Key indicators of product quality. Object quality indicators and their justification Quality indicators and their application

Product quality indicators are a quantitative characteristic of product properties that make up its quality. We have tried to give a definition of product quality. We have determined that the quality of a product is primarily determined by the consumer of that product or service. And all kinds of standards and other regulatory documents only fix the needs and desires of the consumer. But both the manufacturer of products or services and the consumer face a problem: how to assess the quality, how to express the quality of products or services in natural units.

The meaning and classification of product quality indicators.

Therefore, each manufacturer of products or services is faced with the task of expressing quality in quantitative units. NS product quality providers - this is toA quantitative characteristic of the properties of products that make up its quality.

Product quality indicators are classified into groups. I will list only a few groups of quality indicators:

-indicators of appointment; determine the beneficial effect of the functional use of the product (for example, productivity);

- reliability indicators; determine the reliability of products;

- ergonomic indicators; determine the degree of ease of use of products by the consumer;

- aesthetic indicators; determine the combination of composition, style of color solutions, the harmony of the appearance of products;

- patent and legal indicators; characterize the patent purity of the product and the degree of its patent protection;

- environmental indicators; determine the degree of influence of products on the environment during their operation;

- safety indicators; determine the degree of product safety during its operation and storage;

-indicators of transportability; determine the possibility of transporting a product by various means of transport without violating its properties (quality of product packaging).

The set of quality indicators will determine the quality of the product or service. I want to note that not all groups of indicators should be used to assess the quality of not every product. It all depends on the complexity of the product, its purpose and the manufacturer's wishes.

We will not dwell on the characteristics of each of the groups. In my opinion, this is simply not necessary in a small business. But it is simply necessary to dwell on some groups of indicators in more detail, since non-compliance of products with these indicators is simply disastrous for both products and for everything

Product quality indicators. Indicator groups.

Let us dwell, first of all, on environmental indicators. The utmost attention should be paid to the issues of ecology and safety of our products. In all countries, these issues are strictly regulated by regulatory documents. And, if the parameters of your product do not comply with environmental standards, you will face very tough sanctions. I knew quite a few small businesses that closed precisely because of non-compliance with environmental requirements. These requirements apply to both the business itself and the products it produces.

The next group is safety indicators. Failure to comply with these indicators can lead not only to the closure of the business, but also to criminal liability of its owner. And monetary compensation to consumers affected by hazardous products has ruined more than one business.

Well, all other indicators of product quality will be assessed by the market. The consumer will appreciate the quality of the product better than all the inspectors. You can think about quality for a very long time, but this is not our task. I would like to consider only some more indicators of product quality, in my opinion, very important for the consumer and, accordingly, for the manufacturer.

I think you already understood that these are reliability indicators. I deliberately did not define this group in the list of groups of indicators, because I think that this group of indicators needs to be dealt with in more detail.

So, the reliability indicators determine the properties of the product to preserve all the specified functions and parameters during the established period of its operation. In turn, reliability, as a rule, consists of several indicators. We will not consider everything. Let us dwell only on the most important for most products or services:

- durability (service life) of the product;

- guarantee period;

- reliability of the product; expresses the ability of the product to continuously maintain performance and the specified parameters for a certain time; for some types of products is a very important indicator;

- product maintainability; expresses the suitability of the product for repairs and maintenance.

Durability of products.

The first indicator is the service life (or durability) of the product. Durability is the ability of a product to maintain performance and stability of parameters until its destruction or the impossibility of restoring its functioning.

This indicator is provided by the manufacturer when the consumer fulfills the rules for operating the product, regulated by the manufacturer and prescribed in the accompanying documents. For example, when buying an electric light bulb, you will be interested in its parameters and service life.

This indicator is especially important for components used in further production. It makes no sense to calculate this indicator in a small business, but remember about it and, if necessary, use it. For example, a hairdresser, having done a lady's hair, tells her: if you do not get caught in the rain and do not sleep lying down, the hairstyle will last for several days.

But seriously, knowing that you use materials and technologies that are better than those of competitors in production, you can argue that the service life of your product is such and such and, most importantly, that it is higher than that of competitors. The same can be used to justify a higher than that of competitors,. It is clear to everyone that the service life of dry wood products is longer than that of undried wood. But the consumer is not interested in the initial materials, but in the final result, i.e. what he gets. And you tell him that the service life of your product "N" years and it is higher than that of the competitor. At the same time, you are sure that, subject to the operating conditions established by you, the service life of the product will indeed be no less than that established by you.

Warranty period, warranty obligations.

The second indicator is the warranty period. It determines the period for which the manufacturer guarantees the safety of the properties and parameters of the product and undertakes to restore these properties free of charge, in case of their change or violation, if the consumer fulfills the operating conditions of this product. This period is called the warranty period. And the higher it is, the more the consumer considers the product to be of higher quality.

Naturally, this indicator is not important for all products, and for some it is not taken into account at all. As an example, I will give an ordinary nail. Who would get it into his head to run to the store clerk and demand his replacement if he bent over while hammering? Well, to prove that you scored it correctly is generally impossible.

But for many products, this criterion is dominant for the consumer when choosing the products or services he needs. For example, for furniture, household appliances, consumer electronics, a number of repairs, etc. Many people prefer to repair their car only in workshops that guarantee the quality of the repair, although, as a rule, it is more expensive than repairing a private owner. So I advise you to pay special attention to this indicator.

According to some sources, many products are not sold at all if the manufacturer does not provide them with a warranty. We will not dwell in detail on the methods for determining this indicator. For uncomplicated products, these techniques are fairly simple. And, if you accompany your products with a written warranty that matches or exceeds the warranty obligations of competitors, you will increase the prestige of your small business. In this case, you may incur some material losses associated with the preparation and approval of the necessary documentation. But they will more than pay off by increasing the sales of your products. I just want to note two points related to the warranty period.

Ensuring that your warranty is fulfilled can be tricky, especially if your products are sold in multiple locations remote from your manufacturing site. It is necessary to organize free repairs in remote places, which is very expensive.

One warranty repair for your product may exceed the amount you receive from the sale of more than one such product. So the level of quality and reliability of your products should be one of your top priorities.

Conclusion.

Summing up what has been said very briefly about the quality of products, we note that for the consumer the product will be of high quality if it is reliable, aesthetically pleasing, and performs its functions without interruption. Those. product quality indicators satisfy those consumer needs for which it is intended.

Classification of product quality indicators

The whole set of product quality indicators can be classified according to the following criteria:

v the number of characterized properties (single and complex);

v in relation to various properties of products (indicators - reliability, manufacturability, ergonomics, etc.);

v stages of definition (design, production and operational);

v method of determination (calculated, experimental, expert);

v the nature of use to assess the level of quality (basic and relative);

v way of expression (indicators expressed in dimensionless units, such as points, percentages, and dimensional);

When assessing the technical level and quality of products, the following main groups of quality indicators are used:

v destination indicators characterizing the beneficial effect of the operation and use of products and determining the scope of its application;

v indicators of reliability and durability of products in specific conditions of its use;

v indicators of manufacturability characterizing the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high productivity in the manufacture and repair of products;

v indicators of standardization and unification, characterizing the degree of use of standardized products in products and the level of unification of the component parts of the product;

v ergonomic indicators characterizing the system "person - product - environment" and taking into account the complex of hygienic, psychological, anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological properties of a person, manifested in production and household processes;

v aesthetic indicators characterizing such properties of products as expressiveness, originality, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style;

v patent and legal indicators characterizing the degree of patent protection of a product in the country and abroad, as well as its patent purity;

v economic indicators reflecting the development costs, production and operation (consumption) of products, as well as the economic efficiency of its operation.

At present, when assessing the technical level and quality of products, in addition to the listed traditional groups of indicators, environmental indicators, indicators of safety and transportability of products, indicators of its homogeneity are also used.

Effective management also presupposes the use of generalized indicators that characterize the quality of products, regardless of their type and purpose. These may include, in particular:

v volume and share of production of certain types of progressive, high-performance products in the total output of this group;

v economic effect from the use of products of improved quality;

v grade indicators for products from a range of industries.

Generalizing quality indicators are used in the plans of enterprises, research and development organizations. By the level of these indicators, one can judge the quality of the products as a whole at the enterprise or industry.

Product destination indicators

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of the product, which determine the main functions for which it is intended, and determine the scope of its application. Appointment indicators are subdivided into indicators:

v functional and technical efficiency (for example, machine performance, fabric strength, etc.);

v structural (for example, overall dimensions, collection factor, interchangeability factor, etc.);

v composition and structure (for example, the percentage of one substance in another, the concentration of impurities in solutions, alloys, etc.).

Designation indicators refer to operational indicators (technical level indicators), which, in turn, are included in the group of technical indicators of product quality. etc.), to loads, etc.

Product destination indicators are closely interconnected with other indicators that determine its quality (economic, ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability, safety, etc.). If the required values ​​of interrelated quality indicators are not provided, then it is sometimes very difficult for products to effectively fulfill their purpose.

When choosing a nomenclature of assignment indicators for assessing the quality of the usual, the following are taken into account:

v the purpose of assessing product quality;

v destination of products;

v operating conditions (consumption) of the product.

v Assignment metrics play an important role in assessing quality, and they are often used to build criteria for optimizing the product quality management process, which are used to make the best management decisions.

Product reliability indicators

Reliability is the property of products to perform specified functions, while maintaining the value of performance indicators over time. It follows from the definition that the reliability of a product is closely related to its performance.

The main indicators of reliability include:

v reliability;

v durability;

v maintainability;

v persistence.

The nomenclature of reliability indicators, the main methods of their calculation and experimental determination are regulated by the relevant standards.

Reliability - the property of a product (machine, unit, etc.) to perform the specified functions, while maintaining its performance indicators within the specified limits for the required period of time or the required operating time under specific conditions and modes of operation of this product.

Reliability indicators are:

v probability of failure-free operation;

v mean time to first failure;

v mean time between failures;

v failure rate;

v warranty operating time.

The durability of a product characterizes its service life, taking into account physical and moral wear and tear before the first major overhaul, modernization and write-off.

The main indicators of durability include:

v average service life;

v service life before the first major overhaul;

v overhaul life;

v service life before decommissioning;

v resource before the first major overhaul.

Maintainability - a property of a product, which consists in its adaptability to the prevention, detection and elimination of failures and malfunctions during maintenance and repair.

Maintainability indicators include:

v probability of recovery at a given time;

v average recovery time;

v average and specific labor intensity of maintenance;

v average labor intensity of repairs;

v indicators of the average and relative costs of maintenance and repairs.

Preservation is the property of a product to maintain the specified performance indicators during and after the storage and transportation periods established in the technical documentation.

Persistence indicators are:

v shelf life;

v average shelf life.

In addition to the considered indicators with the reliability of products, such concepts as serviceability, malfunction, operability, failure, recoverability, etc. are closely related.

One of the important indicators of the operational reliability of many types of repaired products is also the consumption of replacement parts per unit of work performed by these types of products.

Indicators of manufacturability of products

Indicators of manufacturability of products characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high productivity in the manufacture and repair of products.

The classification of indicators of manufacturability of products can be carried out according to the following criteria:

v the number of manufacturability properties (single, complex);

v stages of definition (design, production, operational);

v areas of analysis (technical, technical and economic);

v assessment system (basic, developed design, relative);

v significance (main, additional).

v The main indicators of product manufacturability include:

v labor intensity of manufacturing (determined by the total labor intensity of technological processes of manufacturing products, for industrial products it is expressed in standard hours);

v technological cost (determined by the sum of the costs of manufacturing a unit of production, excluding purchased items);

v the level of manufacturability of the structure in terms of the labor intensity of manufacturing (determined by the ratio of the labor intensity of manufacturing the product in question to the basic indicator of labor intensity);

v the level of manufacturability of the structure at the cost of manufacturing (determined by the ratio of the cost of manufacturing the product in question to the basic indicator of the cost);

The main indicators of manufacturability of industrial products include:

v coefficient of assembly (blockiness) of the product;

v utilization rate of rational materials;

v specific labor intensity;

v specific material consumption, etc.

As additional technical and economic criteria for manufacturability of products, the following are used:

v the relative and specific labor intensity of preparing the product for operation;

v the relative and specific labor intensity of the preventive maintenance of the product;

v relative and specific labor intensity of product repair;

v the relative and specific cost of preparing the product for operation;

v the relative and specific cost of preventive maintenance of the product;

v the relative and specific cost of repairing the product.

Indicators of standardization and unification of products

The indicators of standardization and unification of products characterize the degree of use in a particular product of standardized parts, assembly units, blocks and other constituent elements, as well as the level of unification of the constituent parts of the product (standardized, unified and original).

These indicators allow you to determine the degree of design uniformity of the product. They indicate the possibility of using the minimum required number of standard sizes of product components in order to improve product quality and production efficiency.

The standardized includes the component parts of the product manufactured in accordance with international, state and industry standards.

Unified parts include product components that:

v are manufactured according to the standards of a leading enterprise in the industry and are used in at least two standard sizes or types of products manufactured by this or a related enterprise;

v the enterprise receives ready-made components that are in serial production as components;

v previously designed as original for a particular product and then used in at least two standard sizes or types of products.

Genuine parts are parts of the product designed only for this product.

The main indicators of standardization and unification are:

v coefficient of applicability by standard size;

v coefficient of applicability of the component parts of the product;

v repeatability factor;

v cost coefficient of applicability.

Among the indicators of standardization and unification of products, the coefficient of interproject unification of a group of products can also be used.

Correct determination of the indicators of standardization and unification is necessary both for assessing the level of product quality and for substantiating the effectiveness of the planned measures for standardization and unification.

Ergonomic indicators of product quality

Ergonomic product quality measures are used to determine whether a product meets various ergonomic requirements. These requirements may apply to the dimensions of the product, its shape, functional characteristics, piece-piece structural elements and their relative position.

The conformity of the product to ergonomic indicators is determined by experts-ergonomists using a specially developed scale of grades in points. Ergonomic indicators are used in the design and creation of interior equipment and workplaces, control and monitoring panels, various instruments and signaling devices, machine controls, industrial and household furniture, etc.

The following ergonomic indicators are combined into separate subgroups:

v hygienic;

v anthropometric;

v physiological;

v psychophysiological;

v psychological.

Hygienic indicators characterize the compliance of the product with sanitary and hygienic standards and recommendations. The hygienic indicators include the levels of temperature, pressure, humidity, dustiness, ventilation, illumination, radiation, toxicity, strength of magnetic and electric fields, vibration, noise, as well as gravitational overload and acceleration.

Anthropometric indicators characterize the conformity of the product to the size and shape of the human body and its individual parts. The composition of anthropometric indicators includes such indicators as the conformity of the product to the size of a person, the shape of a person's body, and the distribution of a person's body weight.

Physiological indicators characterize the compliance of the product design and its individual elements with the physiological properties of a person. The composition of physiological indicators includes such indicators as the compliance of the product with the power, speed and energy capabilities of a person.

Psychophysiological indicators characterize the compliance of the product design and its individual elements with the characteristics and capabilities of the human sense organs. The number of psychophysiological indicators includes such indicators as the compliance of the product with the visual, auditory, tactile (tactile), gustatory, olfactory capabilities of a person.

Psychological indicators characterize the compliance of the product with the psychological capabilities and characteristics of a person. The composition of these indicators may include such criteria as the conformity of the product to the fixed and newly formed skills of a person, as well as the possibilities of perception and processing of information by a person.

Due to the increasing complexity of product designs and the increase in the intensity of the operation of machines and equipment, ergonomic quality indicators are now increasingly important.

Aesthetic indicators of products

Aesthetic indicators characterize a variety of aesthetic properties of products: expressiveness, harmony, integrity, compliance with the environment and style, color design, etc. Aesthetic indicators in general can be attributed to social characteristics that express the social value of the manufactured product.

In the general set of aesthetic indicators, the following subgroups are distinguished:

v indicators of the rationality of the form;

v indicators of information expressiveness;

v indicators of the integrity of the composition;

v indicators of manufacturing excellence.

The rationality of the form is expressed by the indicators of expediency and functional-constructive fitness. In this case, the feasibility indicator determines the features of a person's work with a product, characterized by the method and convenience of its operation. The indicator of functional and constructive adaptability characterizes the reflection in the form of a product of its main functions, design solutions, the characteristics of the materials used and the manufacturing technology of the product.

Information expressiveness is determined by the shape of the product and can be characterized by the following single quality indicators:

v originality;

v sign;

v conformity to fashion;

v style matching.

The integrity of the composition can be characterized by such indicators as:

v organization of the volumetric-spatial structure;

v plasticity;

v graphical drawing of forms and elements;

v color coloring.

Manufacturing excellence of a product can be assessed by such quality indicators as:

the cleanliness of the connections of individual parts of the product;

thoroughness of coating and surface finishing;

clarity of execution of brand names, marks of conformity and accompanying documentation, etc.

Specific aesthetic indicators are developed in relation to a specific type of product and are recorded in industry quality standards and other regulatory and technical documentation for industry purposes. Aesthetic indicators are determined by organoleptic and expert methods and are evaluated in points.

Patent and legal indicators of product quality

Patent and legal indicators of product quality characterize the degree of patent protection of a product in the Russian Federation and abroad, as well as the level of patent purity of a product.

These indicators determine the level of patent protection of a product, which is calculated on the basis of dimensionless indicators of patent protection and patent purity.

The indicator of product patent protection is defined as the ratio of the number of component parts of a product protected by patents and certificates in the country to the total number of component parts in this product. At the same time, depending on the purpose and nature of a particular product, all its component parts can be divided into several groups of significance, and a weight coefficient is assigned to each component part of the product.

The indicator of patent purity of a product is determined as the difference between the unit and the achieved value of the indicator of patent protection of the product. This indicator makes it possible to answer the question of how unimpeded the sale of a product within the country and abroad is possible. A product may be patented in relation to any country if it does not contain technical solutions falling under the scope of patents, certificates of exclusive right to inventions, utility models, industrial designs and trademarks registered in this country.

Verification of the patent purity of a product is carried out, as a rule, in relation to the countries of intended export and the leading countries for its production. Due to the territorial nature of the patent, the indicator in question should be determined separately for the Russian Federation and for each country of the intended export.

In addition to the indicators considered, the indicator of the territorial distribution of the patent purity of a given product is also used, which is defined as the ratio of the number of countries for which the product has patent purity to the number of countries where products are likely to be exported or licensed to be sold.

Economic indicators of products

Economic indicators characterize not the quality of the product itself, but the costs of its development and manufacture associated with improving the parameters of the product. They also characterize the economic efficiency of the product's operation.

The composition of economic indicators, in particular, includes: the cost of a unit of production or work performed with the help of a product (machine) of improved quality, separate items of operating costs (wages of maintenance personnel, the cost of electricity consumed, the amount of depreciation deductions, etc.) ...

The considered indicators allow one to give an economic assessment of a product at all stages of its life cycle, including development, manufacture, circulation and sale, operation or consumption, as well as the stage of restoration (repair).

From the general set of economic indicators, the most frequently used in planning the assessment of the quality of products are usually distinguished:

v cost of production;

v product price;

v reduced costs per unit of output;

v a relative economic indicator of product quality, determined by the ratio of the costs of the base sample to the corresponding costs of the evaluated product.

Economic indicators should be considered as a special type of indicators when assessing the level of product quality, since they are closely interconnected with almost all classification groups of indicators.

Economic indicators are taken into account when determining complex (integral) quality indicators (for example, the cost price or the price per unit of the main parameter of the product). Economic indicators play an important role in determining and analyzing in detail the costs of ensuring the quality of a product at different stages of its life cycle. Economic indicators are also used to justify the price level for products of a certain quality level, as well as to assess the economic efficiency of various options for increasing, ensuring and maintaining product quality.

Additional indicators of product quality

At present, the quality indicators of products, reflecting the safety of their consumption or operation, compliance with environmental standards and requirements, suitability for transportation without operation or consumption, as well as indicators of homogeneous products, are of particular importance. These indicators are not secondary in planning and assessing product quality and are called additional only because they began to study and develop a little later than the previously considered groups of indicators, regulated by the relevant state standards.

Safety indicators characterize the features of a product associated with ensuring safe conditions for its production, circulation, consumption (operation) and restoration (repair).

Safety indicators may include:

v the likelihood of an emergency;

v response time of protective devices;

v electrical resistance of insulation of live parts of products;

v number of degrees of protection against counterfeiting, etc.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment of manufactured and consumed (operated) products. These include:

v the likelihood of harmful emissions into the environment;

v the level of radiation during the manufacture, storage, transportation and consumption (operation) of products, etc.

Indicators of transportability of products characterize its ability to move in space (without operation or consumption) using various types of transport (road, rail, water, air). These include:

v admissible temperature during transportation;

v permissible humidity during transportation;

v allowable pressure during transportation;

v allowable transportation time;

v permissible vibration level during transportation;

v the amount of material, labor and financial costs per unit of production during its transportation;

v product weight;

v overall dimensions of the product.

In mass, large-scale or batch production, the achieved values ​​of quality indicators of homogeneous products are determined by the totality of its main statistical parameters. The stability of the main parameters of the product is assessed in this case by the quantitative values ​​of their dispersion. To characterize the dispersion of product quality indicators, uniformity indicators are used:

v standard deviation;

v variance;

v coefficient of variation.

Based on the analysis of the current and projected demand of the sales market, marketers formulate the quality requirements that the product must meet in the short and long term. In conditions when supply in the sales market exceeds demand, it is the quality of products that is one of the main factors that determine its competitiveness. According to researchers, approximately 1/4 of commercial product failures are attributed to imperfections in products associated with an incorrect assessment of market requirements.

Based on the presented research and operating experience of previous product samples, the creators identify new requirements for the products.

The concepts "product property" and "product quality indicator" can be considered in accordance with GOST 15467-79.

Product property Is an objective feature of a product that can manifest itself during its creation, operation or consumption.

Product quality indicator – it is a quantitative characteristic of one or more properties of a product that make up its quality, considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation or consumption.

Thus, you cannot demand quality from a product if it is used in conditions other than those specified in the technical requirements. It should be noted that the manufacturer of a product is generally released from legal liability for product quality if it can be proved that the operation or use of the product by the customer did not comply with the specifications for this product.

A single quality indicator Is an indicator of product quality that characterizes one of its properties (for example, durability, reliability, productivity, etc.)

Comprehensive quality indicator - it is an indicator of product quality that characterizes several of its properties (for example, ergonomics, i.e. the product's adaptability to work in the "man-machine" system, which includes such properties as adaptability to control, signal reading, working conditions with a given performance, etc. etc.).

Integral quality index Is the ratio of the total beneficial effect from the operation or consumption of products to the total costs of its creation and operation or consumption.

The quality of products, as a rule, cannot be characterized by one indicator, therefore, in practice, a system of indicators is used. The integral indicator, for example, is advisable to use when optimizing product parameters. It becomes maximum at the optimal useful effect and optimal (minimum) costs, i.e. an increase in costs is necessary when the integral quality index increases.

The formation and application of the system of quality indicators is influenced by various factors: the diversity (complexity) of the properties that form the quality of the product; the level of novelty and complexity of its design; the uniqueness of the conditions for the use and restoration of the properties of the exploited products, etc.

These factors predetermine the range of quality indicators, the specifics of their choice and use for specific conditions of development, manufacture and use of the product for its intended purpose.

Quality indicators should meet the following basic requirements:

• - to contribute to ensuring that the quality of products meets the needs of the economy and the population;
• - be stable;
• - take into account the modern achievements of science and technology, the main directions of the technical process and the world market;
• - to characterize all properties of the product that determine its quality;
• - be measurable at all stages of the product life cycle (marketing, design, manufacture, operation or application).

Based on these requirements, when establishing the nomenclature of product quality indicators, proceed from the following principles:

• - completeness of the composition of quality indicators;
• - controllability of the processes of creation and use of products in terms of quality;
• - aggregability of indicators.

Completeness principle assumes that the adopted nomenclature of product quality indicators will be necessary and sufficient for assessing, with a certain degree of accuracy, the fact of achieving the required quality level based on the final effect as a result of using the created product with allocated resources for its creation, development and use.

Controllability principle is that the target functions of managing the processes of creating and using products must be expressed through indicators that can be used to plan, take into account, control and regulate quality management. At the same time, these indicators must be compatible with the quality information that is transferred from one level of management to another, from this stage of the life cycle to the next (from design to manufacture), and must be measurable at each of them.

Aggregability principle consists in the possibility of transition from single quality indicators to complex or integral ones, characterizing the totality of the properties of the product or the product as a whole.

Let us briefly consider some of the quality indicators shown in Fig. 1.2.

Indicators of functional effect characterize the ability of the product to perform its functions under the specified conditions of use for the intended purpose (performance, power, carrying capacity, etc.).

Performance indicators reflect the effectiveness of product properties during use, including reliability, power consumption, weight and dimensions, etc. At the same time, reliability as a complex indicator reflects the ability of a product to perform the required functions under specified conditions for a specified period of time and includes such categories as reliability, durability, maintainability and preservation, where, in accordance with GOST 27.002-89:

• - reliability - this is the property of an object to continuously maintain an operational state for some time or operating time;
• - durability is the property of an object to maintain an operable state until the onset of the limiting state with an installed maintenance and repair system;
• - maintainability is a property of an object, which consists in its adaptability to maintaining and restoring a working condition through maintenance and repair;
• - persistence - this is the property of an object to keep within the specified limits the values ​​of the parameters characterizing the ability of the object to perform the required functions during and after storage and (or) transportation.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the degree of adaptability of the structure to production, operation and repair for the given values ​​of product quality indicators, the volume of its output and the conditions for performing work (for example, the specific labor intensity in manufacturing, maintenance and repair, specific energy consumption). In technical terms, manufacturability indicators characterize two interconnected sets of product properties: the technological rationality of its design (composition and design implementation) and the continuity of design solutions (applicability and repeatability of performance components) and efficiency, labor intensity, material and energy consumption of the product. The indicators of manufacturability also include indicators of unification and transportability.

Ergonomics indicators reflect the suitability of the product for human exploitation; are used in production and household processes during the functioning of the system "person - product - environment of use". These indicators take into account a complex of hygienic (humidity, illumination, temperature), anthropometric (effort on the control system handle, sitting comfort, etc.), physiological (compliance of the design with the speed, visual, auditory capabilities of a person), ergonomic (compliance of the product with the capabilities of perception, use and strengthening the skills of the operator, etc.) of human properties.

Ergonomics indicators should quantitatively characterize the corresponding properties that have such an effect on a person, in which the value of the technical effect changes from the performance of the main functions by the product. The name and units of measurement of individual indicators of ergonomics are specified depending on the type of product.

Safety indicators are the most important among all other quality indicators. They include groups of environmental indicators, i.e. environmental protection indicators and labor safety indicators characterizing the safety and preservation of human health when working with this product. The fulfillment of the quantitative requirements of safety indicators (environmental friendliness and labor safety) is standardized by national legislative acts or other normative and technical documents or international agreements, their fulfillment is mandatory and is checked during product certification. If products do not meet these requirements or have not passed certification, they are not allowed on the national markets of the respective countries.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects of the product on the environment arising from its operation or consumption.

Occupational safety indicators reflect the features of the product that determine the safety of a person, mating and other objects in all modes of operation, transportation and storage of products.

In general, the nomenclature of quality indicators for a particular type of product is selected depending on its characteristics, life cycle stage and decision-making level, which predetermine the scope of the indicators. At the same time, safety indicators (environmental friendliness, labor safety and product use) are subject to mandatory certification.

Failure to focus on quality can lead to significant defect remediation costs. Therefore, to achieve the appropriate effect, long-term quality assurance programs are developed.

Until recently, it was believed that quality should be dealt with by special units. The transition to a market economy necessitates studying the experience of the world's leading companies in achieving a high level of quality, believing that the efforts of all services should be directed to achieving quality. In this sense, it is interesting to consider the Japanese experience.

In the modern world, people are increasingly demanding in relation to the purchased goods. Manufacturers pay special attention to product quality control, which is important when there are an abundance of competing firms in any market.

Concepts

Quality is understood as all the properties of a product, which in aggregate must meet the requirements of consumers as much as possible in accordance with their purpose. It is important to continuously monitor the fulfillment of this condition. This need is due to the constant changes taking place in the field of science, technology and culture.

Product quality indicators are quantitative characteristics. Their study takes place in relation to the operating conditions of the product.

The consumer properties of a product are criteria that characterize the benefits of a product in the process of its use. They are a collection of different product indicators that bring maximum customer satisfaction. The consumer properties of goods are applicable to products sold in retail outlets.

Selecting a nomenclature of indicators

In order for the assessment of the quality level to be objective, it is not enough to study products according to one or two criteria. Each product has many characteristics that together determine its quality.

The primary task is to select the nomenclature of indicators by which the assessment will be made.

The choice of the list of names of quantitative characteristics of products depends on:

• its purpose;
• properties;
• operating conditions;
• customer requirements;
• objectives of quality management of goods;
• requirements established by regulatory documents.

The choice of product quality indicators is a fundamental point. Any shortcomings will lead to an unreliable result, i.e. its actual level will not correspond to the results of the study.

Classification of quality indicators by the number of criteria

Depending on the number of characteristics under study, they are subdivided into:

1. Single. Define one property of the product. Examples: engine power, shoe size, vehicle carrying capacity, vehicle speed, mouse sensitivity.
2. Complex. They characterize one complex or several simple properties in the aggregate. Examples: the hardness of the metal structure, the melting point, the degree of product readiness. To calculate the useful effect from the use of a product relative to the cost of its production, an integral indicator is used, which is also complex. It is of great importance because carries information about the quality of products and about the financial investments required to achieve it. Example: the ratio of a car's mileage to the cost of producing it.

By investigated properties

Depending on the characterized properties, there is the following classification of quality indicators:

• destination;
• reliability;
• efficiency;
• ergonomic;
• aesthetic;
• technological;
• standardization and unification;
• patent law;
• ecological;
• security;
• transportability.

Product destination indicators- these are the main properties of the product that meet the functional requirements of the area of ​​its application. These include: design characteristics, composition (structure), technical requirements. Examples: the thickness of the leather from which the shoes are made; the strength of the fabric; moisture resistance; dimensions; spaciousness; equipment performance.

Quality control reliability indicators special attention is paid to products. These include:

1. Reliability - the ability to maintain performance for a long time.
2. Durability is a property that characterizes the preservation of a good condition until the due date of maintenance.
3. Maintainability is the ability of a product to be repaired.
4. Storability - maintaining a good condition during the period established by regulatory and other documents. This period also includes storage and transportation.

Based on these properties, the following product states exist:

• serviceable - full compliance with the requirements of regulatory and other documentation;
• efficient - uninterrupted performance of basic functions;
• inoperative - a state in which at least one main function is not performed;
• limiting - further operation of the product is excluded due to its unsafeness.

Profitability indicators- product perfection in relation to the level of material, labor and energy costs. Examples: cost, profitability.

Ergonomic criteria- characteristics that ensure the effective use of the product by a person. In other words, this is the correspondence of the dimensions and design of the product to the physiological, psychological, and other characteristics of the consumer. Examples: reaction speed, human tactile capabilities, reach.

Indicators of aesthetics include the following properties:

• Significance - the transfer of one or another socially significant information;
• originality - the ability to stand out among peers;
• compliance with the current tastes of society (fashion);
• artistic expressiveness.

Within the framework of these indicators, structural and functional requirements are also taken into account: the quality of assembly (sewing, etc.) and the materials used, production features.

To the indicators of manufacturability include properties that characterize the optimal distribution of labor and material costs in the production and operation of the product. Examples: specific labor intensity, utilization rate of raw materials.

Indicators of standardization and unification assume the presence of standard, original and unified elements in the product.

Patent Law Criteria important when calculating competitiveness. These include: improvement of technical solutions, legal protection of copyright.

Environmental indicators characterize the degree of negative impact on the environment. The concentration of harmful substances entering the atmosphere should not exceed the permissible values.

Safety indicators- properties that guarantee the absence of harm to human health during transportation, storage and operation of the product.

Transportability- a characteristic of a product, meaning that it can be moved without the need to use it for its intended purpose.

By application for evaluation

According to this classification, quality indicators are:

1. Basic. They are always taken as the basis.
2. Relative. They are the ratio of this or that quality indicator to the base one.
3. Defining. The criterion by which the final decision is made in the assessment.

By way of expression

In this case, quality indicators are classified into:

1. Dimensional. These include characteristics expressed in fixed units. Examples: capacity - in kilograms, melting point - in degrees.
2. Dimensionless. They are considered relative indicators.

By the method of determination

There are several methods by which the actual level of product quality is revealed:

1. Measuring - the use of various instruments and measuring instruments.
2. Registration methods are long and laborious methods based on observation and counting of certain events.
3. Calculated - determination of quality indicators using mathematical formulas.
4. Organoleptic - a method of obtaining information in which the senses are used.
5. Expert - the result is based on the opinions of experienced professionals.
6. Sociological - analysis of information received from consumers.

Finally

At present, special attention is paid to the level of quality of any product. In the modern market conditions, consumers dictate increased requirements for the characteristics of goods based on the improvement of science, technology and culture. There are several classifications of product quality indicators, according to which it is determined by reputable experts.

16. Indicators of reliability. Group of indicators of maintainability and preservation.

Reliability indicators characterize the properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and preservation.

Probability of uptime- this is the probability that the object does not fail within a given operating time.

Durability- the property of the product to maintain performance up to the limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair.

Maintainability - the ability of products to be repaired.

Persistence- the property of products and products to maintain a sound and consumable condition during the storage and transportation period specified in the technical documentation, as well as after it.

The main indicators of the maintainability of facilities include:

Average recovery time TV is the mathematical expectation of the recovery time of the operational state of an object after a failure.

Recovery chance v (t) is the probability that the recovery time of the TV object (element or system) will be less than the time t, i.e. does not exceed the given one: v (t) = v (Tv< t).

Non-recovery probability w (t) is the probability that the recovery time of the TV object (element or system) will be greater than or equal to the time t: w (t) = w (TV ≥ t) = 1 - v (t).

Recovery rateμ (t) at time t, counted from the beginning of recovery, is the ratio of the probability density of recovery to the probability of non-recovery: μ (t) = v "(t) / w (t) = w" (t) / w (t) ...

The following indicators of the persistence of objects are distinguished:

Average shelf life Is the mathematical expectation of the shelf life.

Gamma Percentage Shelf Life Is the shelf life achieved by an object with a given probability, expressed as a percentage.

Assigned storage period- storage period, upon reaching which the storage of the object must be terminated regardless of its technical condition.

It is recommended to use the average shelf life as an indicator of persistence.

17. Complex indicators of reliability.

Reliability indicators quantitatively characterize the degree to which a given object has certain properties that determine reliability.

Reliability indicators may have dimension, a number of others (for example, the probability of no-failure operation, the availability factor) are dimensionless.

The quantitative characteristic of only one property of reliability is single indicator.

Complex indicator reliability quantitatively characterizes at least two main components, for example, reliability and maintainability.

Comprehensive reliability indicators:

Availability factor (Kg) - the probability that the object will be in a working state at an arbitrary point in time, except for the planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not provided.

Operational readiness ratio- Kog

Technical utilization factor (Kti)- the ratio of the mathematical expectation of the time intervals, the stay of the object in a working state for a certain period of operation to the sum of the mathematical expectations of the intervals of the time the object is in a working state, downtime due to technical maintenance (TO), and repairs for the same period of operation.

Planned use coefficient (Kp)- the proportion of the operation period during which the object should not be in scheduled maintenance or repair.

Efficiency retention rate- Kef

Reliability is a complex property, which, depending on the purpose of the object and the conditions of its stay, may include reliability, durability, maintainability and preservation, or a certain combination of these properties.

Reliability- property of an object to continuously maintain an efficient state for some time or operating time.

Durability- the property of an object to maintain an operable state with an installed maintenance and repair system.

Maintainability- property of an object, which consists in its adaptability to maintaining and restoring an operable state through maintenance and repair.

Persistence- the property of an object to keep within the specified limits the values ​​of the parameters characterizing the ability of the object to perform the required functions during and after storage and (or) transportation.