Get important status information. Obtaining information about the needs and state of the market. Quality system creation

The implementation of control, regulation and management of industrial objects of textile production requires, first of all, obtaining objective initial information about the state and course of technological processes occurring in the objects of automation. In the process of measuring various physical quantities, it is necessary to determine the quantitative value using appropriate technical devices called means of obtaining measurement information (sensors). These devices are an integral part of almost any industrial automation system.

With a large variety of measured technological parameters, it is difficult to count on the successful development of sensors without their systematization and unification. Research carried out by the Institute for Management Problems in the 1970s to estimate the size of the area of such information allowed the creation of an inventory of quantities and parameters to be measured.

Cadastre- a systematic collection of information, compiled periodically or by continuous observations of the relevant objects. It combines physical quantities that determine the state of technological control objects of various industries. These include the quantities of space and time, mechanical, electrical and magnetic, acoustic, light, and also relative. The cadastre determines the prospects for the development of the nomenclature of measuring instruments - sensors of technological processes.

In fig. 2.1 shows the structure of the inventory of measured values. These are mainly quantities used for the control and automation of industrial facilities. The above classification and the list of measured and regulated values of GSP are rather arbitrary: they mainly reflect the existing tradition, but, on the other hand, limit the area of distribution, determine the nomenclature of all TSA included in its composition, and serve to outline the circle of objects. control and management currently covered by SHGs.

Basic concepts in metrology

Metrology called the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy. It serves as a theoretical basis for measuring technology.

Measurement is called finding the value of a physical quantity empirically with the help of special technical means.

To solve the problems of automatic control and regulation of technological parameters of textile production, the reliability of the value of the measured value of the controlled parameter is essential. Thus, measurement is characterized, first of all, by obtaining quantitative information about the measured value, or the so-called measurement information.

A distinctive feature of measurement is that this process necessarily involves one or another simple or complex physical experiment. In some cases, quantitative information about the measured value cannot be obtained only by theoretical calculations. Even if the values of individual quantities are obtained by calculation, then the calculation formulas used in these cases must necessarily contain the value of other quantities determined experimentally.

To carry out a measurement, of course, measuring instruments are needed with the help of which the measuring process is carried out, as well as a method or method of measurement characterized by a physical phenomenon that is used in the measurement, depending on the measuring instruments used.

Thus, the concept of "measurement" includes the following basic elements: measurement condition, units of physical quantities, measuring instruments, measurement methods, an observer or any technical device for perceiving and using the value of the measured quantity, the measurement result.

Measured values... When considering this issue, we will focus only on the measurement of deterministic quantities, without affecting the measurement of the statistical characteristics of random processes.

Distinguish between continuous values and discrete ones. The first ones are characterized by the fact that in a given range the measurements can have an infinite number of values. A discrete value in a given measurement range has a limited number of values (levels), and any subsequent value differs from the previous one by the same value.

In measuring technology, the term "analog value" is also used, that is, a value that is similar to another value, or, in other words, displays another value. If the first (main) value changes continuously, then the analog value will also change continuously. On this basis, devices with a pointer moving along a scale are called analog, and devices that provide measuring information in discrete form in the form of numbers are called digital.

Measurement conditions... When measuring, it is necessary to take into account the mutual influence of the medium and the measuring instruments, with the help of which the measuring information is obtained. The introduction of measuring instruments into the environment should not change its properties, otherwise false or distorted information will be obtained to one degree or another. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the interaction of the environment and measuring instruments is necessary, since only thanks to this, the transmission and reception of measuring information by the device occurs. The influence of the measurement conditions should be taken into account when choosing a method and processing the measurement results.

Physical units... In measurements, the most important role belongs to units of physical quantities, which have such dimensions, which, by definition, are assigned the numerical value "1". For comparison and unambiguous interpretation of measurement results, a system of units has been established by law. The basic units are reproduced in the form of standards, that is, such measuring instruments that allow, with the highest achieved accuracy, to transfer the reproducible size of a unit to other measuring instruments used in wide practice.

Means and methods of measurements... The technical means used in measurements and having normalized metrological properties are called measuring instruments. Measuring instruments serve as the basis for measuring technology.

The measurement methods depend on the methods of obtaining the measurement information and the regularities underlying the measurements, as well as on many other factors: the type of the measured quantity, its value, measurement conditions, the required accuracy, etc. In fact, the measurement method is determined by the principle of comparing the measured quantity with unit and physical laws underlying the measurement.

Measurement result... For a number of reasons, any measuring instrument cannot give an absolutely accurate value of the measured value. Therefore, the true value of a quantity has to be considered only as a value that ideally reflects, qualitatively and quantitatively, the corresponding property of a given physical object. For practical use, the value of a quantity determined experimentally with the help of measuring instruments is taken to such an extent that for a specific purpose it can be taken instead of the true value. Thus, one of the cardinal measurement problems is the estimation of measurement errors.

The concept and types of environmental rights of citizens.

Under environmental human rights are understood the rights of the individual recognized and enshrined in legislation, ensuring the satisfaction of various human needs when interacting with nature.

Basic rights are enshrined in the Constitution:

1.the right to a healthy environment,

2.the right to reliable information about her condition

3.the right to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" partially reproduces constitutional environmental rights, but in a worsened version. According to Art. 11 analysis of environmental rights enshrined in legislation, i.e. human rights to nature or related to nature, allows you to combine them into the following groups:

Rights aimed at meeting human needs at the expense of nature's resources. These include right to a healthy environment and environmental rights(water use, subsoil use, forest use).

Rights aimed at protecting health from adverse environmental influences... the right to health care (art.41), to work in conditions that meet safety requirements(Art. 37), as well as on radiation safety

Rights that serve as means of ensuring the observance and protection of the rights to a healthy environment and protection of health from adverse environmental influences.

ü the right to reliable information about the state of the environment,

ü to compensate for damage caused to human health or property by an environmental offense,

ü to protect the environment from negative impacts caused by economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, to compensate for damage to the environment

ü create public associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations that carry out activities in the field of environmental protection;

ü take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collecting signatures on petitions, referendums on environmental protection

The right to apply for information about the state of the environment.

Citizens own the right to send appeals to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, measures to protect it.

Information - any information, regardless of the form of their presentation.

The object of relations arising in the course of the realization of the right of citizens to environmental information is itself environmental information, which may contain information:

On the state of the earth, soil, bowels, water, atmospheric air, flora and fauna, natural complexes;

An environmental threat or risk to human health and life; on chemical, physical and biological effects on the state and objects of the environment and their sources;

On activities that negatively affect or may affect natural objects and humans;

On measures for environmental protection, including legal, administrative and others;

On the activities of state bodies, legal entities and citizens-entrepreneurs in the field of natural resources management, nature management, environmental protection, ensuring the observance and protection of environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, if the need for such activities is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The guarantees of the rights of citizens are the timeliness of the provision of environmental information by the official bodies, its reliability and completeness.

So, reliable recognized is not distorted environmentally significant information that is or should be held by specially authorized state bodies in the field of nature management and environmental protection and other subjects of law within their competence.

Full information can be considered that is transferred to interested parties to the extent that a state body, local self-government body or other owner (owner) of information resources can or should have it.

Timely information transmitted to the person who applied for it can be recognized as soon as possible from the moment of the request and necessarily - before the expiration of the period specified in the legislation, if any. In the event that the authorities did not respond within 1 month upon a request from citizens for information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, citizens in such a situation have the right to file a complaint with a higher authority or a court.

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (Article 8.5) provides for administrative liability for “concealing or distorting environmental information”. ( Concealment, deliberate misrepresentation or untimely communication complete and reliable information about the state of the environment and natural resources, about sources of pollution of the environment and natural resources or other harmful effects on the environment and natural resources, about the radiation situation, as well as distortion of information about the state of land, water bodies and other environmental objects persons obligated to provide such information).

Task. For many years, the Kirovsky rural construction plant (SSK) unloaded from barges to the bank of the river. Vyatka sand. The place of storage - the village of Krasnoe (within the city of Kirov) is located in the second zone of the sanitary protection zone of the city water intake.

The Kirov City Committee for Nature Protection ordered the SSC to change the sand delivery technology and refused to approve the allocation of a land plot for sand storage. The administration of the Novovyatsky district refused to the SSC in the allotment of land for the specified purpose.

- on what legal basis is economic activity carried out in the village of Krasnoye;
- what does SSK do for environmental protection;

During the year, the management of the SSC did not respond to these and repeated similar inquiries of the Company and citizen S., in connection with which they filed claims (separately) in the court at the location of the defendant for the protection of the right to receive environmental information.

The court refused to accept the statements of claim.

The former deputy chairman of the Society, citizen K. (by that time not working in the Society) also requested information from the SSK and, without receiving an answer, brought the SSK a claim for information, referring to Art. 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" dated February 20, 1995 No.

What rights of citizens and public associations have been violated?

Are there legal grounds for judicial protection of violated rights?

In what form should the protection of the right to information be carried out: in the form of proceedings on a complaint against the actions of officials or in the form of legal proceedings?

What steps would you advise citizens and their associations to take in this or a similar situation for the most effective protection of their environmental rights?

Solve the case.

Solution

Art. 42 CRF everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense. In addition, there are the following grounds for the protection of violated rights in court:

Article 3) provides for the basic principle "observance of the right of everyone to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a healthy environment, in accordance with the law"

Article 12. Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" dated January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ (as amended by Federal Law dated 09.05.2005 N 45-FZ). Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right:

develop, promote and implement in the prescribed manner programs in the field of environmental protection, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, involve citizens on a voluntary basis in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of their own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety;

render assistance to the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government in resolving issues of environmental protection;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and pickets, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

apply to the government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to obtain timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, about measures to protect it, about the circumstances and facts of economic and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in the adoption of economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

apply to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies and other organizations with complaints, statements, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impact on the environment, and receive timely and substantiated answers;

organize and conduct, in the prescribed manner, hearings on the design, placement of facilities, economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, pose a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct, in accordance with the established procedure, public ecological expertise;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, the court of appeals for the cancellation of decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities, economic and other activities of which may have a negative impact on the environment, on the limitation, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

file claims in court for compensation for damage to the environment;

exercise other rights stipulated by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, must comply with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24 of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" of February 20, 1995 N 24-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of 10.01.2003 N 15-FZ).

1. Denial of access to open information or provision of deliberately false information to users may be challenged in court.

Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations under the contract for the supply, purchase and sale, for other forms of exchange of information resources between organizations are considered by the arbitration court.

In all cases, persons who have been denied access to information and persons who have received false information are entitled to compensation for the damage they have suffered.

2. The court considers disputes on the unjustified classification of information as information with limited access, claims for damages in cases of unjustified refusal to provide information to users or as a result of other violations of users' rights.
3. Heads and other employees of state authorities, organizations guilty of illegal restriction of access to information and violation of the information protection regime are liable in accordance with criminal, civil legislation and legislation on administrative offenses.

Consequently, it is best and more significant legislatively to protect the right of citizens to information in the form of a claim.

For the most effective protection of their environmental rights, one should file a complaint or a statement on bringing the guilty persons to administrative responsibility to the higher authorities of the prosecutor's office and the court.

environmental law information environment

Literature

1. Brinchuk M.M. Environmental law (environmental law): Textbook. Moscow: Yurist, 1999.688 p.
2. Erofeev B.V. Environmental law of Russia: Textbook. Moscow: Yurist, 1996.624 p.
3. Bogolyubov S.A. Environmental law. Textbook for universities. M .: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA-M, 1998.448 p.
4. Environmental law of Russia: Textbook / ed. V.D. Ermakova, A. Ya. Sukharev. M .: IMPE, 1997.478 p.
5. Commentary on the Law of the RSFSR "On environmental protection" / ed. ed. S.A. Bogolyubov. M .: Publishing group INFRA-M-NORMA, 1997.382 p.
6. Makovik R.S. Environmental law. Definitions, schemes, comments. M .: Manuscript, 1996.88 p.

RRS Ufa

UDC 621.317.3

OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATE AND PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX HEAT-DEPENDENT OBJECTS

V.G. Gusev, A. Yu.Demin, T.V. Mirina

The issues of creating measuring systems for assessing the parameters of complex heat-dependent objects are considered. Research results are discussed.

Key words: measuring systems, measuring transducers, diagnostics, heat-dependent objects, specified electric power.

Heat-dependent objects are understood as those devices whose parameters depend on the power with which they are affected and the time during which a state of thermodynamic equilibrium occurs in the system, i.e., on the energy spent on obtaining a new state of the object. These include both temperature-dependent elements and devices with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics (CVC). Essentially, the terms "nonlinearity" and "heat dependence" characterize one and the same property of a physical body. Any real-life object with a nonlinear I – V characteristic is heat-dependent, and any heat-dependent object has nonlinearity in the I – V characteristic. At the conceptual level, the difference in these terms is quantitative.

With rapidly observed manifestations, they speak of nonlinearity in the object, and with slow manifestations, they speak of temperature dependence. In this article, this distinction is not made, but a single term "thermal-viscous object" is used, regardless of the period of time during which the properties of the object are revealed. Moreover, the phenomenological reasons for the manifestation of thermal dependence or nonlinearity are not considered.

In real-life heat-dependent objects, which include semiconductor devices, devices containing liquids, as well as living systems and organisms, it is necessary to evaluate the parameters characterizing their state or compliance with the declared properties and characteristics. With their help, certification is carried out and suitability for use for a specific purpose is determined. In biological objects, by the values of the parameters, attempts are made to determine the reasons due to which deviations from the normal functioning of the organism have arisen, that is, diagnostics based on the principles of the greatest likelihood are performed.

To obtain information about the state of complex systems, their equivalent circuit is usually considered and a measuring circuit is created with which it is possible to estimate the value or range of changes in the value.

of the element that is most important for evaluating the properties or state of a given object.

In the case of heat-dependent objects, the task is complicated by the fact that stable and reproducible results can be obtained only if the energy regimes created by the measuring circuits are stable and unchanged for any object of this type, and the transient processes of establishing a state caused by the energy interaction of the object with the measuring circuit. end by the time the result is received. The latter indicates that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium has come, in which there is a balance between the external energy introduced into the object and the energy taken from it. Only with equilibrium and certainty with the thermodynamic state of the system can reproducible results be obtained, and it becomes possible to quantitatively evaluate and normalize the values of the corresponding parameters.

In technical objects, the problem of heat dependence of parameters is bypassed by introducing a minimum amount of energy into them during measurements, which could change their basic properties, and by stabilizing the conditions in which they are evaluated. As applied to objects of living nature, this is much more difficult to do because of the large dynamic range, in which the sensitivity to external influences (up to 1012) appears, the uncertainty with a threshold value, after which the heat dependence begins to manifest itself, the large number of artifacts that distort the information received. It is not possible to obtain objective and reproducible information about their parameters or state without taking into account the real heat dependence of technical devices, and especially of living objects.

Let us explain this idea with an example. During the 1960s and 1990s, electronics specialists tried to create diagnostic devices that would assess the condition of acupuncture points (TA) used for acupuncture. According to their parameters, they were supposed to carry out diagnostics and

66 _ Bepvogv & Vuvgetv No. 8.2009

О 100 200 3 00 I, μA

Rice. 1. View of the CVC of the skin (1) and at the point of acupuncture (2)

I-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-

100 300 600 900 1200 R, μW

0 300 600 900 1200 R, μW b)

Rice. 2. I - V characteristics at the acupuncture point (a) and for the skin (b), rearranged in the coordinates R = f (P)

optimize treatment regimens. Numerous conferences were held, doctoral dissertations were defended, devices for assessing the electrical conductivity of TA and diagnostic systems created on their basis were produced and are being produced. But they did not receive recognition from the scientific medical community due to the poor reproducibility of the results obtained. It is now clear that positive results could not have been obtained due to the fact that any living organism is a complex nonlinear heat-dependent system. So, the I - V characteristic of the section between two electrodes, obtained in the mode of thermodynamic equilibrium, including with the measuring circuit, have the form,

shown in Fig. 1. Moreover, curve 1 characterizes the CVC for the skin, and curve 2 - for the acupuncture point.

I - V characteristics, reconstructed in the coordinates R = / (P), where R is the resistance of the zone between the electrodes, P is the electrical power dissipated in this section, are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen here that the value of the resistance between the two electrodes changes significantly depending on the electrical power dissipated during measurements by the measuring circuit. Thus, the electrical resistance in a TA varies from 510 kΩ at a dissipation power of P = 50 μW to 41 kΩ at a power of P = 1980 μW. For the skin outside the TA, the resistance varies from 1400 kΩ at P = 35 μW to 5700 kΩ at P = 275 μW and 70 kΩ at P = 2800 μW.

Estimated values of resistance at one of the acupuncture points, obtained by processing the data given in the work, are presented in the table. The data presented clearly show that for heat-dependent objects, the results obtained are highly variable and depend on the electrical power at which they were evaluated. Consequently, any normalization of the values of the electrical parameters of heat-dependent objects is possible and rational only for cases when the value of the electrical power involved in the process of interaction with it is clearly defined. Moreover, if the result is obtained within a short time of interaction with the measuring circuit with a shorter duration of setting the parameters than is necessary to establish the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, then the data obtained will characterize the state of thermodynamic equilibrium in the system that existed before the moment of connecting the measuring circuit. After a period of time, determined by the intrinsic properties of the object, the process of establishing a new state of thermodynamic equilibrium will take place. The data obtained will characterize the properties of the object at a new thermodynamic state of equilibrium.

This leads to the following conclusions:

The parameters of a heat-dependent object should be determined using technical means that are introduced

Resistance values in the TA and outside the TA zone, depending on the value of the electrical power P (P = O /)

At tzu-san-li point Outside of acupuncture points

P, μW R, kΩ P, μW R, kΩ

300 330 171 2100

552 130 230 2300

1260 39 950 3800

1980 41 1020 283

they put a constant known thermodynamic disturbance into the object;

The duration of the thermodynamic disturbance should be such that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the object, therefore, the results obtained within a certain time will depend on the value of the energy A = P-1, which is introduced into the heat-dependent object.

Only if these circumstances are taken into account, it is possible to create devices that allow obtaining stable, reproducible and metrologically reliable information about the properties of a heat-dependent object or its state.

However, if the heat-dependent object has a rather complex internal structure, then the amount of information obtained with the help of technical means operating in the mode of a given value of the electrical power of interaction with the object of measurement will be insufficient for an unambiguous interpretation of the causes of the deviations that have arisen, that is, identification of the main indicators of "black box ", which is the object of research. To increase the reliability of the assessment, it is necessary to use the operations of interaction of the object with the source, which ensures the dissipation of the constant averaged value of the electric power in the load (in this case, the frequency of exposure may vary). This will give certainty and reproducibility of the electrical mode, in which information about the parameters of the heat-dependent element is obtained.

Additional information about the state of a heat-dependent object is given by measuring the properties of the object in the idle mode of the electrodes and when they are short-circuited, at which the electric current flowing in the circuit is measured. When using a combination of these modes, carried out in a certain sequence, it is possible to obtain a large amount of information about the parameters and state of heat-dependent objects. Moreover, the metrological reliability of information will be much higher than what is now obtained using traditional approaches and applied methods. To obtain the maximum amount of information about the properties of a heat-dependent object, which in the general case can be classified as electrically active, it is advisable to carry out assessments in the following modes:

Idling measuring

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FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF DEVICES FOR LOCAL QUASI-RESONANT IMPACT ON BIORGANISM

GUSEV VLADIMIR GEORGIEVICH, MIRINA TATIANA VLADIMIROVNA - 2004

Many citizens do not know what rights they have in the field of health protection. Characteristics of the fundamental rights of citizens. The right look at the safety of information that is not subject to disclosure. The patient's right to information about his health and methods of treatment is enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Legally, the patient's right to information includes:

the duty of state bodies to create such conditions for people so that they have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents relating to civil rights and freedoms;
the right to freely use lawful methods of collecting, transferring and disseminating information;
the right to know the state of the environment and, in the event of an adverse effect on health, to receive compensation for damage;
responsibility of civil servants in case of concealment of factors that can pose a threat to human health.

If we consider the rights and obligations in the field of informing about personal data, then the following can be distinguished:

free receipt of information that affects information about another person only if it is part of the responsibility;
obtaining information related to the processing of his personal data;
clarification of a person's personal data in cases where the information is outdated or it is not provided in its entirety.

Legislative acts that operate in the field of health care establish the following rights of people:

the patient's right to information about the state of health;
transfer information about your health status to other selected persons;
have authorized access to information about their health that a medical institution has;
obtaining accurate information necessary in order to take measures to preserve health.

The last point concerns the general standards of possible danger from work, the environment in the settlement, food safety.

Information about permission to process your personal data must be provided only if there is a similar request from officials with such authority.

This document contains:

a link to an identity document;
information that confirms the legality and the need to have access to personal data;
list and date of filling out the document.

A medical institution, an insurance company, for example, for the preparation and entry into force of a health insurance policy, can request permission to process personal data. All issues related to obtaining personal information about citizens are regulated by articles of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Personal Data".

Citizens who visit the hospital have the right to receive information about their health status. Also, such information can be obtained by the attending physician, the representative of the insurer and the hospital. If the patient wants to exercise his right on his own, he needs to know what opportunities he has at the same time.

Information rights include:

familiarization with medical papers, extracts, certificates, analyzes that have information about his health;
consulting specialists;
obtaining documents that reflect health information.

Cases when the doctor must inform the patient about his health:

the patient chooses a specialist and a hospital;
the patient's permission to perform the operation is required;
during treatment and examination.

According to the established rules, a person who has reached the age of fifteen can receive information. If the treatment did not work or it led to the patient's death, the doctor should inform close relatives (for example, husband, wife) about the state of health that led to such an outcome.

Legislative acts define the following list of responsibilities of a medical institution:

Informing a representative of a medical institution about the activities of the organization, specialization, the level of qualifications of employees.
Provide patients with accurate information about the care that has been provided.
Inform about the chosen methods, methods for the implementation of treatment.
Inform patients about their right to receive assistance under the terms of a valid insurance policy.
Inform about medicines, materials, goods that will provide a decent level of medical services and proper care.

Also, the patient can contact a representative of the hospital in order to find out the rules and conditions for the effective and non-hazardous use of the goods.

When a citizen is provided with free medical care, hospital staff must report:

the procedure, rules and amount of services determined by the medical policy;
a complete list of services that the organization provides;
types of medical care provided;
indicators of the quality of services provided to the patient.

These responsibilities are spelled out in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Compulsory Medical Insurance" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Health Protection".

Insurance companies in the process of informing citizens

Accompanying and informing the patient should be provided by a representative of the insurance company with which the citizen has entered into a contract.

The law imposes the following obligations on the insurance company:

inform about all rights and obligations when contacting a medical institution;
provide a list of hospitals that provide assistance under a valid insurance contract in this locality;
inform what type of assistance is provided by a medical organization;
about violations on the part of the hospital, which were identified earlier.

Before concluding a contract with an insurance company, you must carefully read the list of situations for which a policy is not provided.

When a citizen turned to a medical institution in order to receive paid assistance, a representative of the organization is obliged to inform him about the following points:

Availability of the opportunity to receive the required assistance in the required amount.
List of services that are provided on a paid basis.
The procedure for depositing funds for services rendered.
Conditions, methods, procedure for the implementation of treatment.
Information about the personnel of the medical center (education, qualifications, work experience).
Working hours of the medical center.
Working hours of specialists who provide paid services.
Information about the level at which his health is.
Information about medications to be used during treatment.

Information on medications includes: expiration date, description of cases of prohibition of use and indications for use. Notifying the patient about his state of health, it is necessary to inform about the results of the study, the diagnosis.

Citizens have the right to apply to a medical institution if there are such grounds:

the terms that are established by law for the provision of medical care or any specific service were violated;
emergency assistance was provided at the wrong time;
documents were requested that, according to the legislation, are not supposed to be required;
it was refused to accept documents that, according to legal norms, must be adopted for the provision of medical care;
no medical assistance was provided;
medical care was of poor quality;
the action of specialists without observing the current legislation;
the patient is dissatisfied with the decision that was made in the provision of medical care;
lack of attention, ethics, morally bad attitude from a specialist in a medical institution;
requirements to pay for a service that is not included in the list of paid services.

Applications received from citizens must be registered within one day. If the medical institution is not authorized to give a response to the appeal, it needs to redirect the request to the appropriate authority. You also need to inform the applicant about this. If a written request contains questions that can only be answered by other competent authorities, they need to send a copy of the application. The law establishes a twenty-day period for considering and sending a response. In cases where additional time is required to study the materials or carry out certain actions, it is permissible to send a response thirty days after the request. In this case, the applicant must be informed about the need for additional measures.

An application that can be submitted if there are grounds must contain the following information:

introduction, name of the medical institution or personal data of the official;
personal information about the applicant;
contact information (phone, email);
the address to which the written response will come;
a description of the stated requirements;
list and date of compilation.

The applicant can attach accompanying papers. He also has the right to send them to the organization's email. When a third party submits an appeal, you need to confirm the relevance of his rights. To do this, you must issue a power of attorney. In addition, you must attach a document that proves his identity. All applications received must be accepted without fail.

An appeal may not be accepted if it does not contain such information:

personal data of the applicant (full name);
address.

Also, an appeal is not accepted when it contains information about an upcoming illegal action. Such a document is sent to the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Reasons for refusal may include the following factors:

The text of the statement is impossible to read.
The medical institution cannot give an answer, because for this it is necessary to divulge a secret.
The appeal contains the requirements and questions to which the medical center has provided an answer up to this point.

Another reason for refusing to accept documents will be the absence of papers that confirm the authority of the representative.

A responsibility

When a person is not aware of the course of treatment and his health status, his expectations are at odds with reality. If you properly exercise your authority, such situations may not arise. The law provides for sanctions against officials who did not provide information.

So, if the population was not informed about the services and their cost, patients may demand a reduction in the amount of payment for the services rendered. When a citizen enters into a contract for the provision of paid medical care, but it does not appear to him on time or the patient was not informed about medications and other related goods for treatment, he may demand compensation for losses that were caused due to non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract. He can also terminate the concluded contract and demand the return of the money that was deposited. If a representative of public hospitals did not notify the population about the operation of the free medical care program, this may entail demands from citizens to compensate for the damage they received due to lack of information. When a person is denied medical assistance, a specialist can be brought to administrative responsibility. In certain cases, criminal liability may arise.

Case studies

Citizen A.V. Miroshnik applied to the court with a statement. She stated that the medical institution had transferred information about her illnesses to the social security authorities and now it was a problem for her. The woman did not grant permission to disseminate information. During the trial, representatives of the hospital explained this by the fact that they were taking care of the health of the plaintiff and her unborn baby. They went to all the methods and were for truthfulness. The hospital nurse believes that they have fulfilled their duties. After listening to the parties and considering the evidence base, the court satisfied the claim.