Presentation of Athenian democracy under pericles to answer. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Democracy is a unique feature of ancient Greek civilization, which flourished in Athens, one of the most. Moving on to learning new material

Democracy is a unique feature of ancient Greek civilization, which flourished in Athens, one of the most powerful cities in Ancient Greece. And the era of Pericles is called by historians the “Golden Age” of democracy: it was during the period of his activity that the concept of democracy was filled with real content. Many historians are still convinced that studying the Athenian democracy of the time of Pericles, one can learn important lessons for modern politicians.

Explain why the period of Pericles' reign is called "the flourishing of Athenian democracy."

Leader of Athenian democracy Pericles 1. Leader of Athenian democracy Pericles After the Greco-Persian wars, Athens began to flourish. At that time Pericles stood at their head. In 443 BC. NS. the Athenians first elected him to the highest office in their policy. Then he was re-elected 15 more times. Historians say that Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He (was famous as a wonderful orator. Eloquence (the ability to speak correctly and convincingly) was very important quality for a politician. After all, then there were no newspapers, no radio, no television. To achieve success, it was necessary to convince the assembly of the people that they were right. For the power of the word, contemporaries called Pericles the Olympian, comparing him to Zeus. Pericles gave all his strength and all the time to care for Athens and its citizens. He was honest and selfless. "Although he made the city ... the greatest and richest, although he surpassed many kings and tyrants in power ... Plutarch wrote the exorcism, he did not increase his fortune by a single drachma (drachma-Athenian coin) in comparison with the one that left him Father Pericles made several changes in the administration of the policy, in the rights of citizens, thereby continuing the reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes. Under Pericles, democracy finally took shape in Athens.

2. People's Assembly. The main governing body was the people's assembly. All citizens took part in it. A citizen was considered a man who reached 20 years old, whose mother and father were Athenians. The popular assembly met 34 times a month and usually took place in the city center on Pnyx Hill. At the meeting, all the main issues of the life of the city-state were resolved, new laws were adopted.

Any citizen had the right to express his opinion on the issue under discussion. One contemporary wrote: "Anyone, getting up, gives advice, be it a carpenter, coppersmith, shoemaker, merchant, ship owner, rich, poor, noble, rootless."

3. Officials. The popular assembly elected numerous officials of the policy (we could call them officials). A year later, they reported to the meeting. Those who did not work well were punished, most often they paid a fine. Officials dealt with various issues: monitored the receipt of money in the treasury, compliance with the laws and rules of trade in the market, cleanliness in the streets, etc.

4. Court The court played an important role in the life of Athens. All citizens over 30 years old could participate in its work. 6 thousand judges were elected annually, but they usually did not sit together. Separate commissions were created for different cases. The judges did not know in advance in which commission they would sit. This eliminated the possibility of bribery.

5. Introduction of payment Participation in government took a lot of time from citizens. Not all Athenians could attend meetings of the national assembly and court, and be officials. The poor had to work constantly: peasants to cultivate their land, artisans to work in a workshop. For them, each time the question arose: should I go to a meeting today or earn money for a living? Pericles thought this was wrong. He wanted even the poorest citizens to participate in governance, and he found a way to achieve this.

According to ancient authors, at his suggestion, the state began to pay judges. When they met, they received as much money as they needed to live one day. Then they introduced the payment of some positions. Later, they began to pay those who came to the meeting of the national assembly. Thanks to this, even the poorest citizens had a real opportunity to participate in government. Pericles also achieved the establishment of pensions for orphans and disabled people.

In none of the Greek states did the people have so many rights as in Athens. But these were minority rights. In total, about 200 thousand people lived in Attica, and there were only 3040 thousand citizens. Women citizens could not participate in government. The ancient Greeks thought it was simply ridiculous to think that a woman could come to a national assembly. Free people who moved to Athens from other policies, let alone slaves, had no political rights.

6. Construction in Athens under Pericles. Pericles did not want ordinary citizens to turn into beggars living at the expense of the state. Therefore, at his suggestion, temples, public buildings, and fortifications were built in the city. Athens has become the most beautiful city in Greece. The construction has provided jobs for many citizens. The construction sites were occupied by people of the most different professions from movers and donkey drivers to skilled sculptors and architects. The Athenians mastered new types of craft. Gradually, many of them became good specialists.

7. Military strength of Athens Pericles did a lot to strengthen the power of his polis. He saw the main force of Athens in the navy. Every year, for eight months, the fleet sailed throughout the Mediterranean. The sailors were also paid money at this time. The Athenian fleet destroyed the pirates. The time has come for the heyday of maritime trade. The Athens port of Piraeus has become a major trade center. Sometimes up to 400 ships gathered here. The Athenians benefited greatly from trade.

8. Slaves. A significant part of the inhabitants of Athens were slaves. "Everyone has slaves," one of the writers argued. "We are free, because we live by the labor of slaves," a well-known speaker echoed him. The slaves worked in the fields, in workshops, in the homes of citizens. Most of the slaves were used in the silver mines, where they worked day and night. The main source of slaves was war. Many slaves were born already in the master's house. There were few Greeks among the slaves, because those who were captured were usually ransomed by relatives. Basically, slaves were brought from other countries of Thrace, the Northern Black Sea region and Asia Minor. There were several famous slave markets in Greece. On the first day of each month, slaves were also traded in the Athenian Agora. The slave climbed to the platform, and the herald praised his merits in order to increase the price. The slave was completely powerless. He had neither property nor family. They did not see a person in him, they called him a talking tool. Sometimes the slaves fled from their masters. Those who were caught were whipped and burned on their foreheads: "Hold me. I am running away." The death of Socrates was the last and most accusatory, his most brilliant philosophical work, which caused a deep ferment of minds and a powerful public resonance throughout many centuries of human history. The young disciple of Socrates, Plato, who was present at the trial, experienced such a strong moral shock that he fell seriously ill. "How to live on in a society that punishes wisdom?" - this is the question that faced Plato in all its drama and which gave rise to another question: "What should be a society built in full accordance with wisdom?" This is how the first philosophical utopia about a "just" (for its time) social system was born, which subsequently had a great influence on the emergence and development of utopian socialism.

Solon's reforms 594 BC NS. Greco - Persian Wars BC NS. The rise of Athens under Pericles 443 BC NS.

People's Assembly Power of the people Strategist - Pericles Adopts laws Decides to start a war and sign peace Conducts elections of a strategist and other responsible positions Disposes of the treasury Promotes the implementation of laws Leads the defense of the city Reports to the People's Assembly on the implementation of tasks and the use of public funds

Pericles - orator Once the Spartan king asked a famous wrestler who was stronger - he or Pericles. He replied: "Even if I put Pericles on both shoulder blades, then he will prove that I am defeated, and the people will believe him!" What qualities of Pericles does this indicate? What is a speaker? An orator is a person who can make speeches and convince listeners.

Democracy reached its peak under Pericles. This is evidenced by: The decisive role in governing the country passed to the People's Assembly and the Council of Five Hundred. Under Pericles, there were many government positions. Government positions in addition to strategists, it was possible to occupy by drawing lots. Thanks to Pericles, those who were involved in politics began to pay salaries. If the judges were not paid, the court would end up in the hands of the rich alone. Now the poor citizens of Athens were also able to participate in the government of the state Pericles 15 times elected the National Assembly as the first strategist. The citizens trusted him. The decisive role in governing the country passed to the People's Assembly and the Council of Five Hundred. Under Pericles, there were many government positions. State positions, in addition to strategists, could be occupied by drawing lots. Thanks to Pericles, those who were involved in politics began to pay salaries. If the judges were not paid, the court would end up in the hands of the rich alone. Now the poor citizens of Athens were also able to participate in the government of the state. Pericles 15 times elected the National Assembly as the first strategist. The citizens trusted him.

Complete tasks 3. Match names or title and activity, description Names, title Activity, description 1) Sophocles A) The first strategist in which Athens experienced its heyday 2) Parthenon 3) Pericles 4) Myron B) temple in Athens, dedicated to the patroness of the city C) the sculptor who created the statue of the disco ball D) the author of the tragedy "Antigone"

2. Execution fee job responsibilities 5. Accountability of officials 8. Elected offices 9. Equality of citizens 3. Power of the people 1. Citizens - a minority 4. Women did not participate in the government of Athens 7. Laws protected only citizens 6. Lot when voting (an unworthy office may take)

Training equipment:

• card " Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC,
• a computer,
• multimedia projector,
• projection screen.

Lesson type: presentation lesson

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Updating the basic knowledge of students on the topic: "In the Theater of Dionysus"

1. Card "What is the difference between the ancient Greek theater and the modern one?"

2. Creative laboratory. On behalf of an Athenian slave, tell us about your life: How did you lose your freedom? What do you do everyday? Who is your boss and how does he treat you? Have a happy ending to your story.

3. Look at the picture and answer the questions (Slide 1)

Consider the plan for an ancient Greek theater. The main parts of the theater building are marked with numbers 1, 2, 3. What were these parts called?

What is the purpose of each of the three parts?

3. Solve anagrams. (Writing on the board)

LISHE, LOFOX, DIPIEVR

What are these playwrights famous for?

Aeschylus - invented a lot of new things for the theater. He was the first to introduce drama (i.e. the action of two persons), invented the scenery.

Sophocles - wrote over 120 plays. In the plays, he singled out some character trait - courage, wisdom, pride.

Euripides - invented a curtain for the theater, behind which the next stage (scenery) was being prepared. In his plays, effects such as the flying of heroes into the air were used.

III. Transition to a new topic: (slide 2)

Question: - Who owns the following words?

"Black mother, long-suffering land,
From which I have thrown the pillars of shame,
Slave before, but now free: "

Explain what this passage is about.

In what year were the reforms carried out by Solon?

Here is a diagram of the management of the Athenian polis (slide 3). What time does it belong to?

Solon introduced laws that changed the lives of the Athenians. What was their novelty for Athens?

Let's remember the scheme of the government under Solon.

How did the Athenians come to call this order of government?

What is Democracy?

So, we remembered that Solon laid the foundations of democracy in Athens. In the 5th century BC. in Athens, any citizen - rich or poor, noble or ignorant - could participate in the assembly of the people. Athenian democracy received its final development under Pericles, and the state achieved the greatest power and splendor.

Task for students: What has changed in the government during the reign of Pericles?

Topic of our lesson: Athenian democracy under Pericles (slide 4)

What personal qualities did Pericles possess?

(student message).

In 443 BC. Pericles began to rule the Athenian state.

IV. Working with the textbook p. 1, 40.

Exercise: Find in the text and highlight what the People's Assembly was doing. Read the appropriate lines from the text (slide 5)

What body, under Pericles, began to play the most important role in the Athenian polis?

Who took part in the Meeting?

Pericles believed that the poor should have the same rights as the rich citizens. But a poor person could not engage in government activities, tk. had no means of subsistence.

Pericles said: "The people should be completely independent from the influence of the rich, should be free from poverty, want and worries, in order to be able to deal with state affairs through participation in court cases, meetings of the State Duma, to acquire knowledge, education and experience."

At the suggestion of Pericles, for the performance of public duties, the poor began to receive a small payment for each day. This payment was called "diet".

Pericles also took care of what gave Athens the greatest glory. During the years of his reign (and the popular assembly chose Pericles as a strategist for 15 years in a row), magnificent temples and statues were erected in Athens on the Acropolis (slides 6, 7, 8).

This construction caused discontent on the part of the aristocrats, accusing the first strategist of inept spending of huge money.

Exercise: The reasons for their dissatisfaction will become clearer to us from the following plot. Watch it (staged) see Appendix 1 .

Working with a historical document (p. 183)

Question: - Find in the document what personal qualities of the politician were in demand in Athens?

Even at the beginning of his political career, Pericles completely abandoned the traditional way of life of people of his circle: he almost never went to visit, did not attend festivals, reduced his household to a minimum, and devoted almost all of his time to state affairs.

The only entertainment for him was the conversation in the home circle with friends. The philosophers Anaxagoras, Zeno, the young Socrates, the poet Sophocles, artists, and the sculptor Phidias converged in the house of Pericles. The soul of this circle was the second wife of Pericles, intelligent and educated Aspasia, a woman of extraordinary beauty.

They also helped Pericles in public affairs.

However, Pericles had not only supporters, but also enemies. They slandered him and his friends, accused them of crimes. Phidias was accused of hiding gold when creating a statue of Athena. To prove his innocence, Phidias took off the golden clothes from the statue, they weighed and were convinced of the honor of this man (he died in prison).

Lesson summary: We learned that Ancient Greece gave examples of democracy, showed the image of a real citizen who knows how to reasonably combine rights and responsibilities in his activities.

V. Consolidation of what was learned in the lesson. (Students take the test) See Annex 1 .

Vi. Reflection

1. How did I learn the material?

• Got solid knowledge, mastered all the questions - 9-10 points.
• I partially mastered the material - 7-8 points.
• More work needs to be done - 4-6 points

2. How I worked, where I made mistakes; Are you satisfied with your job?

• Everywhere I did it myself, I am satisfied with my work - 9-10 points.
• Made mistakes (at what stage) - 7-8 points.
• Didn't cope (with what tasks) - 4-6 points.

3. My opinion about the lesson (wishes), what I liked, what I did not like.

Homework: individually by cards

Poll D. s:

I. Questions and tasks for review:

1. Solve the crossword: 1

5

1. A place for spectators.

2. A semicircular platform where actors and a choir performed.

3. The place where the decorations were attached, masks and costumes were kept.

4. Companions of Dionysus, singing songs of praise to God.

6. Type of theatrical performance, which depicted the heroes' exploits, suffering and death.

2. Solve anagrams... What are these playwrights famous for?

LISHE, LOFOX, DIPIEVR, Nafastiro

(Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes)

3. What does this mean:

· Sing praises;

· Song of the goats;

· A cheerful procession?

Transition to the study of new material:

Conversation:

What is the name of the country in which we live?

What is the name of the higher executive in our state?

Who is our president now?

How did he become president?

What is the name of the state in which the people participate?

We have a democratic state, because the people choose.

In which state of the Ancient World was a similar order of government?

What will be discussed in our lesson?

The topic of our lesson today is Athenian democracy under Pericles (write in a notebook).

Learning new material.

Teacher's word: Meanwhile, in the V century. BC NS. there were no kings or nobles in Athens. In no other country of the Ancient World so many people, so many ordinary workers, participated in the government of the state, as in Athens.

What did the Athenians call government in their state? (Democracy)

Who was considered an Athenian citizen? (Citizens by law were considered native Athenians, whose parents - both father and mother - were citizens)

Most of the demos were artisans and small traders, construction workers, stone carvers, sculptors, "naval mob" - oarsmen, sailors and helmsmen of warships, carpenters, ship rope spinners, boatmen, as well as innkeepers in Piraeus and Athens, farmers of Attica.

All these mostly poor people ruled the Athenian state. At the head of them at that time was Pericles - one of the largest Athenian statesmen, came from an aristocratic family. In 443 BC. the Athenians first elected him to the highest office in their policy.

Pericles made a strong impression on people, behaved with dignity, had a calm, even voice and excellent self-control. He surpassed everyone in his art of making speeches. He was a very purposeful person. Pericles did nothing except public affairs.

No room could accommodate all Athenian citizens. The National Assembly to decide state affairs gathered on Pnyx, a gentle open-air hill in the western part of the city.

The supreme power in the Athenian state belonged to the People's Assembly - the highest authority that expressed the will of the people.

We read point 1 on page 191. and then draw up a diagram.

How often did the National Assembly meet to decide state affairs?

Who did not participate in the Meeting?

Teacher: - Migrants, women, and even more so slaves could not even be present at the meeting under any pretext.

Whom did the Assembly choose?

(The National Assembly elected 10 strategists every year. Citizens expressed their will by raising their hands. The first strategist was responsible for leading the army and navy, in charge of Athens' relations with other states. Note, if the strategist had made a mistake, lost the trust of the demos, he would not have been elected for a new term.)

What functions did the National Assembly perform?

In Athens, besides strategists, there were many posts. Usually several citizens sought to occupy the same position - a judge, or a tax collector, or a market ranger. Which of them should be preferred? And then they drew lots: whoever gets the white bean is considered the chosen one.

Any free citizen of Athens, regardless of nobility and wealth, could become a tax collector, judge, and market ranger. But most often they were rich people.

Why do you think? Initially, no payment for the positions held was supposed. Therefore, the poorest citizens avoided drawing lots. But in the middle of the 5th century BC. at the suggestion of Pericles, a law was passed, according to which citizens elected to office were paid money from the treasury for each working day. This money was enough to buy bread, vegetables, fish for the whole family.

Pericles made Athens the greatest and richest city. Indeed, at his suggestion, magnificent temples, porticoes and statues were erected in Athens. Therefore, he had both enemies and friends. Among the friends of Pericles were such famous people as Anaxagoras, Sophocles, Herodotus, Phidias. And all these people gathered for conversations and disputes in his house and the house of his wife Aspasia

Reinforcement: Game Yes, no

1. Is it true that in Athens in the 5th century BC? any citizen - rich or poor, noble or ignorant - is able to participate in government? (Yes)

2. Is it true that the power in Athens belonged to the demos, which is why the Greeks called the government in their country “democracy”? (Yes)

3. Is it true that the People's Assembly was attended by all residents of Athens, from the age of 20? (No)

4. Is it true that the People's Assembly chose the first strategist by secret ballot: giving white or black stones? (No)

5. Is it true that a speaker is a person who can speak briefly, give precise and accurate answers? (No)

6. Is it true that for the first time in history, under Pericles, payment for the execution of elective offices was introduced? (Yes)

7. Is it true that all the Athenian statues and buildings by Pericles had the inscription “Built by Pericles with his own money”? (No)

8. Is it true that the policy pursued by Pericles met the interests of the majority of Athenian citizens, i.e. demos? (Yes)

9. Is it true that at the time of Pericles Athens was the most powerful state of Hellas, its cultural center? (Yes)

Reflection: Sinkwine

1 line - topic or subject (one noun); National Assembly
2nd line - description of the subject (two adjectives); free, long
3 line - a description of the action (three verbs); announced, asserted, accepted
4 line - a four-word phrase expressing attitude to the subject; participation of the demos in the management of state.
5 line - a synonym that generalizes or expands the meaning of a topic or subject (one word). control

pharaoh Hammurabi Moses strategist

meteki caste Confucius demos

Solomon Drakont National Assembly Areopagus untouchable democracy

Solon 1500 BC NS.

594 BC archon

Lesson problem

• Can Athenian democracy in the time of Pericles be considered a role model?

• Was the era of Pericles really the "golden age" of democracy?

• What was positive and what was negative in Athenian democracy?

Lesson plan

1. Personality of Pericles.

2. What was the People's Assembly doing. Pericles' innovations.

3. Pericles, his friends and enemies.

Poets praised the power of Pericles:

He could tie any city or leave it free,

And protect with a strong wall,

and tear down the walls again.

Everything is in his hands:

and alliances, and power, and wealth.

Pericles was the greatest statesman in Greece. Pericles belonged to a noble family. Nature generously rewarded Pericles. Slender, strong in body, he also possessed an insightful mind.

His desire to learn to the fullest could be satisfied in Athens, which became the center of attraction for the best minds from all over Greece. Pericles was educated by renowned teachers of music, rhetoric, philosophy, including Anaxagoras, who became his friend.

What changes have occurred after the reform of Solon in the management of the policy?

Draw up a scheme for the administration of Athens from the proposed cards.

(monitored the implementation of laws)

Management scheme for the Athenian polis,

under Solon

9 archons

(both know and demos)

National Assembly

(all citizens)

People's Court

(the poor fellows could become the judge)

Council of FIVE HUNDRED

STRATEGIES

(leadership of the army and navy)

(monitoring the order in the city)

National Assembly

• All citizens participated (men over 20 years of age whose parents are Athenians)
• Collected 3-4 times a month
• He resolved issues of peace and war, adopted new laws, disposed of the treasury.

Clepsydra - devices for

time measurement

Strategist Council 500

• Elected for

• Warlord,

led the army and navy,

in charge of relations

with others

states.

• Keeping order in the city;
• Discussion of laws.

• All citizens over 30 years of age
• 6 thousand judges were elected annually
• Different commissions for different cases
• Token voting

with a hole - guilty

no hole - innocent

Exercise.

Draw up a scheme for the government of Athens, under Pericles.

The scheme of government of Athens under Pericles

ADVICE

PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY

PEOPLE

WAR AND PEACE

Pericles' public administration reform

Thumbnail on

ancient greek vase.

Unlike strategists, applicants for other positions were chosen by lot. In the beginning, the positions were free and only the wealthy held them.

Pericles, who had been a strategist for 15 years, carried out a reform, and now a salary was paid for the performance of the post.

Pericles and his friends

Aspasia

Socrates

Herodotus

Sophocles

Phidias

Positive and negative sides Athenian democracy

Power of the people, equality of citizens

Citizens - a minority of the population of Athens

Elective offices

Women were not involved in the government of Athens

Reporting by officials

The laws only protected citizens

Pay for the performance of official duties

check yourself

1. Pericles began to rule in Athens:

A) in 420 BC. NS.

B) in 443 BC. NS.

C) in 476 BC. NS.

2. Pericles held the highest office:

3. Pericles came from a family:

A) aristocrat

B) merchant

C) artisan

4. Pericles thought:

A) about the conquest of the Persians

B) about the power of Athens

C) on the creation of a powerful army

5. At the suggestion of Pericles in Athens:

A) paid for civil service

B) built water pipes

C) taught women in school

Exercise. Use the arrows to correlate the controls and the functions they perform.

Consideration of court cases and adjudication

National Assembly

Discussing proposed laws, keeping order in the city

Strategists

Declaration of war, conclusion of peace, approval of laws, disposal of the treasury

Council of five hundred

People's Court

Leadership of the army and navy, negotiating with other states

In your worksheets, draw an indicator star to represent your feelings after the lesson:

· green color- it was interesting to me;

· Yellow - it was interesting, but something remained unclear;

· Red - I do not agree with this;

• violet - it doesn't matter to me, "violet";

Black - it was boring

Homework

• Section 40, answer questions

2. * Write a story on behalf of a Greek who attended the People's Assembly.

3. ** Read the document on page 194.

Do you think Socrates did the right thing? How relevant are his views today?

Thank you for the lesson!