Presentation on animal fiber technology. Presentation on the topic "natural fibers". Comparison of wool fibers and natural silk

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Materials Science Cotton and Linen Fabrics

Cotton plant and cotton fibers

Flax and flax fibers

Cotton fabric production process Sorting Carding shop Belt shop Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Roving shop

Linen fabric production process Straw washing Drying Wrinkling Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Scutching

(1704-1764) English inventor, draper by profession The shuttle (airplane) invented by him can be considered the first impetus to rapid transformations in textile technology. This invention doubled the productivity of the weaver. By the middle of the 18th century, Kay's plane shuttle quickly spread, first in England, and then in other countries.

Weaving professions Spinner Rovnitsa Spinner Winders Weavers

Cotton mill, Krasnodar

Weft thread thick fluffy uneven in thickness weakly twisted loose soft less strong than warp thread Warp thread thin smooth uniform in thickness strongly twisted dense stiff strong Distinctive features

Completed: teacher of technology of the I category, MAOU-SOSH №10, Almetyevsk RT. Vafina Svetlana Viktorovna Thank you for your attention!

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

“Fabric production process. Natural fibers of plant origin "

Methodical development of a lesson on the topic “Fabric production process. Natural fibers of plant origin "...

Lesson objectives: Educational: to familiarize students with natural fibers of plant origin, from what they are obtained, where they are grown, how they are processed, what properties they have, which of them ...

Cotton fibers Cotton is a vegetable fiber obtained from cotton bolls. When the fruit ripens, the cotton boll opens. The fiber, together with the raw cotton seeds, is collected for cotton collection points, from where it is sent to the ginnery, where the fibers are separated from the seeds. This is followed by the separation of fibers by length: the longest fibers from 2025 mm are cotton-fiber, and shorter lint hairs are used for the manufacture of cotton wool, as well as for the production of explosives.

Cotton fabrics The assortment of cotton fabrics is very diverse, it includes the largest number of types and articles. Fabrics are different in structure, type of finish, properties, external design and have versatile applications. Cotton fabrics are characterized by good wear resistance, hygiene, beautiful appearance, color fastness, well tolerated by water and heat treatments. The disadvantages of these fabrics are increased creasing and deformability in wear. For the production of cotton fabrics, all types of weaving are used.

Wool fibers Wool is the hairline of animals: sheep, goats, camels. The woolen cover is removed from the sheep with special scissors or machines. The length of the wool fibers is from 20 to 450 mm. They are trimmed with an almost integral unbreakable mass, which is called RUNE.

Silk fibers Natural silk is obtained by unwinding silkworm cocoons. A cocoon is a dense, tiny egg-like shell that the caterpillar coils tightly around itself before becoming a pupa. The four stages of silkworm development: 1. Testicle. 2. Caterpillar. 3.Doll. 4. Butterfly.

Silkworm, or silkworm caterpillar and butterfly, playing an important economic role in silk production. The caterpillar feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves (mulberry tree). A closely related species, the wild silkworm, lives in East Asia: in the northern regions of China and the southern regions of the Primorsky Territory of Russia. The silkworm is the only fully domesticated insect not found naturally in the wild. Its females have even "forgotten how" to fly. The adult insect is a fat butterfly with whitish wings and a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only the leaves of the mulberry or mulberry tree. Silkworm caterpillars curl cocoons, the shells of which consist of a continuous silk thread with a length of m and up to 1500 m in the largest cocoons.

A bit of history Ancient China is considered the homeland of silk. According to many legends, the culture of sericulture emerged around the 5th millennium BC. on the banks of the Great Yellow River. Most noteworthy is the legend of Lei Zu, the first wife of the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Chinese, who lived in the central regions of China about 5,000 years ago. After moving to her husband from the southwestern part of the country, Lei Zu brought with her the secret of silkworm cultivation. First, she taught people how to breed silkworms, untangle a cocoon, and thus provide themselves with clothing. In the Celestial Empire there was no longer such a misfortune as scratches and abrasions, and subsequent generations began to bring offerings to Lei Zu as the founder of sericulture ... in great condition. This means that silkworm breeding existed about two thousand years before the birth of Christ (the late Neolithic era), and silk production years ago was already a developed industry - this is exactly the age of the discovered remains of fabric!

More than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu Di sent his messenger westward to pave the way for the silk caravans. This is how the Great Silk Road appeared. Naturally, the secret of making silk in China was guarded with special trepidation. Hence, by the way, the absolutely phantasmagoric ideas about the origin of silk threads among ancient thinkers: they say, they grow on trees, and they are a product of the vital activity of an animal with large horns, and it's not threads at all, but the fluff of special birds ... For smuggling mulberry leaves tree and silkworm larvae, according to Chinese laws, a painful death was assumed. But the thirst for profit (and silk was literally worth its weight in gold, pound for pound) took its toll. Around the 5th century, silk was exported from China, and at the same time its production began in several countries of the world. Again, according to legend, one cunning Indian Raja wooed a Chinese princess. And as a dowry he desired - guess what? And the poor bride brought silkworm larvae and mulberry seeds ... right in her high wedding hairdo. In the Mediterranean countries, the production of silk fabric became widespread at about the same time when silkworm green (eggs) was first delivered to Constantinople from China. The role of the pilgrims good will performed by the monks, who hid the larvae in the voids of their staves. In the Middle Ages, silk became one of the main industries in Venice (XIII century), in Genoa and Florence (XIV century), in Milan (XV century). And already in the 18th century, throughout Western Europe, their own silk was woven with might and main.

The old North Road was initiated by Emperor Wudi, who needed thoroughbred horses for the army. I saw such horses during my embassy to Central Asia in the years. BC. dignitary Zhang Qian. He also reported to the emperor about the absence of silk-weaving craft in other countries and advised the emperor to export silk abroad in exchange for fine horses, as well as sweet fruits, wine, etc. In 121 BC. the first camel caravan with silk and bronze mirrors headed to the Fergana oasis through the Turfan depression along the spurs of the Tien Shan. But the unfolding trade was interrupted by ruinous uprisings in that area in the years. AD However, trade soon continued, but this time along a new path - the South Road.

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NATURAL SEWING MATERIAL SCIENCE Section: Lesson topic: FIBER OF ANIMAL ORIGIN Developed by: Ishnazarova Tatyana Nikolaevna Technology teacher MAOU SOSH №32 Ulan-Ude

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linen cotton chemical animal origin natural plant origin Textile fibers Classification of textile fibers Wool silk

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Wool taken from sheep, almost whole, unbreakable mass is called a fleece. The thinnest, softest, crimped fiber is called fluff. A thicker, stiffer, less crimped fiber is called hair or wool.

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MERINOS WOOL (MERINOS) is wool taken from the withers of a merino sheep. Merino, a breed of fine-wool sheep. Merino wool is homogeneous and consists of very fine and soft downy fibers. It is long (the length of the coat is 6-8 cm per year), white, warm, and has excellent thermostatic properties. Due to natural curls, it is elastic.

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LAMA (LAMA. Llama wool consists of two layers: the upper protective hair and the undercoat (down). The undercoat is used for making elite clothing... With a full haircut, both layers are removed and the protective hair is removed from the coat. When combing out, only the undercoat is obtained. Llama wool is characterized by lightness and softness, the ability to perfectly retain heat (heat capacity) and provide comfort in a wide temperature range (thermostatic). It does not cause allergic reactions, is able to repel water and, unlike other types of wool, regulate its moisture content in a range convenient for humans.

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ALPACA (ALPACA) is a type of llama. Alpacas are a rare animal, their dear wool is sheared by alpacas, unlike sheep, once a year. Alpaca wool has exceptional properties: it is light, soft, homogeneous and silky, very warm (7 times warmer than sheep wool), with high thermoregulatory properties; durable (3 times stronger than a sheep's), not prone to rolling, dumping and jamming; Unlike the scaly and therefore prickly fibers of sheep wool, alpaca fibers are smooth and comfortable to the touch.

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CAMEL (CAMEL) is the downy undercoat of the non-working Bactrian camel (Bactrian), which lives in Central and East Asia. The most valuable is the wool of the Mongolian Bactrian. Once a year it is harvested (or combed out). Camel's wool is light (two times lighter than sheep's), but at the same time, the most durable, elastic and warm. It protects well against moisture, and is also able to absorb and quickly evaporate it, leaving the body dry.

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CASHMERE is the finest down (undercoat) of a high-mountain cashmere goat that lives in the region of Tibet and in the province of Kashmir between India and Pakistan. To obtain fluff, the goat is not sheared, but manually combed out once a year, in the spring, during molting. Cashmere is prized for its exceptional softness, lightness, ability to keep warm and the absence of allergic reactions to it.

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MOHAIR (MOHAIR) - wool of angora goats living in Turkey (province of Angora), South Africa and the USA. Mohair is a luxurious natural fiber. No other wool has such a great long pile with a long lasting natural shine. Mohair products require delicate storage and careful care. They must be hung on hangers, in order to avoid the appearance of folds, do not expose to high temperatures and dry at room temperature; clean only dry, not forgetting that chemical treatment can shorten their service life.

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ANGORA - This is the fluff of Angora rabbits. Once upon a time, China, in response to Turkey's overstatement of prices for the demanded wool of angora goats, released a softer and cheaper yarn called "Angora". As it turned out, it was the fluff of wild rabbits called Angora. Under these conditions, the Turks called the wool of Angora goats "mohair", which means "chosen one" in Arabic. Subsequently, Angora rabbits began to be bred in Europe and the United States. Angora wool is extremely soft, very warm and fluffy, with a characteristic delicate pile. Products made from angora wool create unique comfort and are therefore very popular and in demand. However, angora wool also has its disadvantages: the fragile fastening of rabbit fluff in the yarn can cause abrasion of the fabric; the need to protect the angora from excessive moisture and to clean it only by chemical means.

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Wool fibers have a length of 20 to 450 mm and varying thicknesses. The strength of wool fibers depends on their thickness and structure. The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black. The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales. Wool fiber is highly hygroscopic and has good resilience and heat resistance. Due to its good elasticity, wool products do not wrinkle. The resistance of wool to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers. Reaction to combustion Wool fibers are sintered during combustion; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops. At the end, a black sintered ball is formed, which is easily rubbed with your fingers. In the process of burning, the smell of a burnt feather is felt. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER

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Woolen fiber is used for the manufacture of dress, costume and coat fabrics. Thanks to felting, it is possible to make broadcloth, drape, felt, felt from wool, as well as other textile products. Woolen fabrics go on sale under the names: gabardine, cashmere, drape, cloth, tights and others.

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For the first time, the secret of making silk was discovered in China five thousand years ago. An ancient legend says that once Xi Ling Chi, the wife of the third emperor of China Huang Di, who was also called the "Yellow Emperor", was drinking tea in the garden of the palace under the crown of a mulberry tree and a silkworm cocoon fell from the tree into her cup of tea. The young empress and her maids were extremely surprised to see the cocoon begin to unfold in the hot water, releasing a thin silk thread. Having become interested, the girl began to observe how the cocoon unfolded. Xi Ling Chi was so impressed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread that she collected thousands of cocoons and from them weaved the emperor's clothes. So a tiny silkworm butterfly gave silk to all mankind, and the Empress, in gratitude for such a valuable gift, was elevated to the rank of a deity.

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Fiber classification

Animal fibers are natural fibers. They are obtained from animals (wool) and insects (silk and cobweb).

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Wool is the hairline of animals.

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Silk properties

Natural color - white, slightly creamy, hygroscopic, breathable, destroyed by sunlight, silk burns like wool, giving off the smell of burnt feathers.

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Types of silk fabrics

Atlas Velvet Crepe de Chine Chiffon and others

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Cobweb fiber

The cloth, woven from cobweb thread, surpasses silk by several times in strength, lightness and beauty. It was made in China even in antiquity, where it was called “the fabric of the eastern sea”. True, the process of making it was so laborious that only a fabulously rich person could afford to wear clothes made of it.

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In Europe about industrial production spider webs were first thought of in France at the beginning of the 18th century. The President of the Royal Audit Office of Montpellier Bock proposed to extract the thread from the spider-spider. As he established, the cobweb can be pulled directly from his abdomen and immediately wound onto a reel. Up to 500 meters of thread can be obtained from one insect. In support of his words, Bock presented to the Academy of Sciences the finest women's stockings and gloves made from this raw material, which amazed everyone with their beauty and grace. ...

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German scientists from the Hannover Medical School have created artificial skin from a spider web, which can be used for transplantation in reconstructive surgery.

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Madagascarians created the largest canvas of spider silk. Technology, developed about a hundred years ago by a French preacher, made it possible to collect a golden web from a million Madagascar spiders. A British historian and an American businessman let her create the world's largest spider silk "tablecloth". The rarest handicraft masterpiece will be on display in the United States and the United Kingdom at the American Museum of Natural History in New York (AMNH). Next year, the canvas will move to London (photo from discovery.com). Art critic Simon Peers and his American business partner Nicholas Godley hired several dozen workers to create a unique canvas measuring 3.4 by 1.2 meters.

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Natural fibers of animal origin.

MBOU "Ziminsky secondary school - Kindergarten»Razdolnensky district, Republic of Crimea, technology teacher of the highest qualification category: Shcherba Irina Vasilievna

Epigraph of our lesson

• “Tell me and I will forget. Show me and I will remember. Give it a try - and I will understand. "

Chinese proverb

• Materials science studies the properties of textile fibers.
• All textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical fibers.

• Natural fibers of animal origin

• Wool fibers are the hair of various animals: sheep, camels, goats, llamas, etc., however, sheep wool is the most widely used (95%). The fine wool of merino and angora goats is considered the best. The wool taken from the sheep is called rune ... Camel wool is warm, it is an excellent insulator to maintain a constant body temperature. Alpaca (llama) wool - has all the properties of camel wool. "Kviviut" - musk ox wool is 7-8 times softer and warmer than cashmere.

• Until now, no one knows exactly why the ancient fleece was called golden. Perhaps the wool of the ancient Colchis rams really had a golden hue, or perhaps the inhabitants of ancient Colchis mined gold with the help of sheep's skins: they spread the skin at the bottom of the stream, and the wool held back the golden grains of sand brought by the water. Of course, then it was not yet known that the fleece itself contains gold ...
• And recently, the British Nuclear Research Center decided to determine the chemical composition of sheep's wool. Particularly sensitive devices have found gold in the fibers. Found it in the protein structure of hair and other animals. Moreover, the gold content in different animals is approximately the same. Unfortunately, so far none of the scientists has been able to answer the question: where does the gold in wool come from and what is it for?

Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin

During the excavation of burial mounds, ancient woolen fabrics were discovered. After lying several thousand years underground, some of them surpassed modern threads in strength. The bulk of the wool is obtained from sheep; merino wool produces fine wool. Sheep are sheared once or in some cases twice a year. from one sheep receive from 2 to 10 kg. wool. From 100 kg. raw wool get 40 - 60 kg. clean. Camel wool is used for the manufacture of outerwear and blankets. In addition to sheep, in America they used wool of rabbits, llamas, bison, in Asia - camels and goats. Before being sent to textile factories, wool is subjected to primary processing: it is sorted, i.e. select fibers for quality; shake - loosen and remove contaminating impurities; washed with hot water with soap and soda; dried in tumble dryers. Then yarn is made, and from it in textile factories - fabric. In the finishing industry, fabrics are dyed in different colors and applied to fabrics in different patterns. Dress, suit, coat fabrics are made from woolen fibers.

The legend of silk

• Legend has it that the Chinese empress Hen-Ling-Chi (2600 BC) was the first to discover this wonderful fiber. She accidentally dropped the cocoon into hot water and saw that silk threads had separated from the softened cocoon. The Empress came up with the idea that the thread with which the caterpillar wraps itself around itself can be unwound and woven into a cloth. She was amazed at the beauty and strength of the silk thread, collecting thousands of cocoons and woven fabric from them. The fabric turned out to be wonderfully thin, light, beautiful. Clothes were made to the emperor. So the silkworm butterfly gave silk to the whole world, and the Empress was elevated to the rank of a deity for a valuable gift. Silk was worth its weight in gold; a bundle of silk cloth was supposed to be a double measure of gold by weight. This is how the ancient silkworm culture was born, based on the vital activity of the silkworm, which feeds on the leaves of the white mulberry (mulberry).

The production of silk fabrics has been known since the third millennium BC. in China - the Great Chinese Silk Road.

• The raw material for the production of natural silk fabrics is silk fiber - a product of the secretion of the glands of the caterpillars of the mulberry and oak silkworm. The cocoon thread has a length of 500 to 1500 m and a thickness of 10-12 microns. When unwinding several cocoons, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is produced, which is used for the manufacture of fabrics, silk threads.
• In 121 BC. the first camel caravan with silk and bronze mirrors was sent. The Silk Road is a system of caravan routes that have linked the cultural centers of the vast expanse of the mainland between China and the Mediterranean for over a thousand years. Since the II century. AD silk became the main commodity carried by Chinese merchants to distant countries. Lightweight, compact and therefore especially convenient for transportation, it attracted the attention of buyers along the entire route of caravans, despite its high cost. Silk fabrics gave an unusual feeling of softness, sophistication, beauty and exoticism. They strove to possess and admire him. Egyptian Queen Cleopatra loved luxurious robes made of this material.

Wool fiber properties

• Wool fibers are characterized by good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity and air permeability, high dust holding capacity and shrinkage. Wool fibers are resistant to all organic solvents used in dry cleaning of clothes.

• The strength of the wool fibers depends on the thickness and length (from 20 to 450 mm).
• The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black.
• The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales.
• Wool fiber has good elasticity. Wool products are not wrinkled.
• The resistance of wool to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers.
• When burning, the wool fibers are sintered, when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops, and a sintered black ball forms at the end of the wool thread. At the same time, the smell of a burnt feather is felt.

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Wool fiber structure

• 1 - scaly layer;
• 2 - cortical layer;
• 3 - core.

• 1 - down;
• 2 - transitional hair;
• 3 - awn;
• 4 - dead hair.

Silk fiber properties

• The thickness of the cocoon filament is uneven throughout its entire length.
• The strength of silk is higher than that of wool.
• The color of the boiled cocoon threads is white, slightly creamy. At temperatures above 110 C, the fibers lose strength.
• Natural silk has good hygroscopic properties.
• Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking silk products have, however, low wear resistance and high cost.
• It feels cool to the touch.
• Silk breaks down faster when exposed to direct sunlight than other natural fibers.
• During burning, silk fibers are sintered, when taken out of the flame, their burning stops. At the end, a black sintered ball is formed, easily rubbed, the smell of a burnt feather is felt.

• a - cocoon thread;
• b - boiled silk

Wool

Silk

• Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felted-felt products, etc.

Card number 1. Properties of wool fibers and fabrics made from them.

Length

2 - 45 cm.

Various, the thicker the fiber, the stronger

White, gray, red, black

Properties

disadvantages

Good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity, air permeability. Under the influence of heat and moisture, wool fiber acquires the ability to lengthen up to 60% or shrink

Dust holding capacity, shrinkage

After combustion, it forms a black lump, is rubbed with fingers, the smell of burnt feather remains

Dress, suit and coat fabrics are made: drape, gabardine, cashmere

Care of products

Wash by hand at t30C, with detergents, dry unfolded, iron at t150-160C through an iron

Card number 2. Properties of silk fibers and fabrics made from them

Length

500 - 1500m

Thickness - very thin, like a spider web, but very durable.

White, creamy.

Properties

disadvantages

Possesses high hygroscopicity, air permeability. Elastic, therefore, the fabrics are not wrinkled, smooth, soft, beautiful, have a shine, and drape well.

They stretch, crumble, have significant shrinkage.

After combustion, it forms a black lump, is rubbed with fingers, the smell of burnt feather remains.

Care of products

Wash by hand at t30 - 40C, rinse with water and vinegar. Squeeze lightly. Iron at t150 - 160C from the seamy side.

Comparison of wool fibers and natural silk

Wool

Fiber appearance

Natural silk

Rough matte

Thread break type

Crimped fiber brush

Smooth, shiny

Burning character of the thread

Straight fibers

Black ball, the smell of burnt feathers

• Which of the animals provide the largest amount of all wool processed in textile mills?
• Sheep provide the bulk of the wool.
• How does the strength of the fabric depend on the thickness of the fiber?
• The thicker the fibers, the stronger the fabric.
• What colors are natural wool fibers?
• Available in white, gray, pink and black.
• What is the property of felting wool fibers?
• Moisture and friction cause wool fibers to fall off.
• What are the properties of wool fibers?
• High hygroscopicity, heat-shielding properties, elasticity.
• What textiles are made of wool?
• Dress, costume, coat, felt, felt.

• What is the purpose of silk pretreatment?
• Hot steam treatment of cocoons to soften silk glue; winding threads from several cocoons at the same time.
• How would you describe the properties of natural silk?
• They are highly hygroscopic and breathable. Elastic, therefore, the fabrics are not wrinkled, smooth, soft, beautiful, have a shine, and drape well.
• What fabrics are made from natural silk?
• Produce dress, blouse fabrics crepe de chine, chiffon.