Russian painting. Styles of Russian painting (20 photos). Features of the Mezen painting
The history of which goes back to the II century BC. e., when people learned to make iron, and from it various knives, scrapers, saws and other cutting tools.
However, it was not enough just to carve any product out of wood; a person wanted the result of his labor to look beautiful. This is how ancient wood painting appeared, primitive and far from artistic, but the birth of art took place. In those distant times, paints already existed, it remained to apply them properly.
Art painting on wood
The folk crafts that exist today for the manufacture of household items are based on a variety of techniques. Wooden products are presented in several categories: first of all, these are dishes and kitchen utensils. The second list includes objects that represent the visual arts. These are painted panels, interior decorations, various household items. And finally, the third category is vintage-style wooden furniture, painted in a special way, antique. Artistic painting on wood as such is used in all three cases. The value of the products is undeniable, since they are worked on by professionals.
Varieties
There are several types of wood painting and differ in their belonging to a particular region, as well as in style. The drawing can be plot or ornamental.
Types of painting on wood:
- mezen;
- polkhovskaya;
- khokhloma;
- Gorodetskaya;
- palekh;
- Severodvinskaya;
- petrikovskaya.
The main types of wood painting are listed. Each variety contains "brand" features that add additional appeal to the product.
Mezen painting
Mezen painting (or as it is also called - palashchelskaya) is the painting of household items: ladles, boxes, spinning wheels, benches and kitchen tables. These artistic traditions appeared in the lower reaches of the Mezen River around 1815.
The Mezen painting consists mainly of ornamented images of forest inhabitants: deer and elk, wolverines, foxes and bear cubs. All images are depersonalized and bear the stamp of static. The friezes, made up of repeating figures painted in bright colors, give the impression of festivity and defiant luxury, since the colorful stripes of ornaments do not fit in any way with the wretched atmosphere of the Russian dwelling. A primitive spinning wheel, painted in the Mezen style and sparkling with colors in a dark corner, only emphasized the desolation of the room.
Palekh
Palekh painting is a folk art craft that appeared in pre-Petrine times. At that time, the village of Palekh in the Ivanovo province was famous for its icon painters. The greatest prosperity this art reached the end of the 18th century. Paleshan, in addition to painting icons, were engaged in the restoration of cathedrals and churches, took part in the design of the chapels of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Novodevichy Convent.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the craft of Palekh painting flourished, the revolutionary storms of 1905 and 1917 almost ruined fine folk art. Since after the 17th year all the churches were abolished by ignorant representatives of the communist government, there was nothing to paint, and the Poleshan artists created an artel producing art products made of wood.
Soon the first work in the Palekh style was created in the Moscow workshop. On a wooden box covered with black lacquer, Ivan Tsarevich, released from the royal chambers, meets the Firebird. The whole picture was painted in gold and cinnabar - it was impossible to take your eyes off the drawing.
Currently, Palekh wood painting is a deeply traditional art, with the only difference that natural wood was replaced by papier-mâché. Now products with Palekh painting are not only beautiful, but also light.
Khokhloma
Old folk craft, which was developed in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 17th century. The center was the village of Khokhloma, in which the Old Believers, persecuted for their faith, gathered. Among the settlers there were many icon painters who brought with them exquisite painting skills, calligraphic writing and many samples of floral ornamentation.
Local residents living in Khokhloma and nearby villages owned the technique of wood turning, but did not know how to draw. So it turned out that alien artists painted the wooden dishes, chiseled on the spot. This is how the art of Khokhloma painting appeared, which turned into one of the most famous artistic crafts in Russia.
Wood carvers not only carved dishes and plates, they soon learned to carve spoons and ladles, the classic "brothers". Usually the bucket was made in the shape of a swan, and a dozen scoops were hung on the sides. The material was linden wood, which by its nature has no fibers and is easy to cut in all directions.
Khokhloma painting consists of four main colors: black, golden, red and green. Black and gold are used as a background, while red and green, together with their shades, make up the pattern itself. The theme for the drawing in the Khokhloma style is most often rowan berries, strawberries, various flowers and herbal plants. Sometimes the artist uses images of birds, fish and small animals.
Carving and drawing
Russian folk crafts (such as Gorodets or Khokhloma) are wood products covered with a pattern. First, cabinetmakers make blanks from selected wood, the so-called "linen", and then the artists cover them with a pattern. Carving and painting on wood are inseparable in this case - they complement each other. The most common type of painted blank is a Russian nesting doll. For its manufacture, the turning method of carving is used, when the product is turned, polished and then painted. This souvenir is known all over the world and enjoys high demand for many years.
Can you learn to paint on wood?
Folk arts and crafts belong to the fine arts and require some training, but anyone with patience and perseverance can master the basic principles of coloring products. There are special techniques, which are called "Wood painting for beginners", which include familiarization with the process and practical work... Initially, classes are generalized, and after acquiring skills, you can switch to a specific artistic style, for example, Gorodets. In any case, painting on wood is a fun creative process for beginners.
Coloring methods
Natural wood is a material that requires careful pretreatment. The surface for painting should be smooth, without delamination or cracks. The workpiece is first sanded with an emery cloth, and then covered with a special primer, which fills in all microscopic cracks and evens out small irregularities. Larger defects can be eliminated with a putty. After pre-treatment, the workpiece must be well dried.
Folk arts and crafts made from wood are distinguished by bright, intense colors. The drawings usually contrast with the background, black or bright red. Tempera or artistic gouache paints are used for coloring products, which have good hiding power. The most lasting results are obtained with acrylic painting on wood, especially if the drawing is covered with transparent nitro-lacquer on top. After such processing, the products become resistant to abrasion and do not change their color.
Painting on wood (photos of finished products are presented on the page) is a kind of fine art that goes back to the distant past, but lives and flourishes in the present.
Today we will talk about one of the oldest species art- painting on wood. Intricate patterns, drawings, heroes and scenes from literary works on tablets, trays, caskets and vases still look great in the interior of any room.
Wood painting is a decorative and applied art that has a long history. Artistic painting on wood was carried out with bright colors. Painted souvenirs were passed down from generation to generation and were appreciated by the younger youth. Today, wood painting is widely used in the field of furniture production, tableware, toys, musical instruments.
Types of painting on wood
There are many types of wood painting, different traditional techniques and schools. In Khokhloma painting alone, there are several subspecies, depending on the type of ornament used!
Today we will consider the three most popular paintings - Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets, since they are the most popular and widely known. It is important to remember that besides them there are many other, no less remarkable types of painting: for example, Volkhov, Boretskaya, Vladimirskaya, etc.
1. Khokhloma.
This type of painting is an old Russian craft that originated in the vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod around the 17th century.
Wooden dishes have always been held in high esteem in Russia, but untreated wood absorbs moisture and quickly becomes dirty. To avoid this, they began to cover the dishes with boiled linseed oil - drying oil, which covered the surface of a wooden object with an impenetrable film.
A distinctive feature of the technique is giving the product a golden sheen without the use of gold.
Khokhloma takes its principle of gilding without gold from old icon painting techniques: in order to save money, the background of the icon was painted over with silver (and later with cheaper tin or aluminum), images of saints were applied, and then covered with linseed oil in several layers, each layer being dried separately in the oven. Under the influence of temperature, the linseed oil film acquired a golden hue and a silver background, which was also cast under it with a golden overflow.
Basic colors in Khokhloma:
Red;
Gold;
Complementary colors:
Green;
Painting in Khokhloma is applied by hand, without preliminary marking. Traditional elements are juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish, and animals are not uncommon.
There are two types of painting: “horse painting”, when a drawing is applied in red and black on a silvery background (which after firing will turn gold!); and "under the background", when the outline of the ornament is first outlined, and then the background is filled with black paint, while the drawing remains gold.
2. Gorodets painting.
This painting also appeared in the Nizhny Novgorod province, but later than Khokhloma - in the 19th century.
The subject compositions in this painting are much more complex, but the masters also applied them without preliminary marking.
Gorodets painting was performed on a bright background with tempera paints.
The main method of painting - first, the background color is applied to the product, then "underpainting" is applied to it - large color spots. After that, the drawing is worked through with a thin brush, then the painting is finished with "thinning" - additional thin strokes and dots, applied, as a rule, with white paint, and emphasizing details and contrast. The main motives are flower arrangements, fairy-tale and epic plots, urban scenes.
3. Mezen painting.
An old style of decorating wooden dishes and other household items. This painting is a purely ornamental decor.
The main feature: fractional pattern - stars, crosses, lines, - made in two colors: black and red.
The main motives of the geometric ornament are solar discs, rhombuses, crosses. Also, as an ornament, schematic images of animals are used: horses or deer. All images are very static and only through repeated repetition there is a sense of dynamics.
The product is painted on a clean, unprimed wood, first with red ocher, and then a black outline is made.
By the way, on our website you can watch several workshops on Mezen painting and its stylization!
Where to start and how to do wood painting
Brushes for painting on wood
The best brushes for painting on wood are soft brushes of natural origin. Squirrel, kolotkov, and less often sable are especially appreciated. However, for acrylic paints Synthetic brushes are also great.
Before the process, it is important to decide on the appropriate sizes for the brushes, which are indicated by numbers. For beginners, it is advised to take one large, two medium and one thin small brush.
It is important to remember that all the old trade paintings originated in the peasant class, in the hands of people who were much more accustomed to the plow and hammer than the brush. And if they could, so can you! In traditional paintings, there is no need to draw faces, figures or observe portrait resemblance. The most important thing is to hone the technique of drawing different elements, learn how to freely rotate a brush in your hands and mix colors. You need to apply a little patience, drawing the same elements over and over again, and in the end you will learn how to draw them perfectly! Quite a few simple basic elements and their combinations - that's all!
And it is important to understand that if recognized masters of various types of painting could apply it without a preliminary drawing, then we, mere mortals, can not apply the drawing immediately with paints, but use a pencil, stencil, carbon copy or tracing paper to begin with, but not get too carried away. After all, if you constantly resort to ready-made drawings, the ability to fantasize on your own is dulled. Remember, the main thing is to always enjoy the painting process.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Korsakov secondary school
Korsakovsky district, Oryol region
CREATIVE PROJECT
Art painting on wood
"Gorodets"
Work completed:
9th grade student
Danilina Svetlana.
Project Manager:
technology teacher
T.I. Voronin
Korsakovo 2015-11-20
Content
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.History of wood painting ……………………………………………… .............. 5
2.Types of painting …………………………………………………… ....................... 8
3. Color wheel ………………………………………………………………… .13
4.Bank of ideas and proposals …………………………………………………… ... 14
5.Design - Analysis ……………………………………………………………… ... 16
6. Selection of materials,tools and devices ……………………… ..16
7. Painting technology ……………………… .. …………………………………… 19
8.Environmental justification …………………………………………… ........... 20
9.Economic justification…………………………………………………….21
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… ..... 23
List of used literature ………………………………………… ..… .24
Introduction
Folk arts and crafts occupy a prominent place in the decorative and applied arts. The art of folk arts and crafts appears before us as a complex phenomenon of modern culture, rich in decorative possibilities, deep in ideological and figurative content.
In many places, traditional arts and crafts, based on manual labor and originating from grandfathers and great-grandfathers, have survived.
The origins of folk crafts are different. Some originate in the peasant art of everyday life, associated with subsistence farming and the manufacture of both everyday, everyday and festive elegant household items for themselves and their families. So, for example, hand-patterned weaving, embroidery, which peasant women owned from childhood, making clothes, towels, countertops, etc., became the basis for many of the original weaving and embroidery trades that were subsequently formed. Other trades originate from village crafts. For example, many types of pottery, carpentry carving, printed fabrics have long been the area of activity of local craftsmen. Over time, spreading in individual centers, and often covering entire areas, they turned into fisheries. Some trades were preceded by "fireworks" - work in landowners' workshops (for example, Msterskaya white smooth surface). Others were born out of urban craft. For example, Kholmogory bone carving or Veliky Ustyug niello silver is associated with the art of urban artisans, with a privileged customer, whose taste influenced the content and purpose of the products.
One of the most popular types of arts and crafts is painting. The desire to decorate simple wooden dishes with painting is quite understandable. The painting not only decorated the dishes, but also protected them from the harmful effects of moisture. Painting with natural colors was cheap, affordable and colorful.
To each creative team it turned out to be able to create its own artistic system, its own figurative language, its own school of craftsmanship, which acquired the meaning of tradition.
The classic forms of wooden turning products and clear rhythms of ornamentation are inherited from ancient crafts. The pictorial skill of Ancient Rus enriched it with drawings of plant motifs and methods of their free execution with a brush. It also contributed to the formation of the original technique of painting products, each center of folk crafts has its own color scheme and style of ornament.
Problem: Low popularity and forgetting of folk crafts as a cultural heritage and a special kind of decorative and applied art.
Objective of the project: to study the types of art painting on wood and make the product as a gift.
To achieve the goal, the following are solved tasks:
Explore the types of artistic painting;
Prepare a piece of wood (cutting board);
To paint the blank using the "Gorodets painting" technique.
History of wood painting
The history of the development of traditional painting goes back far into the past. The first cave drawings appeared at the dawn of human history. As scientists assume, they played the role of targets in the training of hunters, were objects of everyday magic, cult or stories.
Archaeological excavations indicate that the fine arts originated in ancient times. Already in those days, when a person used stone tools, lived in caves and dressed in animal skins, he decorated objects with ornaments, sculpted figures of people and animals, thereby conveying his ideas about the world.
The origin of the art of painting belongs to the same era, distant from us for thousands of years. The whole world was struck by the drawings of primitive man discovered in their time, found in the depths of dark, inaccessible caves. These drawings were carved by a primitive stone tool into the thickness of solid rocks by the light of torches or fat lamps.
Silhouette images of animals, hunting scenes were executed expressively, realistically, with subtly captured details. The expressiveness of these drawings is so great that even after the discovery of rock art, our contemporaries for a long time refused to believe that primitive man felt the form, volume and color in such a way.
Samples of rock art have been found in the Altamira caves in Spain, in the Pyrenees in France, in the Tassilas mountains of the Sahara desert. In our country, similar works of primitive art have been discovered in Karelia, Central Asia, the Urals and the Caucasus.
Over the centuries, the art of painting continued to develop and improve, since each new generation of artists, adopting it from their fathers, left the best, discarded the unsuccessful, added something new, their own.
According to the laws of expediency and beauty, folk craftsmen have long been creating things that surround a person: pottery, wood - carved and painted dishes, spinning wheels, which for centuries have been a constant accessory of female labor; weaving mills, ruffles for flax, etc. Designs and décor of residential and utility buildings, furniture and interior design are of true artistry.
The experience of many generations in processing various materials: wood, clay, wool, metal, etc. found a wonderful expression in everything that came out of the hands of a folk master, in something made for his family, for a gift or for sale. , reflecting the local peculiarities of life and natural conditions, and in this regard - aesthetic ideas.
Over time, the meaning of painted things, as objects of everyday magic, is lost, and their aesthetic role increases. Crafts are developing, each of which is distinguished by special techniques and motives. The most favorable conditions for the development of fishing are the proximity to trade routes, a sedentary lifestyle and stability.
At the same time, it is significant that among different peoples the content of artistic objects, dating back to ancient times, has much in common, since it expresses good wishes a young family, a talisman from hostile forces, good magic associated with housekeeping.
Beauty in folk art is inextricably linked with good. The aesthetic and ethical content of a thing live together, filling it with special human significance, despite sometimes primitive forms. Different types of folk art emerged at different times. And everyone has created their own tradition, constantly selecting and polishing the best in the work of masters, passing it on to new generations.
The directions of painting on wood can be conditionally divided into traditional and author's (pictorial). The traditional developed mainly in the villages in its historical homeland. It is distinguished by simplicity, brevity, closeness to folk roots.
Modern art crafts of painting on wood include: Khokhloma, Gorodets, Polkhov-Maidan, Mezen, Zagorsk painting, making toys with painting.
Types of painting
Painting should be considered one of the most popular types of arts and crafts. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art. Here is some of them.
Mezen painting
Mezen painting is one of the most ancient Russian artistic crafts. Its origins are lost in the distant centuries of the initial formation of the Slavic tribes. The craft reached its peak in popularity in the 19th century. Mezen spinning wheels and boxes, chests and ladles were widely distributed along the Pinega River, exported to Pechora, Dvina and Onega.
In the Arkhangelsk Territory, on long winter evenings, Russian people embodied in it their view of the world, their hopes, feelings and beliefs. First of all, the Mezen painting is its own original ornament. This ornament attracts and bewitches, despite its apparent simplicity. And the objects painted with Mezen painting seem to glow from within, exuding the goodness and wisdom of their ancestors. Every detail of the ornament of the Mezen painting is deeply symbolic. Each square and rhombus, leaf and twig, animal or bird - are exactly in the place where they should be in order to tell us the story of the forest, wind, earth and sky, the artist's thoughts and ancient images of the Northern Slavs.
Symbols of animals, birds, fertility, harvest, fire, sky, and other elements come from rock paintings and are a type of ancient writing that conveys the traditions of the peoples of the North of Russia. So, for example, the image of a horse in the tradition of the peoples who have inhabited this area since ancient times, symbolizes the sunrise, and the image of a duck is the order of things, it takes the sun into the underwater world until dawn and keeps it there.
Traditionally, items painted with Mezen painting have only two colors - red and black (soot and ocher, later red lead). The painting was applied to an unprimed wood with a special wooden stick (vise), a capercaillie or black grouse feather, and a brush made of human hair. Then the product was greased, which gave it a golden color. The board had its own clear proportions. The width had to fit three times in its length. The wood was soaked in linseed oil. From this, its structure became clearer and brighter. The nature of the grain pattern is largely determined by the ornament itself, which consists of symbols, like words from letters. The inner content of the symbols, the exact origin, the mutual connection have already been practically lost.
Gorodets painting
One of the traditional decorative crafts - Gorodets painting - has developed since the middle of the 19th century in the vicinity of Gorodets, founded in the 12th century, which is located on the left bank of the Volga in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The colors of the Gorodets painting were always bright, juicy, all products were necessarily decorated with lush bouquets of flowers that resembled roses and chamomile. They also developed their own method of painting - first, a background was applied to the product, which at the same time served as a primer, then large color spots, the so-called "underpainting", were applied on it with a thick brush. After that, the necessary strokes are applied with a thinner brush, and then the painting finishes "thinning" - when the drawing is combined into a whole composition with the help of black paint and white. The finished composition is usually framed.
In the process of how the craft was gaining momentum (and by the end of the nineteenth century, residents from almost a dozen villages were involved in it), the painting drawing was also supplemented with new subjects: characters from folk tales, scenes from city life, all kinds of "tea drinking" at the samovar and "festivities".
Nowadays, oil paint has begun to be used in painting, the colors of the drawings have also diversified, but the plots, images and motives of the old Gorodets painting are also present in the works of modern masters. Village painters, imitating popular prints, decorated them with cheerful scenes from folk life framed with flower garlands and large bright roses. Currently, the patriarch of Gorodets painting is called Aristarkh Evstafievich Konovalov, who restored the craft at the end of the 60s by founding the Gorodets painting factory. Without losing the traditional ornament with lush roses, horses and birds.
Khokhloma
Khokhloma is an old Russian folk craft. This is perhaps the most famous type of Russian folk painting.
Khokhloma fishing is more than three centuries old. It originated in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region and went from icon painting. The Khokhloma craft got its name from the large trading village of Khokhloma in the Nizhny Novgorod province, to which wooden products were brought for sale from nearby villages (in the village of Khokhloma these products were never produced). This was the time of the extensive settlement of the Nizhny Novgorod lands by various people, among whom were the "Old Believers" - opponents of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon. They knew the secret of gilding icons using silver metal and linseed oil - drying oil. Wooden icons were covered with a layer of silver, ground into powder, after which they were oil-dried and then put into the oven. After hardening, the icon acquired a new golden color. V 
later, with the advent of cheaper tin, this method was transferred to dishes. So, starting from the 17th century, painted wooden dishes from the Volga region masters were famous throughout Russia. "Ceremonial" dishes were made according to special orders in small batches from different types of wood, different shapes and artistic finishes, and were intended for donation to eminent guests and foreign ambassadors.
The fiery firebird decorated with bright flowers became the symbol of the Khokhloma painting.
The colors of the Khokhloma painting:
Primary colors: red, black, gold;
Secondary colors: green, yellow.
Painting is applied by hand by masters without preliminary marking. There are two main types of Khokhloma painting: "horse" (in red and black on a golden background) and "under the background" (golden pattern on a colored background). It is customary to refer to the "horse" painting as the traditional "grass" and the ornament "under the leaf". "Grass" is a painting that includes images of blades of grass, twigs, painted with red and black paint on a gold background. Painting "under the leaf" consists in the image of oval leaves, berries, usually located around the stem. Painting "under the background" is based on a large golden figure, on a red or black background. First, the outline of the picture is applied, then the background is painted over, then a small pattern (postscript) is made over the background. A kind of painting "under the background" is painting "kudrin" - a lush pattern with intricate golden curls, reminiscent of curls. At the beginning of the 19th century, "horse" painting was more common, since painting "under the background" was more complex. This painting ("under the background") became popular in the second half of the 19th century, when it was established furniture manufacturing, such a painting was used to decorate furniture, previously it was used mainly on expensive gift items.
Polkhov-Maidan painting
Polkhov-Maidan painting appeared in recent times in
southern Voznesensky district, where in 1920-1930 was established
production of painted toys turned on lathes -
whistles, nesting dolls, bocats, eggs, balalaikas, mushrooms, samovars, which were called cheerfully and affectionately "tararushki".
The village of Polkhovsky Maidan, which in the 1950s became the center of a new industry, became widely known. Glittering with a rainbow of bright aniline paints and varnish, wonderful toys from here have settled in many bazaars in Russia. They immediately fell in love with children for their infectious naive and fresh perception of the world, where pink and blue clouds run across the heavens, wonderful mills are spinning, and joyful birds are singing.
The main motives of the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, wild rose. There is also a plot painting. Most often it is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the shore, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky. The assortment of tararushka toys is varied. One group - children's toys: nesting dolls, bird whistles, horses, toy dishes, mushroom piggy banks, balalaikas, apple boxes. Another group of products is traditional Russian dishes: salt shakers, bowls, sugar bowls, "supplies" - cylindrical vessels for storing bulk products, samovars, boxes. They grind and paint in large quantities Easter eggs.
Color circle
Knowing how to compose and use colors is critical to successful work... One of the most important tools of the artist is the color wheel. It is a simplified version of a circular spectrum. He classifies the primary primary colors — red, yellow, and blue — and the secondary colors — orange, green, and purple — from which all others, including grays and browns, are composed.
Primary colors are equidistant on the color wheel. The base color is a color that cannot be composed of other colors.
The secondary color is obtained by mixing the two primary colors. So, blue and yellow give green, red and yellow give orange, and red and blue give purple.
The derived color is obtained by mixing the primary color with the secondary color located next to it on the color wheel.
In theory, by mixing the primary colors in different proportions, you can get all the other colors. In practice, things are not so simple, because paints use pigments that are not as pure as light. According to simplified color theory, blue and yellow produce green, however, mixing the first yellow and blue that come across can get completely different results. For example, ultramarine blue has a reddish tint, and lemon yellow has a greenish tint - in combination, they give a dirty green. To compose pure green, it is important to choose colors in order to obtain a specific shade.
Bank of ideas and suggestions
From the whole variety of different techniques of painting on wood, several options for painting cutting boards can be distinguished.
Option number 1 Option number 2
Option number 3 Option number 4
Option number 5 Option number 6
Option number 7
Design Analysis
Analysis of ideas
Selection criteria
№1
№2
№3
№4
№5
№6
№7
1. Originality
2. C falsity of the topic
3. Creativity
4. Relevance
5. Consumer demand
6. Interest
Total
From the design analysis carried out, we can conclude that at the moment the most interesting is Gorodets painting and painting in the Khokhloma technique.
Option number 1 (Gorodets) Option number 2 (khokhloma)
Selection of materials, tools and accessories
In order to perform any type of painting, we need:
Wooden blanks(in the circles of wood artists they are called - "linen" - from the word white, clean).
There is a great variety of blanks, these are: boards, eggs, dishes (bowls, plates, mugs, spoons, tureens, etc.), nesting dolls, boxes, hairpins and bracelets, frames for icons, pieces of furniture. Anything your heart desires.
O 
the main material for painting - paints... When painting wood, the same paints are used as in painting: oil, tempera, gouache, watercolors, as well as aniline dyes. For Gorodets painting, gouache and tempera paints are best suited.
Instruments
The main tool of a painting master is a brush. Most often, round squirrel and kolinkovy brushes of different sizes are used for painting.
In Gorodets painting, we, at a minimum, need the following brushes:
· Round columnar No. 1 and No. 2 with a pile of medium length (for contouring and outlining with black paint).
· Round squirrel No. 2 and No. 3 for applying red paint.
· Flat synthetic or bristle No. 4,5,6 for priming and varnishing.
The ideal brush for painting should resemble a drop, a seed, a candle flame. When purchasing brushes, check them by appearance to be thicker, with neatly matched hairs. Dip the brush in water and shake it off to check the tip. Finding a good brush is not easy, each has its own character. The master values his favorite brushes very much, does not lend to anyone, because everyone has his own handwriting, and this will certainly be reflected on the brush. The wooden tip of the brush is also working - it is used as a "poke" for drawing points: "seeds", "dewdrops". A used brush will still serve you as a "poke" if you carefully cut off the remaining hairs.
The palette is needed to mix paints, remove excess paint from the brush. The palette can be a white saucer, tiles, a piece of plexiglass, a lid.
The lacquer coating allows you to protect the painting on wood from the effects of the external environment: moisture, temperature extremes, active substances. In addition, covering materials - drying oil, varnish, mastic - give the product an additional decorative effect.
Processing a product with varnish is also a kind of art. It happens that a beautifully painted thing under an incorrectly selected or poorly applied varnish loses its attractiveness. It is no coincidence that there is a profession of lachila at the enterprises of artistic painting. That's who knows all the subtleties of varnish coatings!
Oil varnish PF-283 (4C) has proven itself from the best side and is the most suitable for us. It is well diluted with turpentine (always natural)! This varnish is transparent, light enough, but gives the painting n 
some yellowness. It dries for at least 72 hours at room temperature. In no case do not speed up this process in a hot oven - the varnish will swell. When dry, a glossy elastic surface is formed, which has increased physical and mechanical properties and is resistant in contact with water. To work, pour small portions of varnish and thinner into small containers, and tightly close a large jar of varnish with a lid and turn the jar upside down for a few seconds. The resulting tightness will not allow the varnish to dry out. Do not try to coat the product the first time with a thick layer of varnish. It is better to do the first treatment with a thinner varnish, let it dry well, and then lightly sand it.
When applying varnish, both with a swab and with a brush, small bubbles form on the surface due to the fact that air escapes from the pores of the wood. As it dries, some of them disappear, and some remain. They are especially difficult to grind. The more diluted the varnish, the less bubbles there will be. As the layers of varnish grow, each subsequent layer should be thinner than the previous one.
Painting technology
1.Wood blanks are sanded with sandpaper. This is done to ensure that the paint lies in an even layer. Blanks: cutting boards, salt shakers, cups are selected without knots, even smooth surface.
2. To buy gouache for painting is better than domestic firms "Gamma", "Luch". For painting, 6 basic colors are used + white and black paint.
3. Brushes for painting No. 1-2 and No. 6-8.
4. Varnish to cover the work.
Stages of painting.
Before painting any wooden product, you need to go through several stages of its implementation.
First step: pick up a cutting board.
Second phase: We draw a sketch with a pencil on an album sheet, not forgetting about the traditions in Gorodets painting.
Stage Three: Underpainting with gouache paints according to the finished drawing.
Fourth stage: Apply shade to underpainting with darker colors.
Fifth stage: The last step in the sketch "living". We apply the postscript in white, enliven the work.
Sixth stage : In exactly the same sequence, we apply the pattern to the products, then we begin to paint it with gouache paints. We finish the work, cover varnish.
Safety precautions when performing work
When painting the product, make sure that the paints do not touch the surface of the skin;
When performing paintwork, you must wear protective clothing;
Carry out work in a well-ventilated area;
At the end of the work, clean the workplace.
Sanitary and hygienic requirements
1. Wash your hands before starting work.
2. The light source should be on the left.
3. Every 1-1.5 hours the eyes need a 30-minute rest.
4. To maintain health while working, it is useful to do a warm-up for the arms, eyes and back.
Environmental justification
Modern humanity, armed with technology and using a huge amount of energy, is a very powerful force affecting the nature of the Earth. If these impacts do not take into account natural laws and destroy the ties established over millions of years, catastrophic consequences arise. People have already faced a number of natural disasters caused by their activities, and are worried about the tendency of increasing instability of nature.
Therefore, ecology is currently acquiring special significance as a science that helps to find ways out of the emerging crisis.
The work used acrylic paints, brushes from natural fibers, wooden cutting boards, boxes, plates, varnish. The work took into account environmental issues, i.e. work was carried out from environmentally friendly (natural) materials, without causing any harm to nature.
Economic justification
Materials used
Price
(rub)
Consumption
Set of brushes
1 PC
Gauche paints
1 PC
Varnish
1 PC
Wooden blanks (board)
1 PC.
Total:
426 r
Labor costs:
30% from material costs = 127.8
Electricity costs = 0, because the work was carried out during the daytime.
Cost = sum of all costs = 553.8
On the market, such work costs about 1300 rubles, so it will be more profitable to do it yourself. Cutting boards and all hand-painted products are highly valued in the market. They can be used as a gift for any holiday.
A cutting board is a convenient, affordable and essential item for every kitchen! Enjoy cooking!
Conclusion
Wood painting is one of the oldest types of arts and crafts. For a long time, the decoration of various wooden products with colored painting was highly valued, and in every house there were certainly several painted boards or plates. Today, interest in wood painting is reviving.
You can decorate almost everything with wood painting. It can be dishes, various home accessories, jewelry boxes, vases, combs, bracelets, beads, earrings, toys. You can also paint wooden furniture, wooden sculptures.
Painting on wood is a very interesting and exciting hobby.
The acquired knowledge will help in the future.
Bibliography
1.Averina V.I. Gorodets carving and painting. - Nizhny Novgorod, 2006
2.Mavrina T.A. Gorodets painting. - SPb., 2001
3. Sokolova M.S. Artistic painting on wood. - M., 1999
4.Encyclopedic Dictionary. Vol. 1. - S. 351-359
5.Emelyanova T.I. Khokhloma. - L .: Aurora, 2004.
6. Bardina R.A. Handicrafts and souvenirs. - M .: Higher school, 2007.
7.Suprun L.Ya. Wood carving and painting. - M .: Easy and food industry, 2007.
8. Orlovsky E.I. Products of folk art crafts. - L .: Lenizdat, 2008.
9.Makhmutova H.I. Painting on wood. - M .: Education, 2004.
10. Rogov A.P. Pantry of joy. - M .: Education, 2007.
11. Osetrov E.I. Live Ancient Russia... - M .: Education, 2006.
12. TSB. Ed. 3rd. - M .: SE, 1970-1978.
13. Cities of Russia: an encyclopedia. - M .: BRE, 2008.
14.Zhegalova S.K.Russian folk painting. - M., 2007.
Mezen painting
Mezen painting on wood or palaschel painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which took shape by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel with a Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although figurative motifs of such painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century made in the Mezen region. In terms of style, the Mezen painting can be attributed to the most archaic types of painting that survived until the 20th century. The objects are densely dotted with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, lines, made in two colors: black - soot and red - "earthen paint", ocher. The main motives of the geometric ornament - solar discs, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of a trihedral-champlevé carving. 
Polkhov-Maidan painting
Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the youngest artistic crafts in Russia. It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Almost every family here is engaged in the manufacture and sale of painted wooden toys. The Polkhov-Maidan toy, or as the masters themselves call it "tararushka", appeared in the late 1920s. Since the 1960s, residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, began to make a similar toy. The main motives of the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, wild rose. There is also a plot painting. Most often it is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the shore, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky. 
Pizhma painting
Pizhemskaya painting has been known since the 17th century. One of the oldest murals in the Russian North. The northern Pechora River and its tributaries Tsilma, Pizhma and others are places where in the 19th and early 20th centuries. there was a small center for graphic painting. The handwritten tradition of the Old Believers from the time of Avvakum had a strong influence on the formation of the style of Pizhema painting. There were whole dynasties of copyists of pre-Nikon books, known throughout the Pechora; they laid the foundation for a kind of Pizhma painting. Pizhma painting was carried out with watercolors - red, green, yellow, black. The main part of the Pizhema painting is a geometric ornament made with black paint (soot using larch resin) in the form of rhombuses, crosses, dots, etc., with a slight addition of red and green paint. 
Guslitskaya painting
Guslitskaya painting dates back to the 17th century. This painting existed until the 20th century, when the handwritten book was supplanted by the printed one. Guslitsa - this has long been the name of the area near Moscow in the southeastern part of the Guslitsa River, which flows into the Moskva River (the territory of a part of the modern Orekhovo-Zuevsky and Yegoryevsky districts of the Moscow region). Icon painting, cult copper-cast plastics, and sewing developed in Guslitsy. In the 60s and 70s. XIX century. In the settlement of Abramovka, an underground Old Believer printing house of the peasant E.P. Piskunov functioned. In the Guslits area, the art of writing and decorating books was widespread. The singing manuscripts of the guslitsk work were especially famous. The "Guslitskaya" style of book design took shape by the last quarter of the 18th century. The specificity of the painting is shining colors: blue, light blue, pink, turquoise, combined with abundant gilding. 
Rakul painting
The Rakul painting appears in the first half of the 19th century in the village of Ulyanovskaya, standing at the confluence of the Rakulka river into the Northern Dvina (now the Krasnoborsk district of the Arkhangelsk region). The ornament of the Rakul painting is very close to the graphics of the miniatures of the famous Vygovsky manuscripts - liturgical and instructional books made by the Old Believers. The paintings of the Rakulka are usually dominated by black and golden ocher colors, which are accompanied by rich green and brown-red. The color scheme is very strict and harmonious, the plastic of the elements is laconic. The elements of the Rakul ornament are large, their shape is limited by a clear black outline. Small decorative elements - vignettes and veins are executed in black or white: white is mainly drawn with veins of leaves running over a rich color background. 
Sheksna painting gilded
"Sheksninskaya gilded" is one of the traditional paintings of the Russian North. She adorned peasant household items and was distributed over a small area - in the southern part of the Sheksninsky district of the Vologda region. Local residents called the painting "gilded". This name entered the scientific circulation again. open center folk paintings. The painting is graphic, its color system is based on a combination of red, gold and black colors traditional for ancient Russian icon painting. Quirky plants with outlandish leaves, flowers and fruits, on the branches of which proud birds with an eagle's gaze and a tail, sometimes turning into a floral pattern, sit - here are the main motives of this painting. The origins of the Sheksna gilding have roots in ancient Russian culture, resemble the ornaments of icons and manuscript books. 
Khokhloma painting
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden dishes and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. When painting is done, not gold, but silver-tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three to four times, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden tableware a massive effect. The painting looks bright despite the dark background. To create the picture, paints such as red, yellow, orange, a little green and blue are used. Also in the painting there is always a gold color. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy berries of rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish, and animals are not uncommon. 
Boretskaya painting
Boretskaya painting - Russian folk art craft, painting on wood. It has existed since the 18th century. Initially, there was one center of painting - the village of Borok (Shenkursky district) in the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina River (it arose on the banks of the Dvina when Novgorodians settled the Dvinsky Territory in the XI-XII centuries). The most commonly used colors in painting: red, green, brown, orange, yellow. The ornament consists of rhombuses, circles, droplets, triangles. All elements are outlined in black. The symbol of the Boretsk painting is the Tree of Life. A huge flower with a straight stem, around which flowers, birds, berries, graceful leaves are depicted. The motives of the composition could be genre scenes: tea drinking, festivities. 
Petersburg painting
Petersburg painting originated from the study of trays created in the 19th century in Petersburg. It is characterized by special sophistication. White flowers with gold leaves on a black background. Leaves and flowers are painted with special, translucent strokes. A special atmosphere of St. Petersburg is created - the city of white nights. The main motives of the picture are flowers: daffodils, peonies, chamomile; the composition is characterized by grace and dynamism. The active use of the background as an additional pictorial element can be considered a special technique. White and gold translucent strokes are placed so that the emerging background creates a unique atmosphere of mystery. Now it is a little-known form of everyday art. And in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, white, translucent flowers with golden leaves began to bloom against the black background of the trays. 
Gorodets painting
Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of the town of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, flower patterns), made with a free stroke with white and black graphic outlining, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors. In the Nizhny Novgorod paintings, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovsky and Gorodets paintings. Gorodets painting traces its origins to the carved Gorodets spinning wheels: the figures were carved from wood of a different species and inserted into a recess corresponding to the shape. The inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. With only two shades of wood and an uncomplicated instrument, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture. 
Zhostovo painting
Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, which exists in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is believed that the Zhostovo painting adopted the tradition of the Demidov family to paint tin trays, which was common in the Urals, namely in the Tagil and Vyisky factory settlements. The breeders Demidovs introduced this trade there. The origin of the Zhostovo painted tray is associated with the surname of the Vishnyakov brothers. The history of Zhostovo and the Zhostovo craft dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when in a number of villages near Moscow and the villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region) - Zhostovo, Ostashkov, Khlebnikov, Troitsky and others - there were workshops for the manufacture of painted lacquerware from papier-mache ... The main motive Zhostovo painting, like Tagil, is a flower bouquet. 
Gzhel painting
Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian centers production of ceramics. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area, consisting of 27 villages, united in the "Gzhel bush". "Gzhel kust" is located about sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow - Murom - Kazan railway line. Now "Gzhel Kust" is included in the Ramensky District of the Moscow Region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to the Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts. The very name "Gzhel" has Baltic roots and refers rather to the natural features of the region than to the process of firing products in pottery. The word "gzhel" is closest to the ancient Prussian sounding of the word "bush", which with some differences has taken root in all Baltic languages. 
Art painting as a kind of decorative and applied art continues the traditions of folk art. This is not just a certain visual series, its essence is much more, because it seems to soar outside of time, uniting the work of dozens of generations of masters. It is organically connected with the Motherland - at the place of its origin in the community of peasants (cattle breeders, farmers, hunters).
Art critics' view of art painting
Artistic painting is applied to products from easily obtained traditional natural "democratic" materials: natural fabrics, wood, clay, leather, stone, bone.
Until the 17th century, its shoots existed within individual natural peasant farms... Skills were passed on by masters along the ancestral line, from generation to generation. Specific artistic techniques were perfected, allowing for the optimal presentation of products. The most expressive and meaningful ways of applying the ornament were chosen. Painting in architecture decorated the ceiling, walls, vaults, beams and pillars, and in everyday life - dishes, objects of labor.
In the period from the 17th to the 18th century, art painting in Russia was already being transformed into a craft that creates goods for the market. It is not individual craftsmen who begin to deal with it, but individual areas, villages. In the 19th century, an artel organization of the art of painting took place. For example, the masters of Fedoskino miniatures thus self-organized after the ruin of private owners in 1903 and preserved their art. In 1876, the systematization of various types of painting began by Professor A.A. Isaev. in the two-volume monograph "Trades in the Moscow province".
In the 1920s and 1930s, the emphasis was placed on the creation of cooperative fishing artels where centers of folk art developed historically, developing original types of painting. For example, Khokhloma painting in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The strategy for the development of painting, as well as other types of decorative and applied arts, was comprehended and outlined by the scientist and teacher Vasily Sergeevich Voronov in the monograph "On Peasant Art".
Currently, artistic painting enterprises are actively developing types of painting in order to meet the demand both in the Russian market and abroad. Painted items, while maintaining their everyday function, are increasingly acquiring features of aesthetic and artistic value. For their production are used modern machines and special equipment for roughing and preparatory work. The main creative work, as well as several centuries ago, is done by hand by master-artists.
Painting as art
It is impossible not to note that the national painting changes the very image of the product. It becomes more expressive in terms of color scale, rhythm of lines and proportionality. Industrial "soulless" goods become warm and lively through the efforts of artists. The latter is achieved by applying ornament and elements of fine art (graphics and painting). Various types of painting create a special positive emotional background, consonant with the locality of the existence of the craft.
Formally speaking, art painting is performed by applying paint with a brush to a specific surface. An important point should be noted: unlike painting, which simulates an integral space, painting is always fragmentary.
Designers often talk about the phenomenon of Russian painting: it is universally in harmony with almost any style: minimalism, modern, country. The techniques created by ancient masters have been perfected by many generations of masters in certain localities, creating a special style expressiveness. Fortunately, in Russia in the 21st century, different kinds paintings: Gzhel, Khokhloma, Boretskaya, Gorodetskaya, Mezenskaya, Onezhskaya, Permogorskaya, Pizhemskaya, Polkhovsko-Paidanskaya, Puchuzhskaya, Rakulskaya. Consider the features of these distinctive styles.
The emergence of khokhloma
The ability to paint a tree in gold color without using, in fact, gold was transferred to the Khokhloma masters from the schismatic icon painters, who discovered this know-how back in the 12th century in the secret wilderness of the forests of the Volga region. By the way, they were also familiar with the crafts that provide painting: turning and the art of ancient ornament. Perhaps they were also familiar with the ancient types of painting,
Khokhloma, a large trading village in the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Trans-Volga region, attracted skilled craftsmen like a magnet.
This, in modern parlance, a regional fair for a group of villages along the banks of the Uzola River worked not only for the domestic market of Russia. Wealthy merchants bought large lots on it hot product and took them for export. Thus, the Khokhloma market was “under the gun” of both domestic and foreign markets, which means that quality competition prevailed over price competition. A real incentive was created: the skill of a skilled person brought him tangible wealth.
According to the research of specialists, in the period from the 12th to the 17th centuries, the Khokhloma style evolved, into which the ancient Nizhny Novgorod types of wood painting were integrated.
In the period from the 17th to the 18th century, the Khokhloma style basically took shape. In our time, its centers are:
Factory "Khokhloma artist", which employs craftsmen from the villages of the Koverninsky district (Semino and others). Wildflowers and wild berries predominate in their paintings;
Association "Khokhloma painting", Semyonov. The masters of the union traditionally develop the theme of fantastic colors.
Khokhloma technology
The monastic skill of the "fine brush" found a sphere of application in the richest floral ornamentation. The quality of the products played an important role. The art of Khokhloma presupposed the observance of a certain technology by the masters. It is characteristic that it has not changed until our time. Let's list its stages in order:
Grinding on lathe wooden tableware ("linen");
Priming of workpieces with a liquid solution of specially prepared clay ("shaft"). Nowadays, artificial primers are used for this purpose;
Tinning with tin or silver. Now they use aluminum for this;
Artistic painting on wood and drying the product in the oven;
Varnishing and baking.
Intensive heat treatment products determined the color scheme preferred by ancient Russian painters: a combination of gold and red cinnabar with black. Those. the temperature of the Khokhloma ovens did not affect the brightness and contrast of such paints.
Khokhloma painting methods
Ancient types of painting on wood, integrating into Khokhloma, determined its two systems: "background" and "top" writing. The name of the system itself contains the way of drawing the main silhouette outlines.
The "horse" system involves the application of a colored silhouette outline directly onto a golden background. The background forms a golden "contour" directly from the background, by the master "sketching" with black and red colors of the space surrounding the "golden curls".
Each of the systems uses the same types of Khokhloma painting. There are only four of them: "kudrina", "under the berry" (or "under the leaf"); "Gingerbread"; "Under the background".
"Kudrina" assumes a "grass" pattern, painted with a very thin brush. It is somewhat reminiscent of sedge, however, curled with intricate harmonious dynamic rings. According to experts, this is the most ancient ornament.
"Under the berry" - drawn with a thicker brush. In addition to the "herbal base", leaves and berries are already appearing here. The plant form is stylized and combined. On the same "stem" you can see chamomile and strawberry leaves.
Gingerbread painting involves playing with a certain geometric shape (most often a rhombus). The figure is enlivened by "bushes" on the sides and illuminated by the sun in the middle.
With the method "under the background", the vegetative contour is sequentially drawn, after which the background that remains free is painted over, and mostly black.
Thanks to the uniqueness of the brush of each master, the Khokhloma is unique and unique. The types of painting that we have considered above alternate on it, delighting the eye with the harmony of golden, red and black colors.
Gzhel. Finding clay for porcelain
Gzhel as an art of artistic painting was born on the territory of the modern Ramensky district of the Moscow region. In the old days, these places were called the Gzhel volost, and the villages of Bokhteevo, Volodino, Gzhel, Kuzyaevo, Novokharitonovo, Turygino are located in this area.
Until the 17th century, local peasants made relatively primitive glazed utensils from clay. The situation changed thanks to the industrial development of local clays suitable for the production of porcelain. The starting point was the order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to find "clays suitable" for the production of pharmaceutical vessels - in 1663.
The experiment was a success, since 1710 the pharmaceutical order began to use the local raw materials. Pharmacists praised the quality of the clay, and the moment came when industrialists became interested in them. They were interested in raw materials suitable for the production of porcelain. By decree of the tsar in 1844, a commission was created, which included the owner of a porcelain factory in Moscow Afanasy Grebenshchikov and an engineer of the Porcelain Manufactory Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov, who received a mining engineering education at the University of Marburg. We were looking for the right clay for five years. In 1849, after eight months of exploration, the clays were mined, from which first-class porcelain was produced. MV Lomonosov himself, a fellow practitioner of Vinogradov, spoke highly of their quality.
Gzhel. Production development
The industrialist Grebenshchikov began to use the found raw materials at his Moscow plant. However, the smart people from the village of Gzhel and the surrounding villages, by the way, as we mentioned, who already had the skills of pottery, also realized the benefits of using better quality clays.
Business went briskly, since excellent consultants lived in the villages - production workers from A. Grebenshchikov's plant. In the period from 1750 to 1820, artisan craftsmen produced majolica - elongated fermentation jugs, plates, mugs, dishes. Ornamental painting was done with green, yellow, blue and eggplant paint on a white background. The image included a bird - in the center, and around it - trees, bushes, houses. (i.e. demonstrated primitive types of tableware painting). Dishes were in demand. A quality competition has arisen. Former pottery factories producing semi-faience were in the lead High Quality identical to "foreign" dishes.
Craftsmanship has perfected for 80 years, and since 1820 almost all Gzhel craftsmen have been producing semi-faience. This is the heyday of the Gzhel art. The craftsmen's products can also be seen in the Hermitage. This tableware began to be considered the best and most beautiful in Russia. Typical painted Gzhel teapots, bowls, plates filled the houses of merchants and nobility, taverns. Types of painting are being improved. Gzhel is bought all over the country, from Arkhangelsk to Astrakhan, exported to Central Asia and the Middle East. The products are produced by approximately thirty factories. Manufacturers are engaged in the production of gzhel: the Barmins, Guslins, Gusyatnikovs, Kiselevs, Terekhovs, Sazonovs.
Unfortunately, starting from 1860 the decline of the Gzhel painting took place. Folk art, born of the competition of hundreds of small producers and dozens of medium-sized ones, is being supplanted by the pragmatism of large monopolies. Among the monopolists, MS Kuznetsov stood out, with his five factories and an annual output of 2.1 million rubles. The production capacity of all others was 14% of Kuznetsov's. Strictly speaking, the manufacturer Kuznetsov "crushed" creativity. Competition has gone, motivation has gone down, quality has gone down, a decline has come.
How artists paint Gzhel
Gzhel is unique in that each master, using classical types of art painting for her, creates his own individual technique.
This is a subtle art. A fundamental role belongs to the experience of the master, which manifests itself in the way of movement of the brush. At the same time, on the snowy whiteness of porcelain, a harmonious color change from intense blue to blurry blue is obtained. All this is painted with a single paint - cobalt. The drawing is superimposed on the surface "the first time", quickly.
Why is the skill of an artist important? Initially, the real colors of the drawing are not visible (a feature of cobalt). Everything depicted seems to be one-color, and only when the gzhel is fired in the oven, the drawing will fully manifest itself.
What is the composition of Gzhel? The central role in it is usually occupied by a decorated flower. To the sides of it lead a harmoniously twisting "herbal" plot, enriched with leaves and berries. It happens that animalistic plots or those related to everyday life (for example, at home) are interwoven into this drawing.
How is such a drawing practically obtained? The types of artistic painting for "painted the first time" Gzhel are actually reduced to the methods of applying a smear. There are only four of them: a shaded brush stroke, painting with one brush, a print pattern, as well as complementary images.
The network shaded stroke is characterized by a wide color range due to the varying intensity of the cobalt blending through the artist's special rotation of the brush.
Painting with one brush is characterized by the fact that each subsequent stroke differs in tone from the previous one. In this case, the intensity of the strokes gradually decreases, they "brighten".
The calico pattern is the thinnest. It is drawn with only one end of the brush.
The types of painting used by Gzhel are not characteristic of photographic replication of natural motives, but are reinterpreted and presented in an unexpected configuration. The reinterpreted blue leaves, petals of blue tulips, asters, carnations, roses depicted by the artist follow the contours of birds or animals. Sometimes they outline stylized household items or objects (for example, peasant huts).
Complementary images of the "grassy" type - antennae, spirals, shading elements, various flourishes, geometric fragments - add completeness to the image and create the necessary accents.
The emergence of the Polkhov-Maidan painting
Russian is diverse folk painting... Its types in all their diversity, perhaps, can be described in a specialized monograph, but not in an article. Therefore, our task is more modest. We have already named the most "promoted" types of painting: khokhloma and gzhel. However, there are others, they are all distinctive and there are quite a few of them. Let's name some: Boretskaya, Gorodetskaya, Mezenskaya, Onega, Permogorskaya, Pizhemskaya, Polkhovsko-Maidan, Puchuzhskaya, Rakulskaya, etc. Not being able to describe all of them in detail in this article, we will present a description of the only one of them - Polkhov-Maidan.
This painting originated at the beginning of the 20th century in the Voznesensky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Here, in the villages of Polkhovsky Maidan and in the village of Voznesenskoye, at the end of the 18th century, the lathe trade of the monks of the Sarov Monastery existed. The peasants also learned the turning craft, becoming skilled craftsmen in the manufacture of wooden dishes. The craftsmen also made, as they said, "tararushki", that is, items for fun: whistles, mushrooms, nesting dolls, Easter eggs, children's toys.
The impetus for the creation of the painting was the acquisition by the peasant Polin Pavel Nikitich of an apparatus for vizhiganiya, and since 1926 the awakened creativity of the peasants led them to painting products with oil paints, and since 1933 they were replaced by aniline paints.
After the creativity of the Polkhovites was taken over by the Zagorsk people, the Merinovites, the Semenovites, new types of painting on nesting dolls were created (we will touch on this topic later).
Polkhov-Maidan painting style technology
First, the surface of the wooden product was sanded and primed with starch paste. Then the outline of the drawing was applied in ink, after which the painting was done. For this, paints were used in four colors: red, yellow, green and blue. Then the "aiming" was carried out, a characteristic artistic stage of the Polkhov-Maidan style, which consisted in outlining the outline of the drawing in black. We add that this type of painting involves such a technique as overlaying colors.
This art form also uses a special non-contour painting technique.
We mentioned this type of painting for a reason. It flourished in the USSR until the 90s inclusive. The Voznesensk factory employed half a thousand people. Of these, 40% are painters who carry out painting, the rest are turners. The work was treated creatively, a creative laboratory worked at the factory. The products were exported to the USA and European countries. Today, the traditions laid down by the factory are being developed by entrepreneurs.
Her majesty matryoshka
Russian painting has not always evolved evolutionarily. Her types sometimes appeared unexpectedly - not from the "depth of centuries". They were generated by the inspiration of a single creative Russian master. This happened with the matryoshka. She is not a primordially Russian invention.
The matryoshka appeared in Russia in the 19th century in Sergiev Posad. In 1898, the wife of the artist Sergei Vasilyevich Malyutin brought from Japan a figurine of the old man Fukuruma, into which four more figurines were put (by the way, according to Japanese legend, the first such figurine was made by a Russian monk). Sergei Vasilievich rethought its idea "in Russian". An ingenious idea arose - to simulate a typical Russian family. The name Matryona was then popular in Russia. In addition, as Milyutin believed, it echoed the ancient Roman name of the mother of the family.
Sergey Vasilievich made a drawing of a figurine with eight attachments. The woman was followed by her daughter with a black rooster, then - a son, then - again a girl, the eighth figure was a baby. Turner V.P. Zvezdochkin carved their shapes from wood. The figure was painted by Sergey Vasilievich himself.
Production of nesting dolls. Types of painting
The worldwide popularity of the matryoshka, its recognition by the world, dates back to 1900, when it “went out into the world” - to the world exhibition in Paris.
Could folk art pass by matryoshka dolls? Already in 1899, the entire Sergiev Posad produced new charming dolls: girls and women, ruddy, in caftans and aprons or in scarves and sundresses, with baskets, pets, birds, flowers. The Zagorsk style (as you know, Sergiev Posad was renamed Zagorsk) was notable for its picturesqueness, attention to small details.
Since 1922, nesting dolls have also begun to be produced in the village of Merinovo in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The local turner AF Mayorov, having bought a Sergievskaya nesting doll, made his own. His daughter painted the figures. Merinovites quickly mastered the manufacture of these complex figurines. The Merinovskaya nesting doll is emphatically bright, although with less detail than the Zagorsk one.
The third "matryoshka deposit" was the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, famous for its turners and painting. The Polkhov matryoshka has its own characteristic features:
A fleeting face painted in small strokes;
The place of the outlines of the scarf and the lines of the sundress (skirt), from the back 2/3 the matryoshka is painted scarlet (red) or in green... The color of the scarf contrasts with it. In the area of the forehead of the matryoshka, there is a drawing of a wild rose flower. The apron is indicated - from the neck to the ground. The painting of the apron is grouped "by oval". In the middle there is a branch with an opened rose, leaves, berries. The composition is complemented by daisies and forget-me-nots.
The Vyatka nesting doll is considered the most difficult to make, which local craftsmen inlay with straws.
Output
Russian art painting as a form of decorative and applied art is based on a deep folk tradition, on people's awareness of what the Motherland is, what the family is. It is associated with the centuries-old life of our ancestors, therefore, painted items carry a charge of warmth, humanity, a creative attitude to life. They really adorn the everyday life of a modern person, they displace "impersonality", they introduce elements of decorating the living space.
Artistic painting also brings some accents to our life, reminding about continuity, about the Motherland, about the universal human duty of every person - to make life around him more beautiful.
