the first in 1996, and the third in 2000.
14. 1980 year. Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region, Ukraine. Three blocks with VVER reactors. Active.
15. 1982 year. Smolensk, Desnogorsk, Smolensk region, two units with RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
16. 1982 year. South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Ukraine. Three VVER reactors. Active.
17. 1983 year. Ignalina, Visaginas (formerly Ignalina district), Lithuania. Two RMBK reactors. Stopped in 2009 at the request of the European Union (upon joining the EEC).
18. 1984 year. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver region Two VVER reactors. Active.
19. 1984 year. Zaporizhzhya, Energodar, Ukraine. Six blocks for VVER reactors. Active.
20. 1985 year. Saratov region Four VVER reactors. Active.
21. 1987 year. Khmelnitskaya, Netishin, Ukraine. One VVER reactor. Active.
22. year 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov region By 2014, two units are operating at VVER reactors. Two blocks under construction.

Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

1986 was a fatal year for this industry. The consequences of a man-made disaster turned out to be so unexpected for humanity that the closure of many nuclear power plants became a natural impulse. The number of nuclear power plants worldwide has declined. Not only domestic stations, but also foreign ones, which were being built according to USSR projects, were stopped.

List of Russian NPPs whose construction was suspended:

• Gorkovskaya AST (heating plant);
• Crimean;
• Voronezh AST.

List of Russian NPPs canceled at the design stage and preparatory earthworks:

• Arkhangelskaya;
• Volgograd;
• Far Eastern;
• Ivanovskaya AST (heating plant);
• Karelian NPP and Karelskaya-2 NPP;
• Krasnodar.

Abandoned nuclear power plants in Russia: reasons

The location of the construction site on a tectonic fault - this reason was indicated official sources during the mothballing of the construction of nuclear power plants in Russia. The map of seismically stressed territories of the country isolates the Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone, the Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far Eastern and Amur zones.

From this point of view, the construction of the Crimean station (the readiness of the first block is 80%) was really started unreasonably. The real reason for the conservation of the remaining energy facilities as expensive was the unfavorable situation - the economic crisis in the USSR. During that period, many industrial facilities were mothballed (literally abandoned for plundering), despite the high readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

The construction of the station was started back in 1981. And in 1990, under pressure from the active community, the regional council decided to mothball the construction site. The readiness of the first block at that time was already 95%, and the second - 47%.

Eight years later, in 1998, the original design was adjusted, the number of blocks was reduced to two. In May 2000, construction was resumed, and already in May 2001, the first unit was connected to the power system. Construction of the second was resumed next year. The final start-up was postponed several times, and only in March 2010 it was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP: 3 unit

In 2009, a decision was made to develop the Rostov nuclear power plant with the installation of four more units on the basis of VVER reactors.

Taking into account the current situation, the Rostov NPP should become the supplier of electricity to the Crimean peninsula. Unit 3 in December 2014 was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation so far with a minimum capacity. By mid-2015, it is planned to start its commercial operation (1011 MW), which should reduce the risk of shortages of electricity from Ukraine to Crimea.

Nuclear energy in the modern Russian Federation

By the beginning of 2015, all Russia (operating and under construction) are branches of the Rosenergoatom concern. The crisis phenomena in the industry with difficulties and losses were overcome. By the beginning of 2015, 10 nuclear power plants are operating in the Russian Federation, 5 ground-based and one floating station are under construction.

List of Russian NPPs operating at the beginning of 2015:

• Beloyarskaya (the beginning of operation - 1964).
• Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
• Kola NPP (1973).
• Leningradskaya (1973).
• Bilibinskaya (1974).
• Kurskaya (1976).
• Smolenskaya (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovskaya (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian NPPs under construction

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad region. Two units based on VVER-1200 reactors. Construction started in 2012. Start-up - in 2017, reaching the design capacity - in 2018.

It is planned that the Baltic NPP will export electricity to European countries: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. The sale of electricity in the Russian Federation will be carried out through the Lithuanian power system.

World Nuclear Energy: A Brief Overview

Almost all Russian nuclear power plants have been built in the European part of the country. The map of the planetary location of nuclear power plants shows the concentration of objects in the following four regions: Europe, the Far East (Japan, China, Korea), the Middle East, Central America. According to the IAEA, about 440 nuclear reactors were in operation in 2014.

Nuclear power plants are concentrated in the following countries:

• in the USA, nuclear power plants generate 836.63 billion kWh / year;
• in France - 439.73 billion kWh / year;
• in Japan - 263.83 billion kWh / year;
• in Russia - 160.04 billion kWh / year;
• in Korea - 142.94 billion kWh / year;
• in Germany - 140.53 billion kWh / year.

Nuclear energy is one of the most developing areas of the industry, which is dictated by the constant growth of electricity consumption. Many countries have their own sources of energy generation using the "peaceful atom".

Map of nuclear power plants of Russia (RF)

Russia is included in this number. The history of Russian nuclear power plants begins in the distant 1948, when the inventor of the Soviet atomic bomb I.V. Kurchatov initiated the design of the first nuclear power plant on the territory of the then Soviet Union. Nuclear power plants of Russia originate from the construction of the Obninsk nuclear power plant, which became not only the first in Russia, but the first nuclear power plant in the world.

On currently nuclear power plants in Russia include 10 operating facilities that provide a capacity of 27 GW (GigWatt), which is approximately 18% of the country's energy balance. Modern development of technology makes it possible to make Russian nuclear power plants environmentally friendly facilities, despite the fact that the use of atomic energy is the most dangerous production from the point of view of industrial safety.

The map of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Russia includes not only existing plants, but also those under construction, of which there are about 10 pieces. At the same time, those under construction include not only full-fledged nuclear power plants, but also promising developments in the form of creating a floating nuclear power plant, which is distinguished by mobility.

The list of nuclear power plants in Russia is as follows:

State of the art Russia's nuclear power industry allows us to speak about the presence of a large potential, which in the foreseeable future can be realized in the creation and design of reactors of a new type, allowing to generate large amounts of energy at lower costs.