Folk art painting. Technique of painting on wood and its features. Khokhloma painting methods

Folk crafts have come down to us from ancient times - painting, carving, lace, but there are also new folk crafts. Most often they began with peasant household art.

Art painting in Russia

Wooden, metal products, children's toys and furniture were painted in Russia from time immemorial. Technology in different regions of the country differed significantly from each other. Further details about the most famous types of painting.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting originated in the Volga region, in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. They were located near a large village called Gorodets. Fairs were held there, where they traded in the products of masters. Hence the name - Gorodets painting.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

The birthplace of the Polkhov-Maidan painting is the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. There, in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Voznesenskoye and the village of Krutets, there is the center of this painting. It arose only a hundred years ago on the basis of the turning industry developed in those places. Masters painted nesting dolls, children's toys, mushrooms, Easter eggs, while only four colors were used - green, blue, yellow and red.

Palekh painting

Palekh painting appeared quite recently - already in Soviet time However, the roots of this painting go back to antiquity. Thanks to the unique craft, the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, became known throughout Russia. It is known about Palekh painting, Palekh miniature, Palekh icon painting. The peculiarity of the painting is that the artists create not just ornaments, but draw whole plots, compositions with the smallest details.

Painting Zhostovo

Zhostovo painting is a lacquer painting on trays, which appeared in 1825. Such trays are made at a factory in the village of Zhostovo and in the city of Nizhny Tagil. The main difference of this craft is the abundance of colors, incomparable tones, the realism of all elements.

gzhel

Gzhel painting, as the name implies, originated in the city of Gzhel. Her patterns are predominantly floral patterns and simple geometric patterns, done in bright cobalt blue paint on a snow-white background. The city of Gzhel is a center for the production of ceramics. In many ways, this was the reason for the appearance of its unique painting in this city. Gzhel art craft is not young, its roots go back to the fourteenth century. It was then that the Kudinovskoye clay deposit was discovered.

Russian crafts that have become crafts

Sometimes Russian crafts became crafts. They arose when handicrafts were put on stream. It is known about the manufacture of toys from clay, about special woodcarving, about lace craftsmanship, and so on.

Dymkovo toy

Near the city of Vyatka was the settlement of Dymkovo, now it is one of the districts of the city. Painted ceramic toys for children appeared in the Dymkovo settlement in the nineteenth century. Deposits of clay and sand in those places became the reason for the manufacture of clay jugs and lids by craftsmen. For the amusement of children, bright funny toys were made. Modeling and painting of toys were carried out exclusively by women or children. The pattern on the Dymkovo toy is always geometric, consisting of circles, stripes, and cells. In addition to the original painting, the toy is distinguished by the fact that it is trimmed with gold.

Filimonov toy

The production of Filimonovo toys arose on the basis of the production of dishes from clay, which occurs near the village of Filimonovo. These toys are a variety of whistles. A distinctive feature is the elongated shape of the products, which is associated with the characteristics of local clay. To this day, whistles are painted only with a goose feather.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

Carving, which has become a craft, appeared in the Abramtsevo estate, not far from Moscow, in the nineteenth century. Its name is Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. The carvers studied and worked in the carpentry and carving workshop, where they were taught painting and drawing. So a small workshop became the basis of the future craft, which is distinguished by a peculiar style of carving.

Vyatka lace

Vyatka lace has been known since the eighteenth century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized in the Vyatka province. For many years, a lace factory operated in those places, but in the early nineties it was closed. Lace makers have preserved their unique craftsmanship, traditions and technology of craft. They please with new products, having united in artels or small enterprises.

New folk crafts

Not all folk crafts have a rich history. Some have appeared very recently. What kind of crafts, we learn further.

Painting Christmas decorations

Painting Christmas tree products as a craft originated in the nineteenth century in the village of Danilovo. They also made toys there. The peasants were engaged in this at home, using simple burners for blowing. The demand for such toys grew, and the number of single craftsmen also increased. Soon some hosts at home were organized small productions with hired workers.

Factory "Ariel"

most old factory in Russia, engaged in the manufacture of New Year's toys, is the Ariel factory. It is located in Nizhny Novgorod. Despite the changing fashion over the years, the factory does not change the tradition of making toys self made. There is a museum next to the factory Christmas decorations and shop.

The most recognizable folk craft in Russia

Perhaps the most recognizable Russian folk craft is the Khokhloma gold painting. It originated at the end of the seventeenth century in the Nizhny Novgorod region, when at fairs in the village of Khokhloma they sold wooden products painted by locals from the surrounding villages.

All items are elegant and colorful. A distinctive feature of the painting is the presence of a golden background, or a golden ornament. Masters come up with their drawings while painting on the go, it is always improvisation when following the rules of Khokhloma painting. A master turns a simple wooden thing into a work of folk art. Housewives still use such utensils. It is exhibited in museums. The site has a site about the largest museums in the world.
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practice report

Chapter 1. Painting on wood: the history of occurrence, types of painting, relevance

Artistic painting is the art of decorating a surface with paints or a brush. It is one of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for many centuries have been part of the daily life and culture of the people. Also, painting is also the most popular type of arts and crafts.

The history of painting on wood goes back to the distant past. When people learned how to make objects and utensils from wood, they wanted to somehow decorate their life and enrich it. It was believed that painted things drove away evil spirits. Initially, they used raw materials that were common in their area (clay, coal, chalk) as paints, so the painting of each region is still unique and recognizable.

Wood painting can be conditionally divided into traditional and author's. Traditional painting developed in the villages. It is characterized by simplicity, conciseness. The author's painting was made in the cities by craftsmen. These works were characterized by elegance and professionalism. The technique of plot paintings was reduced to the fact that the master applied a clear outline of the drawing to the surface of the product, and then painted it in different colors. The colors were applied very loosely and sweepingly. The plot for the painting was the designations of various symbols that identified the Sun - a symbol of joy, the Bird - a symbol of happiness and success, the Duck - a sign of sunset.

For painting on wood, two main directions are characteristic - graphic and brush. First came the graphic painting. This painting is based on a linear graphic drawing. The master drew a herbal or floral pattern in a thin line with a pen or stick. Then he filled the figures with multi-colored paints. Such painting was skillfully mastered by masters who lived on the Northern Dvina. They wrote their compositions on a light background with green, yellow and red paints. But the main thing here was a black outline that outlined the entire floral ornament - bushes and flowers with large carved leaves.

Another direction is free brush painting. This painting is based on the expressiveness of a painterly stroke and a color spot. Masters of this style work immediately with a brush, modeling plant forms, figures of animals and people with color.

One of such painting centers is the widely known Khokhloma. This old Russian folk craft was born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. The technological process of creating Khokhloma products still retains the basic principles found back in the 17th-18th centuries. The first step is turning on lathe white wooden utensils - "linen". This is followed by a primer - coating with a liquid clay solution, followed by tinning with silver, tin, and currently aluminum. The product becomes smooth, shiny, ready for painting. The applied painting is fixed in the oven. After that, the product is varnished and subjected to hot drying, depending on the composition of the varnish. Finished products shine with a sunny sheen, become very durable and light.

Folk and arts and crafts have become an integral part of artistic culture. Today, painting is one of the current trends. The value of works of arts and crafts reflects the artistic traditions, worldview, artistic experience of the people and preserves historical memory. Zhostovo trays, caskets with lacquer coating bring beauty into our lives. Gzhel ceramics, Gorodets saucers, Khokhloma-painted dishes are increasingly entering our everyday life as works of art, preserving the historical connection of times.

Chapter 2. History of Gorodets painting

During the technological practice, Gorodets painting on wood was mastered.

This painting originates from the carved Gorodets spinning wheels, which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. Dictionary Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word "bottom" means "a plank on which a spinner sat, sticking a comb into it." Having finished the work, she took out the comb, and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, craftsmen paid special attention to decorating boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the life of a peasant woman. Often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father gave it to his daughter, the husband gave it to his wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen elegant, colorful, to everyone's joy and surprise. The spinning wheel was inherited, it was protected and kept.

To decorate the Donets, Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay: the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Later, masters began to use tint for visual richness, bright combination yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful.

The need to increase the production of spinning bottoms prompted the masters to simplify the technique of decorative design. From the second half of the 19th century, the complex and time-consuming technique of inlay began to be replaced by simple carving with tint, and since the 1870s, the picturesque manner of decoration has prevailed on the Gorodetsky Donets.

A freer painting technique made it possible to create new plots, taught the beauty of a free pictorial stroke, which allows you to write without first drawing a contour.

Each master had his favorite shades of color and their combination. At the same time, they used common techniques to create a competent color. Gorodets masters were able to create a balance of colorful spots on the surface of an object, achieving unity of color and completeness of painting.

Throughout the history of the craft, folk masters have created an original pictorial system, found unique images and developed a rich arsenal of techniques for pictorial elaboration of plot details and ornamental elements. The craftsmen also painted children's wheelchairs and high chairs. The Gorodetsky style differs, first of all, in content. In the murals, genre scenes give the main impression. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in form.

Mainoval plots and technique of their executionniya.

First of all, the masters depicted the life of the peasantry, merchants, a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place was occupied by floral motifs - lush "rosans", painted widely and decoratively. Next to genre realistic motifs in Gorodets murals, there are also decorative images of birds and animals. The decorativeness of motifs is emphasized with the help of color and various techniques. The main specificity of Gorodets painting is that the masters usually depict scenes on a transparent background, thereby showing the texture of wood.

The painting is done with a brush, without a preliminary drawing, with a free and juicy stroke. It is very diverse - from a wide stroke to the thinnest line and a virtuoso stroke. Immediately before painting, the workpiece went through a complex preparatory stage, which consisted of priming it with chalk and smearing it with glue. And only after this preliminary work did the master start painting. The method of painting the product was interesting - the laying of primary colors with subsequent linear development. The painting was complemented by "animation" - fine cutting of ornamental forms with whitewash. In the works of the Gorodets masters, “animations” were always applied to monophonic silhouettes, which gave them some volume.

Variety of depicted flowers:

Kupavka is the most common flower in the Gorodets ornament. Her underpainting is larger in size than that of the bud. Underpainting, i.e. circular motion with a brush, applying one color spot. They begin to paint it, as a rule, with a small circle along its edge, then they make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the shape is the same as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - animation is usually done with whitewash.

Rosan - has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the bathing suit. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Rosan in the painting of the city is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique of painting the brackets is the same as that of the kupavka.

Variants of development with animation are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, spirals.

Another common flower is the chamomile. Technique: lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the paper, the brush is quickly applied and lifted. As a result, the master gets a smear-drop - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it.

Gorodets leaves are quite diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

Gorodets bird is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various ways: this is a proud peacock, a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the curve of the neck and chest, then they draw a line that defines the shape of the head and back, then they define the line of the wing, the filiform beak and legs. Most often, the body is made in black, the wing is painted over with green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette, and painted over. This is best done in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is drawn in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. Animations are made with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

Gorodetsky horse is a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict him in several ways. Some free fly strokes write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with color spots, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane bounded by the harness and saddle lines remains light in this variant. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made in white.

Composition in the Gorodets painting.

All works of art are created according to the laws of composition, non-observance or ignorance of which can lead to a violation of harmony.

For the composition of works of arts and crafts, the main thing is the unity of content and form. Another, already specific, sign is the conformity of the form of a work of decorative art with its specific purpose.

To a large extent, the nature of the composition is determined by the uniform alternation of the elements of the drawing, which contributes to the achievement of clarity and expressiveness of the composition.

A rhythmically organized drawing easily turns into an ornament - the basis of the composition. But the ornament is not only the repeated repetition of similar elements of the pattern. A beautiful and clear drawing of the details of the overall silhouette is very important.

On carved bottoms kept in museums, most often a composition depicting two riders on rearing horses is presented. Riders are located on both sides of a flower tree, from the top of which a swan takes off. On the lower halves of the donets, the craftsmen usually depicted genre scenes of festivities of gentlemen with ladies, hunting scenes, etc. By the end of the XIX century. a characteristic form of a floral ornament with certain elements has developed: these are buds, roses and a cupavka flower, which are endlessly repeated in various versions. In the center of the compositional plane, the artists place the main image: a bird, a horse, a person, a group of people, or a plant motif.

Folk masters painted faces in the same manner - in the form of a white circle, on which their features are indicated by thin black lines. Hairstyles, both for men and women, are distinguished by great sophistication, but only black is used in their coloring. In the image of the figures themselves, a planar color solution is used, in which the main large spots (skirts, jackets, jackets, trousers) are painted without a contour, in the form of a monochrome colorful silhouette. The favorite decorative motif in the art of Gorodets masters is bright flowers and decorative green leaves, which give the painting a special charm.

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Its history goes back to the 2nd century BC. e., when people learned to make iron, and from it various knives, scrapers, saws and other cutting tools.

However, it was not enough just to carve some product out of wood, a person wanted the result of his work to look beautiful. This is how ancient wood paintings appeared, primitive and far from artistic, but the birth of art took place. In those distant times, paints already existed, it remained to apply them properly.

Art painting on wood

The folk crafts that exist today for the manufacture of household items are based on a variety of techniques. Wooden products are presented in several categories: first of all, these are dishes and kitchen utensils. The second list includes objects that embody the fine arts. These are painted panels, interior decorations, various household items. And finally, the third category - vintage style wooden furniture, painted in a special way antique. Art painting on wood as such is used in all three cases. The value of products is undeniable, because professionals work on them.

Varieties

There are several types of wood paintings and differ in belonging to a particular region, as well as in style. The drawing can be plot or ornamental.

Types of painting on wood:

Mezenskaya;
Polkhovskaya;
Khokhloma;
Gorodetskaya;
Palekh;
Severodvinskaya;
Petrikovskaya.

The main types of painting on wood are listed. Each variety contains "branded" features that give the product an additional appeal.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting (or, as it is also called, palashchelskaya) is the painting of household items: ladles, boxes, spinning wheels, benches and kitchen tables. These artistic traditions appeared in the lower reaches of the Mezen River around 1815.

Mezen painting consists mainly of ornamented images of forest dwellers: deer and elks, wolverines, foxes and cubs. All images are impersonal and bear the stamp of static. The friezes, made up of repeatedly repeating figures painted in bright colors, give the impression of festivity and defiant luxury, since the colorful stripes of ornaments do not fit in with the wretched furnishings of the Russian dwelling. A primitive spinning wheel, painted in the Mezen style and sparkling with colors in a dark corner, only emphasized the desolation of the upper room.

Palekh

Palekh painting is a folk art craft that appeared in pre-Petrine times. At that time, the village of Palekh in the Ivanovo province was famous for its icon painters. greatest flourishing this art reached the end of the 18th century. Paleshians, in addition to painting icons, were engaged in the restoration of cathedrals and churches, took part in the design of the aisles of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Novodevichy Convent.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the craft of Palekh painting flourished, the revolutionary storms of 1905 and 1917 almost destroyed the delicate folk art. Since after the 17th year all churches were abolished by ignorant representatives of the communist authorities, there was nothing to paint, and Poleshan artists created an artel that produces art products from wood.

Soon, the first work in the Palekh style was created in the Moscow workshop. On a wooden box covered with black lacquer, Ivan Tsarevich, who has left the royal chambers to freedom, meets the Firebird. The whole picture was painted in gold and cinnabar - it was impossible to take your eyes off the drawing.

Currently, Palekh wood painting is a deeply traditional art, with the only difference being that natural wood has been replaced with papier-mâché. Now products with Palekh painting are not only beautiful, but also light.

Khokhloma

An ancient folk craft that was developed in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 17th century. The village of Khokhloma became the center, in which the Old Believers, persecuted for their faith, gathered. Among the settlers there were many icon painters who brought with them the fine skill of painting, calligraphic writing and many examples of floral ornaments.

Local residents living in Khokhloma and nearby villages knew how to turn wood, but they did not know how to draw. So it turned out that the wooden utensils, carved on the spot, were painted by alien artists. This is how the art of Khokhloma painting appeared, which turned into one of the most famous art crafts in Russia.

Wood carvers not only carved dishes and plates, they soon learned how to carve spoons and ladles, the classic "brothers". Usually the bucket was made in the shape of a swan, and a dozen scoops were hung on the sides. The material was linden wood, which by its nature has no fibers and is easily cut in all directions.

Khokhloma painting consists of four primary colors: black, gold, red and green. Black and gold are used as the background, while red and green, together with their hues, make up the drawing itself. The theme for a drawing in the Khokhloma style is most often rowan berries, strawberries, various flowers and herbal plants. Sometimes the artist uses images of birds, fish and small animals.

Carving and drawing

Russian folk crafts (such as Gorodets or Khokhloma) are wood products covered with a pattern. First, master cabinetmakers make blanks from selected wood, the so-called "linen", and then the artists cover them with a pattern. Carving and painting on wood are inseparable in this case - they complement each other. The most common type of painted blank is the Russian matryoshka. For its manufacture, the turning method of carving is used, when the product is turned, polished and then signed. This souvenir is known all over the world and is used in high demand for many years.

Is it possible to learn painting on wood?

Folk art crafts belong to the fine arts and require some training, but anyone who has patience and perseverance can master the basic principles of coloring products. There are special techniques that are called "Wood Painting for Beginners", which include familiarization with the process and practical work. Initially, classes are generalized, and after acquiring skills, you can move on to a specific art style, for example, Gorodets. In any case, painting on wood is a fascinating creative process for beginners.

Coloring methods

Natural wood is a material that requires careful pre-treatment. The surface for painting should be smooth, without peeling and cracks. The workpiece is first polished with an emery cloth, and then covered with a special primer, which fills all the microscopic cracks and evens out small irregularities. Larger defects can be eliminated with putty. After pre-treatment, the workpiece must be dried well.

Wooden folk crafts are distinguished by bright, intense colors. The drawings usually contrast with the background, which is black or bright red. For coloring products, tempera or artistic gouache paints are used, which have good hiding power. Gives the most consistent results acrylic painting on wood, especially if the pattern is covered with a transparent nitro-lacquer on top. Products after such processing become resistant to abrasion and do not change their color.

Wood painting (photos of finished products are presented on the page) is a kind of fine art that is rooted in the distant past, but lives and flourishes in the present.

Wooden decorative dishes came into use later than earthenware. Cups, bowls, scoops with outlandish curves of handles imitating bird necks, painted spoons, boxes for storing berries, chests, boxes and other wooden household items in a Russian hut had ornaments, drawings or carvings. For each county, province there is character traits drawings that distinguish them from many others. Wood painting can be schematically divided into two main categories - floral ornaments and popular prints (landscapes and scenes of folk life).

Wood painting can be schematically divided into two main categories - floral ornaments and popular prints.

Without further ado, the masters gave the name of the painting according to the name of the city, near which this style was born.. The main tones of painting in Russian villages were black, red, yellow. They are characteristic of ornamental techniques that appeared earlier than those that use more primary colors and their shades.

Features of the Mezen painting

For Mezen painting characteristic images of deer and horses. They are drawn carefully, and the image of a person is applied purely schematically. Each sign of the pattern has its own interpretation in this painting. In order to correctly draw up a product drawing, you need to know what this or that image means. Not all of them can be organically combined in one drawing.

The Mezen painting is characterized by images of deer and horses.

The movement of the sun across the sky is personified by red horses.
Heavenly women in childbirth, giving life to everything on earth, were depicted in the form of deer.
Swans, ducks, geese symbolize the souls of deceased relatives, protecting and warning family members from filth, helping in difficult times.
Christmas trees are a symbol of male power.
The tree of life was depicted with roots, spirals going into the underworld. By counting the diamonds on the trunk, you can judge how many genera the family unites. The top of the family tree is crowned with the sign of the heavenly world.

This painting originated before the baptism of Russia, which is clearly seen in pagan symbolism. Distaffs and sketches with multi-layered Mezen painting can be seen in local history museums.

Gallery: painting on wood (25 photos)

Severodvinsk painting: its features

Severodvinsk painting can be called international. Over time, motifs brought by the Old Believers who migrated to the north, Poles, merchants and peasants from other regions seeking a better life were mixed with its northern roots.

Severodvinsk painting can be called international

Severodvinsk painting can be recognized, despite the use of red, yellow and black colors in the drawing, by the following characteristic features:

The tree of life, resembling a strange flower, where two doves sit on its crowning hemisphere. A gift made of wood with such a motive was presented to the newlyweds on their wedding day. This tree had one leaf more than the parents of the newly-made spouse.
The drawings may contain mythical creatures - the Sirin bird, mermaids, griffins.
Of the animals, the Severodvinsk depicted a lion and a bear.
The drawing is divided into three parts. In accordance with ideas about the structure of the world, it was divided into images of the underworld, earth, and celestial spheres.

In many respects, the Severodvinsk painting is similar to the Permogorsk, Rakul, Boretskaya.

Painting without religious overtones

Matryoshkas, wooden utensils are often decorated in the style of the Polkhovo-Maidan painting. It consists in applying an uncomplicated floral ornament to the wood. In this painting there are no definite rules in the combination of colors. The only thing that is required is to get a bright, joy-giving toy.

Suitable for decorating wooden voluminous blanks and flat surfaces.

Petrikhovskaya painting consists of leaves, petals, berries. This type of folk craft pleases with the brightness of colors.

Elements of the Polkhov painting are similar in application technique to the Khokhloma painting. Only there are no strict rules in the selection of colors and drawing elements in this art craft.

Khokhloma painting obeys the generally accepted rules of Russian folk crafts - yellow, black, red colors are used. One of them is the background for the drawing, which is applied in stages with the other two colors.

Khokhloma painting is a classic. It uses only three colors, one of which is the background of the picture. It can be any of the colors used in Russian traditional painting. They are all in contrast to each other, which allows you to paint and create a 3D effect with the least effort. There are no halftones in this painting, only bright saturated colors.

Using the same stroke technique, with varying degrees of pressing the brush against the surface to be painted, it is possible to recreate the gzhel painting. This type of painting differs from Khokhloma and Petrikovskaya in that a blue pattern is applied to a white surface. Perhaps, for a beginner, the choice of one of these three murals to start his creative path is the simplest.

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Paints for classic painting on wood

Classical painted boards, caskets, household items, when properly selected and processed, do not change color under the influence of sunlight or water. Since ancient times, masters have used tempera paint in their work. The most ancient recipe for making paint is used by modern professional craftsmen painting on wood. The peculiarity of the composition is that the dye is triturated on egg yolk. This component is the foundation.

Since ancient times, masters have used tempera paint in their work.

For some time in production, they tried to replace tempera with simpler and cheaper oil paints. This experience was abandoned very quickly, due to characteristics such as color change when exposed to the sun. The radical black color, which should be a charcoal hue, changed under the influence of ultraviolet light. Acquired a green, and sometimes a yellow tone. Light colors tend to darken. The second disadvantage of oil dyes is their ability to crack, flake off. Tempera returned to folk craft again.

Types of tempera paint

Characteristics of a quality tempera:

When working, it dissolves easily in water;
She is homogeneous;
Gives 100% coverage (the pattern is not transparent);
After drying, it is not possible to wash it with water;
The frozen layer does not crack, unlike oil and watercolor paints;
When stored in a closed container, mold will not appear on it, it will not thicken or delaminate.

The composition of tempera is very simple, just two ingredients - an emulsion (base) and a dye. The process of making paint is quite laborious. Tempera is made by hand, the base is laid out on a granite or marble surface, where it is combined with the pigment. Dry color is rubbed into the glue or egg base with a chime - a crystal pestle. The process continues until the dye becomes uniform in color and texture.

Attention! Instead of a crystal chime, you can use a similar item made from hardwood, stone. Interaction with metals is contraindicated for paint ingredients.

Finished tempera paints

The name of modern tempera is consonant with the basis on which it is made:

Egg - in a base made in industrial environment paint, artificial emulsion is used. It consists of an egg, vegetable oil, oil-based varnish or turpentine.
Casein paint is made on the basis of a complex protein extracted mainly from animal milk. The composition of casein emulsion includes oil and resins. The quality of this tempera is higher than that of egg tempera.
Gum arabic is named after one type of adhesive base used in the manufacture of color-rich paint. This ingredient can be replaced with glue made from the resins of other fruit trees. In our latitudes, cherry glue is more often used.

Reference: Dextrin, a polysaccharide made from potato starch, is an intermediate stage between starch and glucose. Gum arabic means gum arabic, which is the resin of acacia hardened in the air. Extracted from plants of southern latitudes.

The name of modern tempera is consonant with the basis on which it is made

Artificial emulsions of paints for beginners are divided into three main categories: PVA, wax-oil, acrylic.

What acrylic paints are better to choose for painting on wood

It is better to apply acrylic paint on wet wood using the Impasto technique if you need to paint a large element of the picture. But with undiluted acrylic, it is difficult to make curls and elongated leaves with one touch, as required by folk craft. The effect of lightness and airiness of the floral motif depends on the degree of adhesion of the brush on different parts of the painted surface.

Matte emulsion serves as the basis of the paint, pigments give it color. To paint drawings in folk style, you will need acrylic with a high coverage density. When dry, it should not become transparent. It follows from this that specialized paint for drawing a picture on glass is not suitable. As well as paint for puff pastry and painting on a cloth base. The only right choice is the purchase of paint for painting on wood.

How long does the painting dry

The longest drying time for paint, which is used in the work to create the main background. This is due to the fact that it must create a perfectly even tone, that is, it is superimposed with a thicker layer than the drawing itself. It will take no more than an hour for the acrylic base applied to the surface moistened with water to dry. Approximately the same amount passes when applying tempera.

Small elements applied in a thin layer will dry almost instantly, more thorough strokes within 15-20 minutes. But this does not apply to paint that had to be thinned with water. The peculiarity of acrylic is that water makes the paint dry much faster.

It is necessary to work with acrylic in contact with water very quickly. The more water used to thin the paint, the faster it will dry.

How to paint a wooden blank for a cutting board: a master class for beginners

The preparation of the board consists in soaking it with potato starch. It will hide all the small defects of the board and give a thin primer layer. This process can be simplified by covering the board with drying oil. When choosing northern motifs as an ornament, in which tone is not used, a light-colored stain can be used as a primer.

You can paint a wooden blank with gouache. This technique is also available for children.

Taking a sheet of paper for drawing, highlighting on it an area corresponding in size to the one that needs to be covered with a pattern on wood, you need to mark out areas of the largest decor elements. Outlining their location, as shown in the figure.
At the second stage, the image is detailed - the contours are drawn.
With the help of transfer paper, the image is transferred to a prepared, fat-free board soaked in potato starch.
So that different colors do not mix, you can take a burning machine, make small indentations along the contours. Such a contour will prevent the paint from mixing. When working with decoration acrylic paints it is possible to replace the burning process by drawing a contour and thin elements directly through the thin dispenser of the tube.
After the contour rising above the surface has dried, it must be filled with color.
The final stage of work will be varnishing the painted board. It is applied in 2-3 stages. Each subsequent layer lies on the thoroughly dried previous one.

Attention! The second coat of varnish will dry twice as long as the first, as it will dissolve the previously applied coating. The result is a monolithic, very durable varnish layer.

Easy patterns for beginners

Wood painting does not tolerate small details and winding lines. The irregularities of the edges of the elements are reproduced due to the strokes of a semi-dry brush on a moistened surface.

The simplest, but quite spectacular, can be called drawings of rowan clusters, flowers with uncomplicated leaf shapes.

Wood painting does not tolerate small details and winding lines

The simplest petals for drawing will acquire volume when they are darkened at the middle. To do this, it is enough to make a few strokes-rays. Berries are generally easy to draw. Three-dimensional rowan clusters are given by black dots of the ovary, arbitrarily located on the image of the berries. This technique, when creating the middle of a flower, makes the pattern “convex”.

Small flowers are just as easy to draw, they are schematically composed of approximately equal points. Small elements are located on top of large ones, this gives the picture volume. The symmetry of their arrangement is not important. More attention should be paid to the distance between parallel long leaves.

Khokhloma- an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod. The painting is done in red, green and black on a gold background. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.

gzhel- one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. The word "Gzhel" comes, perhaps, from "burn". For the first time, the Gzhel area is mentioned among others in the spiritual writing of Ivan Kalita. The colors of Gzhel painting are juicy blue, bright blue, cornflower blue, color.

Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.
The painting is usually done on a black background, sometimes on red, blue, green, silver, and the master works on several trays at once.
The main motif of the painting is a floral bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small wild flowers alternate.

Mezen painting - one of the most ancient Russian art crafts. Its origins are lost in the distant centuries of the initial formation of the Slavic tribes.
The main motifs are geometric ornaments - solar discs, rhombuses, crosses - reminiscent of similar elements of trihedral-notched carving. Available in two colors black and red. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from erasing and gave the product a golden color.

Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of the city of Gorodets. Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay: the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Thus, having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture. Later, masters began to use tinting for fine richness, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful.

Permogorie- this is a pier on the highest, mountainous bank of the Northern Dvina. The villages of Bolshoi Bereznik are located 4 kilometers from it. These villages, united by the common name Wet Evdoma, were the center of Permogorsk painting.
The basis of the Permogorsk painting is a floral pattern. Three-lobed, slightly curved leaves with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers are strung on flexible shoots, reminiscent of the ancient krin flower. Among them are bushes made of rounded leaves, sirens, elegant fabulous birds. In the folk paintings of the Permogorye of the 19th century, various genre scenes from peasant life usually fit into the floral pattern on almost all household items.