Presentation of chemistry topic mineral fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers presentation. obtained by mixing granular

Table 1. The ten countries in the world with the largest population, in mid-2009, 2025 and 2050 (mil. People), 2009 2025 2050 1. China China India India India China USA 3073. USA 3583. USA Indonesia 2434. Indonesia 2924. Indonesia Brazil 1925. Pakistan 2465. Pakistan Pakistan 1816. Brazil 2126. Nigeria Bangladesh 1627. Nigeria 2077. Bangladesh Nigeria 1538. Bangladesh 1958. Brazil Russia 1409. Russia Congo, Dem. Republic of Japan Mexico Philippines 150 9.2 billion Forecast for 2050 6 billion

Now the world's population is over 6 billion people and it is growing. How to feed him ??? Chemists all over the world create various fertilizers to increase the mass of products grown on the ground. In 2000, every third person in the world ate grain and other agricultural products, which were obtained through the use of mineral fertilizers. The planet's population is growing, but grain production is not

To grow a full-fledged crop, cultivated plants must be protected from weeds and diseases. The chemicals used to kill weeds are called herbicides. This word comes from the Latin "coat of arms" - herb, plant and "cide" - to kill. Currently, there is a wide range of complex organic compounds with herbicidal properties.

Structure of the chemical industry Basic chemistry Production of polymeric materials Production of mineral fertilizers Processing of polymeric materials Chemistry of organic synthesis Other industries (photochemistry, paints and varnishes) Mining and chemical industry Industries that provide raw materials for the chemical industry (coke chemistry, oil refining, etc.)

Mineral fertilizers Depending on what nutrients are contained in mineral salts, fertilizers are divided into simple and complex. Simple fertilizers contain one nutrient. These include phosphorus, nitrogen, potash and micronutrient fertilizers. Complex fertilizers contain two or more essential nutrients at the same time. Fertilizers are solid (granular, powdery) and liquid (poor up to 40% of the nutrient and concentrated over 40%). Mineral fertilizers are inorganic compounds containing nutrients necessary for plants.

Production of mineral fertilizers NITROGEN POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE Close to raw material bases Close metallurgical plants and gas pipelines Near resource bases Apatity Apatity Voskresensk Voskresensk Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Solikamsk Solikamsk Bereznyaki Bereznyaki Lipetsk Cherepovets Novgorod Novokuznetsk

Potash fertilizers - increase the yield, quality and resistance of plants. They contain the nutrient potassium, which has a positive effect on the resistance of plants to drought, low temperatures, pests, allows plants to use water more economically, enhances the transport of substances in the plant and the development of the root system, promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates (sugar beets, starch and potatoes). When it is introduced, photosynthesis is enhanced, the fruits acquire a brighter color and aroma, and are stored longer. The introduction of potassium is necessary especially for root crops.

It was salt - "Permyanka" along with valuable furs that was the main source of income for the "Lord of Novgorod the Great". Salt was the basis of the wealth of the Stroganovs, Golitsyns, Shakhovsks. Their breweries produced up to seven million poods of salt per year. Perm salt - "Permyanka" - was traded not only in Russia, but also in other European countries.

Phosphorus fertilizers contain the element phosphorus 1. water-soluble (ammophos, diammophos, superphosphates), 2. hardly soluble - very poorly soluble in weak acids, insoluble in water (phosphate rock, bone meal). 2. Difficult soluble - very poorly soluble in weak acids, insoluble in water (phosphate rock, bone meal).

The importance of phosphorus fertilizers The importance of phosphorus fertilizers It is a part of complex proteins involved in the process of cell nucleus division and in the formation of new plant organs. It is part of complex proteins involved in the division of the cell nucleus and in the formation of new plant organs. It plays an important role in accelerating the ripening of fruits and berries. It plays an important role in accelerating the ripening of fruits and berries. Promotes economical consumption of moisture Promotes economical consumption of moisture significantly increases winter hardiness of plants significantly increases winter hardiness of plants Phosphorus improves taste and enhances the flow of nutrients from leaves to fruits and berries. Phosphorus improves flavor and increases the flow of nutrients from the leaves to fruits and berries. Phosphorus plays an important role in the life of fruit and berry crops. Phosphorus plays an important role in the life of fruit and berry crops. If there is not enough phosphorus, growth slows down, there is a delay in flowering and ripening, taste deteriorates, and yield decreases. If there is not enough phosphorus, growth slows down, flowering and ripening are delayed, taste worsens, yield decreases .. Excess phosphorus is harmful .. Excess phosphorus is harmful.

Nitrogen is the main nutrient for all plants: without nitrogen, the formation of proteins and many vitamins, especially B vitamins, is impossible. Nitrogen regulates the growth of vegetative mass, determines the level of crop yields, and increases the protein content in grain. Plants absorb and assimilate nitrogen most intensively during the period of maximum formation and growth of stems and leaves. Nitrogen fertilizers promote the development of the green part of the plant.

Calculation of the nutritional value of CO (NH 2) 2 W = n X Ar (N) X 100% / Mr substance% 2 +++ W = 14 () =

Calculation of the nutritional value of CO (NH 2) 2 W = n X Ar (N) X 100% / Mr substance% 2 +++ W = 14 () = 47%

In ancient times, salt was a valuable commodity, a significant part of which was imported into the country from abroad. The first structures in the salt fields were: chests for storing brine, brews, barns, brine-lifting pipes .. By the end of the 17th century, salt extraction from Solikamchanka Solikametssolikamtsy came to the fore. Ethnobury is the name of the inhabitants

TRAINING: 1. To form the concept of mineral fertilizers, their importance in the national economy and the principles of the location of enterprises producing fertilizers. 2. To give a classification of fertilizers 3. To consolidate the skills of students - to write chemical formulas and make chemical calculations. 4. To teach to compare maps of resources and production. EDUCATIONAL 1. To educate students to be accurate in taking notes. 2. To develop attentiveness when working with the map 3. To cultivate respect for nature 4. To teach students to love their body and not to eat "harmful products"

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Objectives: study of the composition of mineral fertilizers and determination of their biological role, classification of fertilizers, formation of skills in solving problems, consolidation of the skills of recognizing inorganic substances using qualitative reactions to ions, activation of cognitive interest, broadening the general outlook, development of skills to apply acquired knowledge in practice.

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Mineral fertilizers are compounds containing nutrients necessary for plants. Plant cells contain more than 70 chemical elements - almost all found in the soil. But for the normal growth, development and fruiting of plants, only 16 of them are needed. These are the elements absorbed by plants from air and water - oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, and elements absorbed from the soil, among which macroelements are distinguished - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements - molybdenum, copper, zinc, manganese , iron, boron and cobalt.

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Individual plants also require other chemical elements for normal growth and development. For example, sugar beets need sodium to obtain a high yield of root crops. It also accelerates growth and improves the development of forage beets, barley, chicory and other crops. Silicon, aluminum, nickel, cadmium, iodine, etc. have a positive effect on the metabolism of some plants. The needs of agricultural crops for nutrients are most fully satisfied when fertilizers are applied to the soil. Not without reason they are figuratively called vitamins of the fields.

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Organomineral (ammonia + peat) Organic Manure, compost, peat Mineral Fertilizer classification Nitrogen Liquid ammonia NH4CI Phosphate Simple superphosphate Potash KCI Micronutrient fertilizers ZnSO4

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Mineral fertilizers are substances of inorganic origin. According to the active, nutrient element, mineral fertilizers are divided into macrofertilizers: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilizers (boric, molybdenum, etc.). For the manufacture of mineral fertilizers, natural raw materials (phosphorites, nitrate, etc.) are used, as well as by-products and wastes of some industries, for example, ammonium sulfate, a by-product in the coke industry and the production of nylon. Mineral fertilizers are obtained in industry or by mechanical processing of inorganic raw materials, for example, by grinding phosphorites, or by means of chemical reactions. They produce solid and liquid mineral fertilizers.

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Organic fertilizers are substances of plant and animal origin. First of all, these are manure, peat, composts, poultry droppings, municipal waste and waste from food industries. This also includes green fertilizers (lupine plants, beans). Introduced into the soil, these fertilizers decompose under the action of soil microorganisms with the formation of mineral compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients.

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Organomineral fertilizers contain organic and mineral substances. They are obtained by treating organic substances (peat, shale, brown coal, etc.) with ammonia and phosphoric acid, or by mixing manure or peat with phosphorus fertilizers.

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Bacterial fertilizers are preparations (azotobacterin, soil nitragin) containing a culture of microorganisms that absorb soil organic matter and fertilizers and turn them into minerals.

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According to the agrochemical effect, mineral fertilizers are divided into direct and indirect. Direct fertilizers are intended for direct plant nutrition. They contain nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron and trace elements (B, Mo, Cu, Zn). They are divided into simple and complex fertilizers. Simple fertilizers contain one nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, molybdenum, etc.). These are nitrogen fertilizers, which are distinguished by the form of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, ammonium, amide and their combinations); phosphorus fertilizers, which are divided into water-soluble (double superphosphate) and water-insoluble (phosphorite flour, etc., used on acidic soils); potash fertilizers, which are divided into concentrated (КС1, К2С03, etc.) and raw salts (sylvinite, kainit, etc.); micronutrient fertilizers - substances containing trace elements (Н3В03, ammonium molybdate, etc.).

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Complex fertilizers contain at least two nutrients. By the nature of their production, they are divided into the following groups: mixed - obtained by mechanical mixing of various ready-made powdery or granular fertilizers; complex mixed granular fertilizers - obtained by mixing powdered ready-made fertilizers with the introduction of liquid fertilizers (liquid ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.) in the mixing process; complex fertilizers are obtained by chemical processing of raw materials in a single technological process.

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Indirect fertilizers are used for chemical, physical, microbiological effects on the soil in order to improve the conditions for the use of fertilizers. For example, ground limestone, dolomite, slaked lime are used to neutralize soil acidity, gypsum is used for reclamation of salt licks, and sodium hydrosulfite is used for soil acidification. The nutritional value of fertilizers was agreed to be expressed through the mass fraction of nitrogen N, phosphorus (V) oxide P205 or potassium oxide K20.

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How is the nutrition of plants carried out by the elements contained in the soil? Let's turn to the theory of electrolytic dissociation. Under the influence of various chemical reactions and with the participation of microorganisms, there is a gradual transition of nutrients from an indigestible state to an ionic state. But these ions would be washed out with water if they were not retained by soil ion exchangers. Ions retained by ion exchangers make up the bulk of the nutrient materials contained in the soil in a form accessible to plants. Exchange reactions take place between ion exchangers and solutes.

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Chemical workshop: "Fertilizer recognition". Materials and equipment: a set of fertilizers, water, solutions of silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide, test tubes, spirit lamp, holder. The following fertilizers are given in three packages under the numbers: 1) ammonium nitrate, 2) phosphate rock, 3) potassium chloride. Experimentally determine which fertilizer is in the bag under the corresponding number. Confirm the answer with the reaction equations. Write complete ionic and abbreviated ionic equations.

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Production of mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers are produced in factories by binding nitrogen in the air with hydrogen. As a result, ammonia is formed, which is then oxidized to nitric acid. Combining ammonia with nitric acid, receive the most common nitrogen fertilizer - ammonium nitrate, which contains about 34% nitrogen. An aqueous ammonia solution containing about 20% nitrogen is used as a fertilizer. Its production is much cheaper than the production of ammonium nitrate. Among other nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulfate containing up to 20% nitrogen, sodium nitrate (16% nitrogen), potassium nitrate (13.5% nitrogen and 46.5% potassium oxide) and urea - the most nitrogen-rich compound (up to 46% nitrogen) ). Used as fertilizer and phosphorous flour, that is, finely ground, but not processed chemical phosphorites. The most common potash fertilizer is 40% potassium salt. It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvinite (NaCL * KCL).

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The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with mineral fertilizers. Find out the principles of the location of enterprises producing mineral fertilizers. Track the impact of these industries on the environment.

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Table 1. The ten countries in the world with the largest populations, mid-2009, 2025 and 2050 (million people), 9.2 billion Forecast for 2050 6 billion

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The chemical industry is a branch of industry that provides all areas of the economy with chemical materials and produces consumer goods.

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Chemical industry structure

Basic chemistry Production of polymeric materials Production of mineral fertilizers Processing of polymeric materials

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Mineral fertilizers Depending on what nutrients are contained in mineral salts, fertilizers are divided into simple and complex. Simple fertilizers contain one nutrient. These include phosphorus, nitrogen, potash and micronutrient fertilizers. Complex fertilizers contain at the same time two or more basic nutrients. Fertilizers are solid (granular, powdery) and liquid (poor up to 40% of the nutrient and concentrated more than 40%). Mineral fertilizers are inorganic compounds containing nutrients necessary for plants.

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Organic Manure, compost, peat Mineral Classification of fertilizers (by origin) Nitrogen Liquid ammonia, NH4CI-ammonium chloride Phosphoric Superphosphate simple, Ca3 (PO4) 2-phosphate flour Potassium KCI-potassium chloride Micronutrient fertilizers ZnSO4

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The mining and chemical industry is located in areas of mining, which are used as chemical raw materials (rock and potassium salt phosphorites)

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Mineral Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash P К N P N

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Production of mineral fertilizers

NITROGEN POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE Near raw material bases Near metallurgical plants and gas pipelines Near raw material bases Apatity Voskresensk Nizhny Novgorod Solikamsk Bereznyaki Lipetsk Cherepovets Novgorod Novokuznetsk P R

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Nitrogen Potash Phosphorus Lipetsk Cherepovets Novgorod Solikamsk Bereznyaki Apatity Voskresensk Nizhny Novgorod Put signs of mineral fertilizers to their cities Novokuznetsk

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Potash fertilizers

KCI-potassium chloride In nature in the form of sylvinite mineral (KCI + NaCI)

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Potash fertilizers Solikamsk Bereznyaki KamennayaSalt

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Mines where Perm potash salt is mined

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Salt dumps in Solikamsk are waste from salt mining, which occupy more than 438 hectares

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Phosphate fertilizers contain the element phosphorus

water-soluble (ammophos, diammophos, superphosphates), 2. hardly soluble - very poorly soluble in weak acids, insoluble in water (phosphate rock, bone meal).

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The importance of phosphate fertilizers

It is part of complex proteins involved in the division of the cell nucleus and in the formation of new plant organs. It plays an important role in accelerating the ripening of fruits and berries. Promotes economical consumption of moisture significantly increases the winter hardiness of plants. Phosphorus improves the taste and enhances the flow of nutrients from the leaves to fruits and berries. Phosphorus plays an important role in the life of fruit and berry crops. If there is not enough phosphorus, growth slows down, there is a delay in flowering and ripening, taste deteriorates, and yield decreases. ... Excess phosphorus is harmful.

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Phosphate fertilizers

Ca (H2PO4) 2 + 2CaSO4- simple superphosphate Ca (H2PO4) 2 - double superphosphate Ca3 (PO4) 2- phosphate rock

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Phosphate fertilizers Apatity Nizhny Novgorod Voskresensk

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Phosphorites

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Nitrogen fertilizers are nitrogen-containing substances that are introduced into the soil to increase yields. Nitrogen fertilizers

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Nitrogen fertilizers: Urea (carbamide) - CO (NH2) 2 Ammonium sulfate - (NH4) 2SO4 Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate) - NH4 NO3 Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate) - KNO3 Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate) - Ca (NO3) 2

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FIND A PAIR Urea (urea) Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Calcium nitrate CO (NH2) 2 (NH4) 2SO4 NH4 NO3 KNO3 Ca (NO3) 2

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Nitrogen fertilizers Metallurgical plants, gas pipelines Lipetsk Cherepovets Novokuznetsk Novgorod

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Transportation of mineral fertilizers

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Calculation of the nutritional value of fertilizers

Calculation of the mass fraction of nitrogen in fertilizers - N W = nХAr (N) X100% Mr of the substance Phosphorus oxide -P2O5 W = n X Mr (P2O5) X100% Mr of the substance Potassium oxide - K2O W = n X Mr (K2O) X100% Mr of the substance

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Calculation of nutritional value

CO (NH2) 2 W = nХAr (N) Х100% / Mr substance 14 16 12 1 2 2 100% 2 + + + W = 14 () =

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CO (NH2) 2 W = nХAr (N) Х100% / Mr substance 14 16 12 1 2 2 100% 2 + + + W = 14 () = 47%

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Homework

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Mineral fertilizers The work was carried out by RS Sidorova, a chemistry teacher of the Volovskaya OOSh MOU.

Justus Liebig (1803-1873) - the largest German chemist, one of the founders of agronomic chemistry. In 1840 Liebig published his book Organic Chemistry as Applied to Agriculture and Physiology, which played a huge role in agronomy. In it, Liebig brilliantly summarized all the chemical knowledge accumulated by that time about the patterns of plant nutrition and outlined a new theory of the mineral nutrition of plants.

Nutrients and their role in plant life. Nitrogen N The main nutrient for all plants: without nitrogen, the formation of proteins and many vitamins, especially B vitamins, is impossible. Lack of nitrogen affects primarily the growth of plants: the growth of lateral shoots is weakened, leaves, stems and fruits are smaller.

Phosphorus R Accelerates the development of plants, stimulates flowering and fruiting, promotes intensive growth of the root system. With a lack of phosphorus, inhibited growth is observed (especially in young plants), short and thin shoots, small, prematurely falling leaves. Signs of a lack of phosphorus on tomato leaves.

Potassium K Accelerates the process of photosynthesis, maintains the necessary water regime in plants, reduces the susceptibility to diseases, promotes metabolism and the formation of carbohydrates - the accumulation of starch in potato tubers, sucrose in sugar beets, increases drought resistance and frost resistance of plants. Lack of potassium usually causes stunted growth, as well as the development of buds or rudimentary inflorescences. Yellowing and dying off of the tips of the leaves are signs of a lack of potassium.

Chlorosis at the edges of poinsettia leaves is a sign of magnesium deficiency. Damaged top leaves of a plant reflect a lack of calcium. The yellowed top leaves of cabbage are a sign of sulfur deficiency. Chlorosis on the upper leaves of a plant is a sign of iron deficiency. Small and twisted young tobacco leaves are a sign of boron deficiency.

Point chlorosis of cherry leaves is a sign of manganese deficiency. The disappearance of turgor in tomato leaves indicates a lack of copper. Shortened lemon shoots with small leaves indicate a lack of zinc. Pale green cucumber leaves with marginal necrosis are a sign of molybdenum deficiency.

These are substances containing three nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium - and capable of dissociating into ions in a soil solution. Mineral fertilizers -

Fertilizers Simple Complex nitrogen phosphorus potash complex mixed Classification of fertilizers

Permissible daily intake of nitrates for an adult: human - 5 mg / kg. With excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil, nitrate and nitrite ions accumulate in excess in it. environmental consequences associated with the use of mineral fertilizers Under the influence of a large dose of nitrates, acute poisoning is observed (allergic pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, pain in the heart, cough, vomiting, etc.). The lethal dose is 8-15 g.

PO 4 3-, NO 3 -, K + Overgrowth of lakes Death of fish

Describe the role of the main nutrients (N, P, K) in plant life. 2. What substances are used as mineral fertilizers? 3. Is it possible to believe the plates on the vegetable counters of the markets "Products without nitrates"? Give an explanation. 4. Do you think it is advisable to use ammonium sulfate while liming the soil? Explain the answer, make up the reaction equation. Test questions

Thank you for the lesson!

It is impossible to grow crops without fertilizers, especially in the non-chernozem zone. Their constant introduction into the soil is required. It is very important to comply with the norms and show ecological culture in the use of fertilizers. The production of mineral fertilizers is the most important task of the chemical industry. It is especially important to improve the quality of fertilizers, to increase the proportion of concentrated, complex, granular fertilizers. conclusions

"Mineral fertilizers" - Phosphorus plays an important role in the life of fruit and berry crops. Production of mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers promote the development of the green part of the plant. Calculation of the nutritional value of fertilizers. Phosphoric Superphosphate simple, Ca3 (PO4) 2-phosphate flour. Nitrogen. Other industries (photochemistry, paint and varnish).

"Chemical Industry" - Natural. Synthetic fibers Resins Plastics Rubber Rubber. Chemistry of organic synthesis. Rayon. Polyethylene. Moscow Voronezh Yaroslavl Togliatti Krasnoyarsk. Carpets. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are biogenic ("life-giving") elements. Rubber. Ordinary rubbers are produced in Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Togliatti, Krasnoyarsk.

"Painting of plastics" - Repair of plastics. Durability characteristics. Plastics and the environment. Advances in the dyeing of plastics. Fuel economy. Color matching. What is plastic? Why are plastics used in the automotive industry? Removal of repaired parts from the car. Improved comfort.

"Glass" - Quartz glasses have the highest thermal conductivity. Chemical laboratory glass - glass with high chemical and thermal resistance. Optical glass. Sulfur, selenium, arsenic, phosphorus can be obtained in a glassy state. Quartz glass. Ordinary window glass has 0.97W / (m. Thermal conductivity.

"Geography of the chemical industry" - Geography of the chemical industry. Chemical industry. Industry composition. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, production continues to grow in the lower floors of the chemical industry, producing sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, and various pesticides. Growth rates of the chemical industry in the world.

"Ammonia Production" - Objectives. The resulting mixture of NH3, N2, H2 passes through the pipes of the heat exchanger. Raw materials for the production of ammonia. Classification of plants for the synthesis of ammonia. Systems operating at high pressures(450-1000 AT). Passing between the tubes of the heat exchanger, the heated gas mixture enters the catalyst. The unreacted mixture of N2, H2 is fed to the synthesis column by means of a circular compressor.