Actual environmental and environmental problems of the oil industry. Lesser duckweed, common chlorella are indicators of water pollution by oil and drilling fluids. Squirrels live next to us ...

Having started the exploitation of oil and gas fields, people did not think about the consequences of the intensive extraction of these natural resources. The great danger is the use of oil and gas as fuel.

Having started the exploitation of oil and gas fields, people did not think about the consequences of the intensive extraction of these natural resources. The great danger is the use of oil and gas as fuel. When these products are burned in the atmosphere, large amounts of carbon dioxide, various sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxide, etc. are released. A decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in the content of carbon dioxide, in turn, will affect climate change. Carbon dioxide molecules allow short-wavelength solar radiation to penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and block infrared radiation emitted from the earth's surface. Is air pollution fraught with another danger? it reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
A large role in air pollution belongs to jet aircraft and cars. To cross the Atlantic Ocean, a modern jet liner absorbs 35 tons of oxygen and leaves contrails that increase cloudiness. Significantly pollute the atmosphere and motor vehicles, of which there are already more than 500 million. There are various projects for the creation of engines running on other types of fuel. A significant contribution to the poisoning of the atmosphere is made by various factories, heat and power plants. An average power plant operating on fuel oil emits daily 500 tons of sulfur into the environment in the form of sulfur dioxide, which, when combined with water, will immediately give sulfurous acid, which falls in the form of acid rain, which has great chemical activity. Pollution of the atmosphere with various harmful gases and solid particles leads to the fact that the air of large cities becomes dangerous for people's lives. Of particular danger are deadly fogs descending on large cities.
It recklessly pollutes man and the water basins of the planet. Every year, for one reason or another, from 2 to 10 million tons of oil are dumped into the World Ocean. Aerial photography from satellites recorded that almost 30% of the ocean surface is already covered with an oil film. The waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and their shores are especially polluted.
A liter of oil deprives 40 thousand liters of sea water of oxygen. A ton of oil pollutes 12 sq. km of ocean surface. At its concentration in sea water in the amount of 0.1-0.001 ml / l, fish eggs die in a few days. More than 100 million fish larvae can die on 1 hectare of sea surface if there is an oil slick. There are quite a few sources of oil entering the seas and oceans. These are the accidents of tankers and drilling platforms, the discharge of ballast and sewage water, the bringing of polluting components by rivers.
A threatening question arises: what to do with these "black oceans"? How to save their inhabitants from death?
Swedish and English specialists to clean sea waters from oil, it is proposed to use old newspapers, pieces of wrapping, scraps from paper mills. Thrown into the water and crushed, they are able to absorb 28 times the amount of oil compared to their own weight. Then the fuel is easily extracted from them by pressing. Such strips of paper, placed in large nylon "bags", are proposed to be used to collect oil at sea at the site of a tanker disaster. Does the use of dispersants give good results? special substances that bind oil; processing of oil films with iron powder, followed by collecting? sawdust? magnet. Great hopes are placed on biological protection.
For various reasons, when mining and transporting? black gold? part of the raw material is poured onto the earth's surface and into water bodies. Suffice it to say that in 1988 alone, when oil pipelines ruptured at the Samotlor field, about 110 thousand tons of oil got into the lake of the same name. There are known cases of fuel oil and crude oil being dumped into the Ob River (a spawning ground for valuable fish species) and other water arteries of the country.
One of the most promising ways to protect the environment from pollution is the creation of a comprehensive automation of the processes of oil production, transportation and storage. Careless handling of oil can turn into a big disaster. The use of oil and oil products should be very accurate, thoughtful and dosed. Oil requires careful attention. This must be remembered not only by every oilman, but also by everyone who deals with petrochemical products.
The oil industry is central to the global economy. In our country, this dependence is especially high. Unfortunately, the Russian oil industry is in a state of deep crisis. What are the prospects for the development of the industry? If the predatory exploitation of fields continues, coupled with large losses during transportation and irrational oil refining, then the future of the oil industry looks very bleak. Even today, the decline in production rates is on average 12-15% per year, which is fraught with a complete collapse of the strategically important industry for the country. Further extensive development of the oil industry is no longer possible.
Russia needs to reform the oil industry. To do this, first of all you need:
Revise the taxation system, significantly reducing taxes on oil producers, however, establish high fines for the irrational use of natural resources and violation of the environment.
Less rigidly regulate prices within the country, keeping them somewhat below the world level. The export of oil abroad is carried out only at world prices.
Partially restore the centralized management of the industry, which stems from the very structure of the oil industry and has many positive aspects (a rational system of oil pipelines). This, however, does not mean a complete return to the old management model.
Maintaining a single economic space? conditions for the survival of the fuel and energy complex.
Find a clear and thoughtful program of investments in the oil industry.
Organize a single Russian Bank of Oil and Gas, a state-owned foreign trade firm, including representatives of enterprises that extract, process and transport oil and gas. This will stop chaotic barter deals that undermine the interests of the state.
Create the necessary system of regulations that provides a solid legal framework for working with foreign companies to jointly develop the most complex deposits.
Stabilize the volume of exploration work in order to replenish oil and gas reserves.
The implementation of the proposed measures in combination with others would mean a suspension of inflation and a strengthening of the ruble (for example, the cost of agricultural products is determined by 40% by the price of fuels and lubricants). There would be interest in acquiring oil refining equipment. Not only the oil industry, but also machine-building enterprises, petrochemical, chemical, metallurgical and other industries would receive an incentive for development. Thus, the situation in the oil industry is quite difficult, but is there a way out? industry reform. After that, she will be able to make a very significant contribution to the revival of Russia.

Vladimir Khomutko

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Oil and related environmental problems

The ecological state of our planet has been causing concern for a long time. Anthropogenic impact on the environment causes irreparable harm, and one of the serious sources of environmental pollution is the oil and oil refining industry.

The modern world economy requires a huge amount of energy, the main of which is oil, and the environment is often relegated to the background. Modern volumes of produced hydrocarbons and the capacities of enterprises processing them bring the problems of environmental protection to the fore.

Harmful effects that adversely affect the atmosphere, water, soil cover, flora, fauna, and humans themselves are due to the high toxicity of produced hydrocarbons, as well as a variety of chemicals used in technological operations.

They manifest themselves during oil production, its initial preparation and subsequent transportation, as well as during storage, processing and practical use of the resulting products.

Crude oil, oil and drilling sludge, as well as wastewater, in which a large amount of harmful chemical compounds are concentrated, enter water bodies and other environmental objects when:

• drilling of production wells;
• emergency flowing of oil and gas wells;
• vehicle accidents;
• oil pipeline breaks;
• violation of the tightness of production tubing strings;
• breakdowns of the equipment used;
• discharge into reservoirs of industrial wastewater that has not undergone appropriate treatment.

In addition, in some regions of our planet there are oil outcrops due to natural causes. For example, Cape Oil, located in the south of the US state of California, owes its name to just such phenomena.

Similar natural exposures of this mineral are common in the Caribbean, as well as in the Persian and Mexican Gulfs. In Russia, such exposures have been observed at some fields in the Komi Republic.

Fountains that appear during oil and gas production are gas, oil and gas-oil. Regardless of the type of fountain, its presence causes enormous harm to the ecology of nearby areas.

The ever-increasing global consumption of hydrocarbons has led to a significant increase in the size of the tanker fleet in recent years. In addition to quantitative growth, there has been a trend towards a sharp increase in the capacity of each individual oil tanker.

From an economic point of view, the operation of supertankers is, of course, profitable, but such vessels have a great potential danger of serious environmental pollution, since in the event of their accidents, the amount of oil and oil products entering the oceans is estimated at tens or even hundreds of thousands of tons.

In addition, in many cases, oil products enter the water along with sewage, which is used on such super-ships for ballast or to wash their tanks. The release of pollutants from oil tankers into the seas is also possible during loading and unloading operations (for example, in cases of overflow during loading), as well as in cases of a ship running aground or in case of emergency collisions.

In addition, pipelines pose a serious danger to the environment.

Their construction, especially in the northern regions, has a significant negative impact on the microclimate that has developed there. Trenching introduces local changes in the mode of moisture supply of the vegetation cover, the thermophysical balance is disturbed, the permafrost soils thaw, and the fragile vegetation cover, which is very sensitive to any mechanical impact, perishes.

In addition, during the operation of pipeline systems, leakage of oil, natural gas, wastewater, methanol and other environmentally harmful products transported through them is possible in those sections of pipelines that are the most vulnerable (for example, in underwater passages of highways along the bottom of rivers and seas) . Damage to such hard-to-reach areas can go unnoticed for a long time, and the environmental damage caused by long-term hydrocarbon leaks becomes catastrophic. Experts have calculated that, on average, in the event of one breakthrough of an oil pipeline, about two tons of oil is poured into the environment, which renders one thousand square meters of the earth's surface unusable.

In the process of drilling oil and gas wells, as well as in the course of their further operation, pollution of the natural environment occurs almost continuously, and is caused by leaks of extracted raw materials through loose flange connections of shut-off valves (in case of leakage of stuffing boxes), pipeline ruptures, as well as oil spills, occurring during the emptying of sedimentation tanks and separators.

Most of the industrial wastewater and produced oil is accumulated and then enters the surface water bodies for the following reasons:

• through loose gland connections;
• in progress repair work and well drilling;
• from overfilled measuring containers;
• in the process of cleaning measuring tanks;
• in case of oil spills during descent from sewage tanks;
• as a result of oil overflows through the upper parts of the tanks and so on.

The most typical leaks from tanks are caused by corrosion of their bottoms, therefore constant automated monitoring of the content level in the fishing tanks is necessary. Many temporary oil storage facilities do not completely exclude the occurrence of evaporation processes of the products stored in them.

Oil spills are also often caused by accidents at oil and gas gathering facilities, which are not always cleaned up quickly and with proper quality.

The most dangerous consequences for the ecological system are caused by pollution of the soil cover, as well as surface and underground fresh water.

They are mainly polluted with crude oil, drilling and oil sludge and process effluents.

The main sources of pollution are industrial and drilling effluents. Their volume in all countries of the world with developed oil production is growing rapidly and is much larger than the volume of raw materials produced.

Often, the lack of a sewerage system leads to the discharge of industrial wastewater directly into the nearest swamps or reservoirs, which leads to serious pollution that reaches groundwater.

The main sources of such atmospheric emissions are:

The most common atmospheric pollutants that enter it during the production, primary treatment, transportation and subsequent processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as during the practical combustion of finished oil products and gas, are:

• hydrocarbon compounds;
• Nitric oxide;
• sulfur oxide;
• hydrogen sulfide;
• suspensions of a mechanical nature.

Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are the main polluting emissions from the operation of oil fields, the raw materials of which are characterized by a high sulfur content.

Cleaning up the Gulf Coast of oil, eliminating the consequences of the accident at the BP platform

Emissions of such substances in the process of oil production occur when:

• occurrence of emergency flowing;
• testing and trial launches of wells;
• evaporation from measured containers and temporary storage tanks;
• pipeline ruptures;
• cleaning process tanks.

In addition to the above reasons, pollutants enter the atmosphere from integrated oil treatment plants (during dehydration, stabilization, desalting and demulsification of raw materials), as well as from treatment facilities (from oil traps, sand traps, settling ponds, aerotanks and filters). A large amount of harmful hydrocarbons enters the atmosphere due to a violation of the tightness of the technological equipment used.

The main environmental problem in our country is the low level of APG (associated petroleum gas) utilization.

For example, for the majority of West Siberian deposits - less than 80 percent. Combustion of a huge amount of APG is still the main source of environmental pollution in the areas of oil fields. The release of APG combustion products into the atmosphere carries a serious potential threat to the normal functioning of the human body at the level of physiology.

Approximately one third of all produced world oil is characterized by a sulfur content in the amount of more than one percent of the total volume of raw materials. In other words, almost every third torch lit at all the world's deposits emits such harmful substances as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and mercaptans into the environment.

When burning torches, the following substances are present in the structure of atmospheric emissions:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane;
• butane;
• pentane;
• hexane;
• heptane;
• sulfur dioxide;
• hydrogen sulfide;
• mercaptans;
• Nitric oxide;
• carbon dioxide.

If there is a high concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the extracted raw materials, then the combustion of flares releases into the atmosphere large quantities of chemicals such as benzene, toluene, phenol and xylenes.

These substances (especially benzene, which has a second hazard class) are very toxic. For example, high concentrations of benzene vapors have a narcotic effect on the human body, harm the nervous system, and irritate the skin and mucous membranes.

Heavy metals that are present in flare emissions are vanadium and nickel.

For example, inhalation of vanadium dust, even if there is not much metal in it, causes irritation and wheezing in the lungs, coughing, chest pains, sore throat and runny nose. In some cases, suffocation may occur, the skin turns pale, the tongue becomes green. It is worth saying that these symptoms quickly disappear after a person stops breathing harmful air.

When released into the atmosphere, harmful substances are physically and chemically transformed, and subsequently either dispersed or washed away. The level of atmospheric pollution is in direct proportion to whether these substances will be transported over a long distance from their source, or whether their accumulation will remain local.

The main sources of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon, as well as soot, are flare systems in which harmful substances are burned in a gaseous state and in the form of vapors, in cases where they are unsuitable for practical use.

A serious contribution to negative atmospheric emissions is made by transport facilities and oil storage facilities. The main contamination occurs during evaporation from tanks and during discharge/filling operations.

Russian oil industry enterprises emit almost two million tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, including:

• hydrocarbon compounds - 48 percent;
• carbon oxides - 33 percent;
• soot - 2 percent.

The gas industry emits even more - from two to three million tons. The main harmful substances are hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, methyl mercaptans and so on. Only 10-20 percent of harmful substances are neutralized in traps.

The main significant factors that affect the spread of pollution are meteorological:

• wind speed and direction;
• number and time duration of calms;
• precipitation;
• air humidity;
• intensity of ultraviolet radiation (solar radiation).

In order to maintain pressure, more than one billion cubic meters of water is pumped into the reservoir, including 700 to 750 million of fresh water. With the help of artificial flooding, I currently produce more than 86 percent of all oil feedstock. At the same time, approximately 700 million tons of formation water is pumped out of natural reservoirs along with the produced oil.

One unit volume of formation water that has entered a surface reservoir makes 40 to 60 volumes of clean fresh water unsuitable for consumption.

Water from open freshwater reservoirs is used for reservoir flooding because these reservoirs are easily accessible and do not require complex preliminary preparation for their use.

Dangerous pollution of natural water occurs not only with the purposeful discharge of untreated wastewater, but also with spills and flushes of toxic substances, which in this case reach groundwater and enter surface natural water bodies.

Sources of water pollution can be very different. Let's consider them according to the main technological processes.

In the process of drilling wells, a large amount of natural water is used, resulting in the formation of contaminated sewage drilling vaults.

In addition to these effluents, drilling also generates:

• waste drilling fluid;
• drill cuttings.

The spent solution must be disposed of or buried. Without special measures for its neutralization, its release into the environment is unacceptable.

The most dangerous from an environmental point of view are drilling wastewater, as they are distinguished by high mobility and a strong ability to accumulate pollutants. These effluents can contaminate large areas of water and land surfaces.

Scraping and rinsing of tanks leads to the formation of harmful rinsing effluents.

Industrial wastewater enters the environment from pumping stations, boiler houses, laboratories, garages and bottling chambers, as well as from process sites as leaks in process equipment.

When filling tankers and in the process of washing their tanks, the discharge field produces washing and ballast harmful effluents.

Such types of local pollution of the soil cover are mainly formed as a result of oil and oil product spills that occur when pipelines break and leaks occur through loose connections in the equipment used. Large earth surfaces are polluted in the process of open fountaining of natural raw materials.

At the same time, oil that has entered the soil begins to penetrate vertically deep under the influence of gravity, and also spreads to the sides due to the action of capillary and surface forces on it.

The speed of such progress largely depends on the following factors:

• properties of a particular oil mixture;
• soil density and structure;
• proportional relationship between oil, water and air, which is formed in a multi-phase moving system.

The main influence in this case is the type of specific oil, the nature of pollution and the amount of harmful substances that have entered the soil. The less oil in a multiphase system, the more difficult it is for it to migrate in soils.

As oil advances, the saturation of the soil with it constantly decreases (of course, if there are no additional injections). This hydrocarbon mixture becomes stationary when its concentration in the soil is at the level of 10-12 percent. This indicator is called the level of residual saturation.

Also, the movement of oil stops when it reaches groundwater.

Capillary forces most strongly affect such movement in soils with high porosity and permeability. In other words, sandy and gravel types of soils are favorable for oil migration, but, for example, silty and clay soils are not. If the spill occurred on hard rocks, the movement of oil occurs, as a rule, along the cracks in them.

In conclusion, I would like to say that whatever the source of oil pollution, the harm from it is enormous. Environmental problems of oil refining, as well as oil production and transportation of raw materials and finished products are now relevant as never before. Therefore, at present, it is necessary to pay maximum attention to the development and implementation of environmentally friendly mining and processing technologies, as well as the use of the most effective means of protecting our environment.

Characteristics of the oil industry

Today, the oil industry of the world is one of the most important components of the world economy, and also has a great influence on the development of other industries. For many states, oil production and refining is the main source of income and an industry that determines the stability of the country's currency and domestic economy.

Definition 1

Extraction, processing, transportation, storage and sale of minerals, i.e. oil and oil products, refer to the branch of the economy, which is defined as the oil industry.

Oil is the only natural resource, during the processing of which you can get a wide variety of important products, such as: fuel, synthetic fabrics, all kinds of coatings, detergents, fuel oil. The composition of the oil industry is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Components of the oil industry. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The main regions where oil is produced include: Russia, the United States of America, Saudi Arabia.

Problems of the oil industry

The main challenges facing the oil industry include:

1. Insufficient provision of a number of the world's largest countries with oil reserves (USA, Great Britain, Norway, etc.). This problem necessitates an increase in exploration work, the use of alternative fuels, a policy aimed at resource conservation in all areas of activity, and the purchase of oil from other countries.
2. Increasing oil production in developing countries of the world. The oil authority of such countries as Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, Indonesia is growing. National companies of these countries are developing quite dynamically, which in the future means an increase in importance in the oil complex of the world.
3. Creation of independent oil refining companies in the USA and Western Europe. The competition between Western and Eastern companies in the petrochemical industry will give impetus not only to improving production technology, increasing the yield of petroleum products, but also to increasing the production of petroorganic synthesis products.
4. Oil shortage in the countries of the Far East, namely, Japan and China.
5. Fluctuations in world oil prices in recent years.
6. Social problems. The main one is the increase in fuel prices. This leads to an increase in public transport fares, food prices, etc.
7. Ecological problems. They represent one of the main problems of the oil industry. Often, emergencies occur during the extraction or transportation of oil, thereby causing great harm to the environment. It should also be noted that oil is a non-renewable raw material source, and its production leads to an additional increase in the surface temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, the development of the greenhouse effect, and the reduction of the ozone layer. The solution to the environmental problem will primarily be the deepening of oil refining, which will affect the rationality of its use and the state of the natural environment.

Importance of the oil industry in the global economy

In terms of economic and political significance, in terms of its scale, oil trade is one of the most important elements of world economic relations. Extraction and refining of oil require large investments, however, on the other hand, they significantly replenish the budget of a country that supplies oil to less industrialized countries.

The need of the world's population for refined products is so great that this type of mineral is constantly mined and used. Further development of energy in the world will lead to the fact that the share of oil in the world's fuel balance will be reduced, and oil will increasingly become a source for obtaining all kinds of industrial products. Studies by world geologists show that all the oil reserves available today will run out by 2034 if the rate of its production remains at the same level.

There are two main functions of oil: an energy carrier and a chemical raw material. The energy function of oil is extremely important: in road, sea, and air transport, fuel is used that was obtained from oil. It is impossible not to note the importance of oil as a chemical raw material, since it produces such a quantity of products as cannot be produced from any other mineral. At the same time, the development of new industries for the use of refined products does not stop.

Oil can be described as the most important strategic raw material, serving as the basis for the production of fuels and lubricants. Consequently, oil prices affect a wide range of sectors of the world economy. Movement in the stock markets depends on oil prices. This especially affects emerging markets that are focused on oil exports.

Remark 1

The largest oil companies in the world: Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom Neft, Saudi Aramco, National Iranian oil company, ExxonMobil and PetroChina.

The development of the modern oil industry is influenced by three negative fundamental factors:

1. Reducing global demand for petroleum products by several million barrels per day;
2. Increasing global production of alternative liquid hydrocarbons that do not require processing;
3. High profitability and full utilization of refineries before the crisis gave impetus to the initiation of new projects to expand capacity.

Thus, in developed countries factories will close and new projects will be curtailed. In turn, new modern oil refineries will be created in the developing countries of Asia. Especially the cancellation of projects will affect the United States and the countries of the European Union, whose policies are aimed at increasing the use of biofuels in the transport sector and the use of alternative types of engines. The following factors will influence the development of global oil refining in the future:

• Increasing demand for refined products in developing countries
• Increasing the growth rate of commissioning of new capacities in the oil refining process in countries with low costs;
• Processes of mergers and acquisitions of oil refineries
• Concentration on the production of innovative products.

Lutsenko Pavel

The research paper "The impact of motor transport on the ecology of the village" reveals the problem of air pollution from the exhaust gases of cars in the center of the village. This problem occurs every year during the summer. Having made "traps" of dust, as well as performing simple experiments and processing the result with mathematical calculations, Pavel proved this problem for his village.

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Municipal educational institution"Zavyalovskaya secondary school No. 1

Research work

Fulfilled : Lutsenko Pavel Konstantinovich

3rd grade student

MOU "Zavyalovskaya average

Zavyalovsky district" Altai Territory

Supervisor : Siver Alexandra Ivanovna

primary school teacher

MOU "Zavyalovskaya average

secondary school No. 1

Zavyalovsky District, Altai Territory

Zavyalovo

2012

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Working with Literature

1. car today
2. Air pollution from transport emissions 6
3. General information about Zavyalovsky district 8

Chapter 2. Practical part

2.1 Study of the number of vehicles in the territory

Zavyalova village 9

2.2 Examining the amount of harmful particulate matter generated

when the car engine is running 10

Conclusion 13

References 14

Appendix No. 1 15

Appendix No. 2 16

Appendix No. 3 17

INTRODUCTION

Relevance - As a result of human activity, many substances are emitted into the air - from invisible chemical elements to combustion products (soot). They travel great distances. The territory of our village Zavyalova is polluted by the products of combustion of fuel in car engines in the summer. It was at this time that there was a large number of vehicles in the village. This is due to the fact that on the territory of the district there is a resort area with therapeutic lakes. A large amount of exhaust gases, of course, should bring inconvenience to the residents of Zavyalovo. I was interested in this topic, and I decided to find out how much air is polluted in our village in the summer.

Hypothesis : the car is a source of environmental pollution in the center of the village

Target research work - to prove the problem of air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases in the village of Zavyalovo.

Research objectives:

1. Study the literature on the research topic.

2. Determine the degree of influence of vehicles on the airspace.

3. Prove that exhaust gases leave behind pollution.

4. Describe the research experiences of this work.

5. On the basis of the experiments carried out, draw a conclusion about the negative impact of exhaust gases on the purity of the air in our village.

Object of study- the process of air pollution by exhaust gases in the village of Zavyalovo in the summer.

Subject of study- airspace in the village of Zavyalovo.

Research methods– in my work I used such methods as observation, comparison, mathematical methods processing and presentation of the obtained data, photo essay.

CHAPTER 1. Working with Literature

1.1. car today

A car today is the best means of transportation, both in the city and off-road. But has it always been like this?

The invention of the automobile changed people's lives significantly. Today, the car park is growing faster than the population. At present, about 50 million cars leave the assembly lines of car factories around the world every year, i.e. on average, with two-shift work - 170 cars every minute! In the forty post-war years, the car park has grown more than tenfold and in 1987 it exceeded the half-billion milestone. In 1998, the car park grew to 700 million. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the car fleet had reached the billion mark. Almost all modern cars are equipped with internal combustion engines. With a relatively small mass, this engine develops significant power, is economical, fairly reliable, and runs on relatively inexpensive fuel. As the car park grew, a significant drawback of this engine began to appear - substances harmful to human health enter the surrounding air with exhaust gases. Each car emits more than 3 kg of harmful substances daily. When there were too many cars, the state of atmospheric air in large cities noticeably worsened.

1.2. Air pollution from transport emissions

Most forms of life living on Earth cannot exist without oxygen contained in the air. Air is an important condition for the life of humans, animals, and plants.

The air we breathe contains not only oxygen, but also many other gases. Most of all it contains nitrogen - 78%. Oxygen makes up 21%, and the remaining percentage is water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and noble One of the main causes of air pollution is the combustion of natural fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas.. A special place in this list is, of course,, transport . Gasoline used to start a car engine does not disappear anywhere, it decomposes into simpler substances. The largest amount of air pollutants is emitted with vehicle exhaust gases.Scientists have proveneach car emits about 200 different components into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. This number includes carbon monoxide, which is formed when fuel is burned at a low air content, such as in car engines. Carbon monoxide is a toxic substance that has a detrimental effect on living organisms, it interferes with the transport of oxygen by red blood cells. Particulate matter is also a form of air pollution. These are tiny particles of unburned fuel (soot) formed when engines are running. Combining with other pollutants and dust, they easily penetrate the human body, settling on the lungs, making breathing difficult and causing many diseases. Part of the exhaust gases from cars forms carbonic acid compounds. These incompletely burned fuel particles react with a gas called nitric oxide and are oxidized by ozone when exposed to sunlight. The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere protects all life on earth from ultraviolet solar radiation, but at the level of the earth's surface, ozone compounds with other gases irritate the eyes and lungs, cause bronchitis, destroy crops, and harm the animal world of the planet. .

Experts have found that one passenger car annually absorbs more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, emitting about 800 kg of carbon monoxide, about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of various hydrocarbons with exhaust gases.

According to scientific studies, the largest contribution to environmental damage is made by motor vehicles - 62.7%, the contribution of rail transport reaches 27.7%, air transport - 4.5%, sea transport - 3.6% and river transport - 1.5%. As we can see, in all types of negative impact, “leads” automobile transport. In 150 Russian cities, car emissions prevail over other sources of pollution.

Causes of air pollution from vehicles are: poor condition Maintenance cars, poor quality of fuel used, low percentage of environmentally pure species transport. Air pollution poses a serious threat to public health, contributes to a decrease in the quality of life, and causes irreparable harm to the ecology of our planet.

In many large cities in Russia, there is a problem of smog - a thick mixture of fog and smoke hanging in the air, formed from the exhaust gases of cars and emissions from coal and oil-fired factories. This problem and the "disease" of many cities in the Siberian District, including the Altai Territory. But also in countryside of our small homeland, we can observe a large amount of dirt and dust in the air, and the Zavyalovsky district is no exception.

Conclusion : the contradictions of which the car is “woven” are, perhaps, in nothing as sharply revealed as in the matter of protecting nature. On the one hand, it made life easier for a person, on the other hand, it poisons it in the truest sense of the word.

1.3. General information about the Zavyalovsky district

Zavyalovsky district is located in the eastern part of the Kulunda steppe. The total area of ​​the district is 222.4 thousand hectares. The village is located 250 km from the regional center of Barnaul, the area has an extensive network of roads. In physical and geographical terms, the region is part of the vast Kulunda lowland. The high latitudinal position, remoteness from the sea and the flatness of the territory are the main factors that influenced the formation of the region. Since ancient times, these places have been favorable for human settlement. The duration of human habitation is confirmed by the presence of more than three dozen archaeological sites, the oldest of which belongs to the final stage of the Stone Age, that is, they are at least five thousand years old.

The territory of the Zavyalovsky district is a flat forest-steppe, in the depressions of which there are numerous lakes (330 lakes). Almost all lakes have fresh water suitable for economic use. Among these lakes there is a pearl and pride of the region - Lake Salt (Bitter), which is located 8 km from Zavyalovo and is curative. In 1989, on January 20, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR recognized the area located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bSolenoye Lake as a resort .

Chapter 2. Practical part

2.1 Study of the number of vehicles on the territory of the village of Zavyalova in the summer

With the onset of summer holidays and vacations, tourists from all over Siberia (Tomsk, Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul) come to Zavyalovo to relax and improve their health on the lake. Salty. Every summer, the villagers watch a string of cars moving towards the resort area and this flow does not dry up until the end of August. Once I managed to see a column of 14 cars with Novosibirsk registration numbers. This is where my research began. I was interested in the question, how many tourists come to us in the summer and, accordingly, how many cars are with them?

At the very beginning of my research, I turned to the Committee for Tourism and Recreation of the Zavyalovsky District, where they told me that in the summer of 2011 about 45 thousand vacationers came to Lake Salt (for comparison, about 22 thousand people live in the area, and in the village of Zavyalovo - 8 thousand .). Without a doubt, we can assume that all the guests of the area came by car (see Appendix No. 2, photos No. 3, 4, 5). If in one passenger car If three people can arrive, then with the help of a mathematical exercise you can find out how many cars visited the area.

45k: 3=15k cars, came this summer to Zavyalovo.

One of the sunny summer days, I arrived in the center of the village to the trading house "Maria-ra" and counted the cars passing by me. In 10 minutes I managed to count 117 cars! (see Appendix No. 1, photo No. 1, 2) But each of the cars through the exhaust pipe emits harmful gases into the air.

Conclusion : in the summer, the number of vehicles in Zavyalovo increases sharply.

2.2 Studying the amount of harmful particulate matter generated during engine operation

In the theoretical part, I already talked about the fact that cars, along with toxic gases, emit particulate matter into the atmosphere, which is also a form of air pollution. These are tiny particles of unburned fuel (soot) produced when the engine is running.

To visually see how much exhaust dirt a car leaves behind, I did a simple study.

Study 1

I needed two white socks, and I also needed the help of my parents. Dad put one sock on the exhaust pipe of a car and started the engine at idle for exactly a minute. After that, we turned off the engine, waited for the exhaust pipe to cool down, took off the sock, turned it inside out and saw the dirt from the exhaust pipe (see Appendix No. 4, photo No. 8). Compared to the clean sock, this one was black and grey.This suggests that cars pollute the environment.

Before conducting this experiment, I turned to FSUE Zavyalovskaya Pharmacy with a request to weigh a clean sock on accurate electronic scales, after the experiment, the pharmacist weighed the dirty one. The results surprised me.

A clean sock weighed 10 grams 15 milligrams, and after we removed it from the exhaust pipe, it weighed 30 milligrams.

Trying to solve a math problem.

Condition : In one minute, a car throws out 30 milligrams of dirt. How much harmful soot is emitted by one car per engine hour, 1000 cars and 15 thousand cars per engine hour?

1. 30 mg * 60 min \u003d 1800 mg or 1.8 g of soot one car emits per hour of engine idling.
2. 1.8 g * 1000 cars \u003d 1800 g or 1.8 kg of soot are emitted from the exhaust pipes of 1000 cars at idle per hour of engine operation.
3. 1.8 kg * 15 \u003d 27 kg of soot emitted from the exhaust pipes of 15 thousand cars at idle per hour of engine operation

I tried to make it difficult andtried to find out about how much soot from the exhaust pipes left behind the cars of tourists this summer.

Condition : We know that 15 thousand cars came to Zavyalovo, which left behind 27 kg of soot from exhaust pipes in one hour of engine operation. How much unhealthy soot from exhaust pipes left behind the cars of tourists, if each of them was in the village for about 5 days and daily the car engine, for example, worked for about 3 hours.

1. 5 days * 3 hours = 15 hours the engine of each car of tourists worked in the summer.
2. 27 kg of soot * 15 hours = 405 kg of unhealthy soot from exhaust pipes left behind tourists' cars this summer in our village.

I would like to immediately note that the figure obtained is approximate, but still the results impressed me.

Particulate matter emitted from car exhausts is so small that it is difficult to see it with the naked eye, but as the previous experiment showed, there are a huge amount of them in the airspace.

Study 2

To prove this, I conducted another experiment to clearly demonstrate how polluted the air is in Zavyalovo in the summer. For this I needed:

1. Two sheets of thick white paper
2. Hole puncher
3. Twine
4. Petrolatum
5. magnifying glass

I drew a square grid on sheets of paper with a pen and each square turned out to be 1 cm in area. 2 , this simple trick later helped me determine how much dirt was collected in each square. Punch a hole on the edge of the sheets with a hole punch. I cut off a piece of twine and threaded it through the holes in the paper, tying the twine in a double knot so that it was securely attached to the paper sheet. I applied a thin layer of petroleum jelly to the paper (see Appendix No. 4, photo No. 7).

I hung one sheet of paper in the center of the c. Zavyalov, and the other in a residential area and left for the night. The next morning, I carefully examined the sheets, first with the naked eye, and saw that the paper had acquired a grayish tint. Then I took a magnifying glass (see appendix no. 3, photo no. 6) and examined the "dirt traps" more closely. I found a large accumulation of dirt and dust. Some of it landed on the paper sheet from the ground, but a larger amount is particles that have flown out of car exhaust pipes. Under a magnifying glass, you can see that the exhaust particles are darker in color than normal dirt and dust. These are products of combustion of fuel in a car engine. The squares contained from one to three black particles.

Each trap I got 216 cm 2 . In the one located in the center of the village, 167 cm were contaminated 2, but 49 cm 2 - clean. The one that was attached in the sleeping area turned out to be much cleaner: 33 cm 2 soiled, 183 cm 2 clean (see Appendix No. 5). These figures speak for themselves, the air in the residential area of ​​the village, where there are not so many cars, is much cleaner in summer than in the center.

Conclusion : thanks to research, I was able to prove that cars pollute the air we breathe, harm human health.

CONCLUSION

What is the world around us? These are the smiles of close people, the gentle hands of mom, the caring voice of dad, the funny pranks of younger brothers and sisters, the good advice of grandparents, friends with whom it is interesting to play football and ride bicycles, a house in which it is warm and comfortable, a forest after rain, where smells of mushrooms, snow on the roofs of houses, fresh air. There are many amazing things around us that need to be taken care of.

Once I watched a program on National Geographic, which talked about the fact that humanity has a detrimental effect on the ecology of the planet. I agree with this opinion. My research has shown that the automobile is not only one of the greatest inventions that makes life easier for people, but it is also one of the sources of environmental pollution. Now I understand that air pollution is an existing problem that is not easy to deal with, because people do not want to admit it, because when we go outside, we do not see that the air is dirty, it seems to us transparent and clean. In our village, this problem is no less acute than in a large city, especially in the summer, when a large influx of tourists travels to the resort area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lake. Salty. The center of the village of Zavyalova is polluted with exhaust gases, which, as the study showed, are emitted from the exhaust pipes of cars in large quantities.

Is it possible to find a way out of this situation? I think yes Keeping an engine "clean" is easy. It is only necessary to transfer it from gasoline to compressed air. But this idea did not stand up to criticism when it comes to car engines: you won’t go far on such a “fuel”.

Recently, the idea of ​​using pure hydrogen as an alternative fuel has become widespread. Interest in hydrogen fuel is explained by the fact that, unlike others, it is the most common element in nature.

I plan to continue next year. this work in a new direction - to study the impact of polluted air on the health of Zavyalovka residents

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Vladimirov N.V., Razgon N.N. Zavyalovsky district. Story. Events. People - Barnaul, 2000
2. Air pollution. // Galileo. Science by experience - monthly magazine, No. 4, 2011
3. Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world - an analytical yearbook. 2000
4. http:// www. genon.ru
5. http:// www. avtoistoria.narod.ru
6. http:// www. erudition.ru

ANNEX 1

Photo 1. Center of the village

Photo2 Center of Zavyalova village in summer, st. Yakovlev.

Photo 4. The center of the village of Zavyalova in the summer, st. Yakovlev.

APPENDIX2.

Photo 6. Examining exhaust gas traps.

APPENDIX 3

Photo 4. A sock removed from the exhaust pipe in comparison with a clean one.

Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world - Analytical Yearbook 2000. from 24.

1 The impact of the oil industry on the environment

1.1 Sources of pollution during well drilling. Sludge pits.

Complications and accidents while drilling a well is an integral but undesirable part of well construction. Complications and accidents one way or another occur when drilling any well.
Sources of pollution during well drilling can be conditionally divided into permanent and temporary.
The former include filtration and leakage of liquid drilling waste from sludge pits.
The second group includes sources of temporary action:
- absorption of drilling fluid during drilling; releases of reservoir fluid to the surface;
- violation of the tightness of the cemented annular space, leading to interlayer crossflows and behind-the-casing manifestations;
- flooding of the territory of the drilling rig due to floods during the spring flood or intensive snowmelt and spilling the contents of sludge pits (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Systematization of pollution sources during well drilling

The greatest danger to the natural environment is represented by production and technological drilling waste, which is accumulated and stored directly on the territory of the drilling rig. In their composition, they contain a wide range of contaminants of mineral and organic nature, represented by materials and chemicals used for the preparation and treatment of drilling fluids (for example: polyacrylamide (PAA), condensed sulphite-alcohol stillage (KSSB), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), FFA, VFS, DKS -extender, sypan, T-80) . There are up to 68 kg of polluting organic matter per 1 m3 of waste, not counting oil and oil products and mineral pollutants.
Creation of oil and gas wells accompanied by ........

List of used literature
1. "Environmental problems associated with oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.": abstract / Khanty-Mansiysk, 2007.
2. Melnichenko A.M. Complications and accidents when drilling oil and gas wells / Melnichenko A.M. - Samara, 2013.
3. Bykov I.Yu. Environmental protection during well construction / Bykov I.Yu., Gumenyuk A.S., Litvienko V.I. - Moscow: VNIIOENG, 1985. - 37 p.
4. Yagafarova G.G. Utilization of environmentally hazardous drilling waste / Yagafarova G.G., Barakhnina V.B. - Ufa: Oil and gas business, 2006.
5. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2093478 dated 10/20/97. Yagafarova G.G., Mavlyutov M.R., Barakhnina V.B. et al. A method for cleaning soil and water from oil, oil products and polymer additives in drilling fluid, B.I. No. 29. - 282 p.
6. An integrated system for handling drill cuttings using geo-container processing. Safonova N.A., Chertes K.L., Tupitsina O.V., Pystin V.N., Kalinkina K.D., Burlaka V.A., Bykov D.E. / Electronic scientific journal "Oil and Gas Business", 2012, No. 4 7. Justification of investments in the construction of a landfill for the disposal and processing of drilling and oil production wastes of JSC "LUKOIL-Kogalymneftegaz". T.1. General explanatory note. Surgut, 1996.
8. Maksimenko A.P. Assessment of soil pollutants - oil sludge pits. Krasnodar Territory / Maksimenko A.P., Gersh V.A. - Krasnodar: FGU "Krasnodar experimental forestry", 2010.
9. 9 Survey report, "TNK-Nyagan", Em-Egovskoye field, 2011.
10. Salnikova M. Reclamation of sludge pits: which method is more environmentally friendly? / Salnikova M. - Oil and gas educational center, 2013.
11. Reshetnikov V.G. Forest reclamation of sludge pits / Reshetnikova V.G. - Ural State Forest Engineering University, 2010.
12. Alexander Khurshudov A. I do not see any special technical problems in the reclamation of sludge pits? / Alexander Khurshudov. - Oil and gas educational center, 2013.
13. Berchatova A.A. Ecological problems of the oil industry / Berchatova A.A., Petrova E.Yu. - Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, 2003.
14. Fazylova T.Kh. The problem of oil pollution of the soil. / Fazylova T.Kh., Khaibullina E.G., 2014.
15. Chukhareva N.V. Cause Analysis emergencies in the operation of main pipelines in the conditions of the Far North in the period from 2000 to 2010 / Chukhareva N.V., Tikhonova T.V. -Electronic scientific journal "Oil and Gas Business", 2011, No. 3>