Formulate the 7 R's of logistics. Adapt this rule to warehouse logistics, to purchasing logistics, to transport logistics. Rules, principles and functions of logistics 6 rules of logistics

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SOCHI STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND RESORT BUSINESS

Faculty of Economics

TEST

by discipline:

"Logistics"

Option 1

Performed):

____________________

____________________

____________________

Record book number:

____________________

Checked:

____________________

1. Logistics as a science: definition, tasks, object, subject, rules of logistics

Logistics - an integrated system of active management of material flows based on the use of modern information technologies and optimization economic solutions, which considers material flows between economic entities and within them in unity and is aimed at achieving high final results of activity.

The purpose of logistics is to ensure the receipt (delivery) of products (goods) to the consumer at the right time and place at the lowest possible total cost of labor, material, financial resources.

Supply of materials, raw materials, finished products just-in-time has a favorable effect on the functioning of the entire economic system, which can significantly reduce inventories and the costs of their formation and maintenance, as well as the total costs of production and circulation. Logistics, like marketing, comes from the interests of the consumer.

The goal of logistics activities is considered to be achieved when six conditions are met:

desired product;

required quality;

delivered in the required quantity;

at the right time;

to the right place;

with minimal cost.

The object of study of logistics are the material and corresponding financial, information flows accompanying production and commercial activities.

Since the logistic approach requires the introduction of a new object of study (flow), we will give its definition. Flow is a system of movable objects, a set of elements perceived as a whole. The flow is characterized by the following parameters: start and end points, speed, time, trajectory, path length, intensity. Flow intensity - the number of flow objects passing through points per unit of time.

Logistics can deal with diverse flows of material, transport, financial, energy, information, human. Most often in logistics you have to deal with material flows.

material flow - a set of goods, parts, inventory, considered in the process of applying to it a number of logistics (transportation, warehousing) and technological (machining, assembly) operations.

The material flow is characterized by such processes as transportation, loading and unloading operations, product processing, warehousing and storage.

The subject of study of logistics is the optimization of material and corresponding financial, information flows accompanying production and commercial activities. System optimization is carried out from the position of a single whole, i.e. minimization of costs in the entire logistics system, and not in a separate block.

The logistics system includes such enlarged blocks as supply (purchase) with transport support (delivery of products to enterprises), production, marketing of products with transport support (delivery of products to consumers). In accordance with this, the following functional areas of logistics are distinguished: logistics associated with the procurement or purchase of products (procurement logistics, or procurement logistics); production logistics; logistics specializing in sales, sales of products (distribution logistics).

Activities in the field of logistics have an ultimate goal, which is called "six rules of logistics" :

1. Cargo- the right product.

2. Quality- required quality.

3. Quantity- in the required quantity.

4. Time- must be delivered at the right time.

5. Place- to the right place.

6. Expenses- at minimal cost.

The goal of logistics activity is considered to be achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product, the right quality, in the right quantity delivered at the right time to the right place with minimal cost.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are determined by the above ultimate goal of logistics management. Their classification and examples are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Classification and examples of tasks solved in logistics

Logistics operations- an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or using one technical device; a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and/or information flows. Logistics operations include packaging, loading, transportation, unloading, unpacking, picking, sorting, warehousing, packaging, etc.

Logistic function- this is an enlarged group of logistics operations that are homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations and differ markedly from another set of operations. The classification of the main functions of logistics is given in Table 2.

table 2

Classification of logistics functions

The above classification of LF allows us to distinguish the following functional areas (spheres) of logistics management: procurement logistics; production logistics; distribution logistics; transport logistics; inventory logistics; warehousing logistics; service logistics; information logistics.

2. Reengineering in logistics

The typical path to systems integration is through a process called reengineering (reorganization) of the logistics process . The main idea is that to assess the possible and necessary scale of integration. First of all, it is necessary to identify and study the stages of implementation of specific actions. There are no general rules that define the ideal, or even minimum, degree of reengineering. It all depends on the decisions and intentions of the management.

To review and analyze the effectiveness of performing certain actions, solving problems, using resources, managing individual functional areas, or even the operation of the entire logistics system, almost the same procedures are used.

All logistics reengineering programs share four common features. First, the goal is to increase the level of integration of some or all aspects of the activity under consideration. The analytical foundations of integration are the principles of system analysis. Secondly, a very important element of the reorganization is the critical comparison of the existing system with the best examples of industry practice and the perception of best practices. Thirdly, in order to achieve the desired effect of integration, it is necessary to carry out a “averaging”, or decomposition, of the corresponding types of activities. To do this, it is necessary to establish an assessment of the effectiveness and costs by type of activity. Finally, reengineering involves constant work on improving quality.

Activities in the field of logistics have an ultimate goal, which is called the "six rules of logistics":

Cargo is the right product.

Quality is the necessary quality.

Quantity - as required.

Time - must be delivered at the right time.

The place is the right place.

Costs - with minimal costs.

The goal of the logistics activity is considered to be achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product, the right quality, in the right quantity delivered at the right time to the right place with minimal cost.

Logistics functions

In the process of managing material flows in the economy, many different tasks are solved. These are forecasting of demand and production, and, consequently, the volume of transportation, the tasks of determining the optimal volumes and directions of material flows, the tasks of organizing warehousing, packaging, transportation, and many others. Let's take a look at who is responsible for these tasks. Material flows are formed as a result of the activities of various enterprises and organizations that produce and consume certain products, provide or use certain services. At the same time, the following enterprises and organizations play a key role in the management of material flows:

• -- public transportation companies, various forwarding companies;
• -- enterprises wholesale trade;
• -- commercial and intermediary organizations;
• - manufacturing enterprises, whose warehouses of finished products perform a variety of logistics operations.

The forces of these enterprises and organizations form material flows, the process of goods movement is directly carried out and controlled. Each of the listed participants in the logistics process specializes in the implementation of any group of logistics functions. In this case, the term "function" in the future will be understood as a set of actions that are homogeneous from the point of view of the purpose of these actions, and noticeably different from another set of actions that also have a specific purpose. The logistics function is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system.

Table 1 provides a list of the main logistics functions and their approximate distribution among the various participants in the logistics process. Each of these functions is a fairly homogeneous (in terms of purpose) set of actions. For example, the ultimate goal of all activities for the formation of economic relations is the establishment of business partnerships between various participants in the logistics process, i.e., the formation of links between elements of macrological systems. We note two characteristic features of the given complex of logistics functions: - all functions listed in Table 1 are interconnected and aimed at managing material flows. In other words, the whole complex of logistics functions, in the aggregate, is also subordinated to a single goal; - the carriers of the listed functions are the subjects participating in the logistics process. The criterion for the effectiveness of the implementation of logistics functions is the degree of achievement of the ultimate goal of logistics activities, expressed by six rules of logistics.

Table 1. The main logistics functions and their approximate distribution among the various participants in the logistics process

1. Logistics- the science of managing material flows from the primary source to the end consumer with minimal costs, connected with the movement of goods and the flow of information related to it (in exis-me). Object-threads, subject-management of flows.

Functions: logistics and electronic data processing, raw material purchasing, supply planning, product planning, product quality improvement, production planning and management, warehouse systems, sales planning, sales market marketing, service structure, customer service organization, financial planning, current finance activity, personnel system structure, personnel planning and management.

Stages of development of L.: 1) Analytical paradigm (economic marketing methods) 2) Marketing paradigm (customer orientation) 3) Integration paradigm (group of enterprises)

2. Stages of development of logistics

development factors: complicated market / economic system and increased requirements for the quality of the characteristics of distribution, the creation of flexible production systems. Procurement area (raw materials => warehousing =>); management of materials in the pr-ve (=> pr-in =>); the sphere of physical distribution (=> warehousing => customers) 1920-50 fragmentation (only the warehouse is engaged in the logistic department in the distribution area) 1950-70 formation (warehouse, customer, distribution area) 1970-80 development (everything except production) 1980 -90 integration (all)

3. material flow, types, units of measurement, example.

Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Mat. a flow is a set of inventory items related to a time interval, considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to them. The totality of resources of the same name, located all the way from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows that are formed at the enterprise constitutes the general material flow that ensures the normal functioning of the enterprise.

Allocate external and internal, incoming and outgoing mater. flows. Single-range, multi-assortment. The scale (mass large average small) of the MP dimensions: t/year, pcs/h, units/day, lm/hour, sq.m/year, etc.

4. information flow, types, units of measurement. example.

inf logistics organizes a data flow to accompany the flow of materials and connects the supply of production and sales.

(IP) does not always correspond to this MP, i.e. IP and MP can be synchronous and asynchronous.

IP - multiple messages circulating within the LAN or between it and the external environment and is intended for MP control. In this case, there is a collection, analysis, transformation, storage, search and dissemination of information.

example: waybills for the receipt of goods => point of identification of the receipt of goods => to the point of control of the logistic process (computer, data bank) => to the on-board computers of vehicles.

5.logistics concept. Its main points.

K is a system of views, this or that understanding of phenomena, processes.

Perfection Perspective System economic activity characterizes the concept of logistics by rationalizing the management of material flows. The main components of this concept are:

Implementation of the principle of a systematic approach

Making decisions based on economic trade-offs

Cost accounting throughout the entire supply chain (cost management for bringing MP from primary to final consumption.

Orientation to logistics as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. (In terms of their influence on income from the sale of goods.)

Material flow (MF) - a set of resources of the same name that are in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (warehousing - an elementary MF).

The set of elementary MPs that are formed at the enterprise make up a common mat. the flow that ensures the functioning of the enterprise. The MP has dimensions (volume, time, quantity, mass), the form of existence of the MP can be the turnover of the warehouse or the cargo flow (the number of goods transported by individual modes of transport from the point of departure to the point of destination for def.

time period).

The information flow (IP) does not always correspond to given. MP, i.e. IP and MP can be synchronous and asynchronous.

Logistic operation - a separate set of actions aimed at transforming IP or IP. A logistics operation can be material (transportation, warehousing, loading) and intangible (collection of data on MP, storage and transmission of data).

A logistics channel is a partially ordered set consisting of a supplier, consumer, carriers, intermediaries, insurers, etc.

A consumer or supplier in a market economy has the opportunity to choose according to various criteria using various methods for calculating ratings.

The production cycle is part of the logistics cycle (from launching an operation to complete production).

Logistic cycle - includes the scope of circulation. Logistics costs - the costs of performing logistics operations (warehousing, saving ...). According to eq. the content of logistics costs are:

A logistics system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions or operations, consists of subsystems, and has developed links with the external environment.

6. Logistic function is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals of the logistics system. Functions: basic (supply, production, sales), key (stock management, pr-ohm, transp, physical distribution), supporting (inf security, financial security) Forecasting, control, regulation can also be attributed to logistics functions.

7. systems approach in logistics. principles of a systematic approach

Traditionally, the system is based on the method of transition from the particular to the general.

Stages: 1) the formation of the goal of the subsystems; 2) the collection of information to characterize the goals for each subsystem; 3) the formation of subsystems. Logistic systems approach is based on the method from general to particular.

Stages: 1) the goal of the entire system is formed 2) the formation of the requirement cat must correspond to the system to achieve the goals 3) the formation of options for the system that meets the given requirements 4) the formation of the system

8. A logistics operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transformation of the material and information flow.

These include warehousing, transportation, packaging, etc. It distinguishes between external and internal logistics operations. External logistics operations include all activities in the field of supply and marketing of finished products, and internal - operations to manage the material flow in production. In addition, options can be unilateral or bilateral, associated with the transfer of ownership of the goods from one legal entity to another.

9. Seven rules of logistics:

the goods must be 1. required by the consumer 2. of the appropriate quality 3. in the required quantity 4. delivered at the right time 5. delivered to the right place 6. delivered at minimal cost 7. to the specific consumer

10. functional areas of logistics.

functions: logistics and electronic data processing, raw material procurement, supply planning, product planning, product quality improvement, production planning and management, warehouse systems, sales planning, sales market marketing, service structure, customer service organization, financial planning, current finance activity, personnel system structure, personnel planning and management.

12. Logistics system

Recognition: The system must consist of several objects. All emails must be related. The system must have a structure. Must have quality, the cat does not have any e-t. LS is an adaptive feedback system, consisting of a plurality of electronic devices that perform certain logistic functions, having developed connections with the external environment. Input (resources, tasks) => LS => output (production) + feedback and air of the external environment.

13. Information logistics systems: types, composition, features.

An information process is a process in which information is considered as the main object with a certain sequence of changes. In this case, there is a collection, analysis, transformation, storage, search and dissemination of information.

During the information process in the logistics system, the following functions are implemented: collection; analysis and transformation; accumulation and storage; transportation of information; filtering the flow of information, i.e. selection of data and documents necessary for this or that level of management;

Logistics Information Systems are relevant information networks that start with day-to-day customer requirements and extend through distribution and production to suppliers. Groups: 1) ILS for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (the so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize links in the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks.

2) ILS for decision-making in the medium and short term (dispositive or dispatching systems). We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of intra-factory transport, stocks of finished products, the provision of materials and contract deliveries, the launch of orders for production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require interactive processing (on-line) due to the need to use as up-to-date data as possible. The dispositive system prepares all the initial data for decision-making and records the current state of the system in the database.

3) ILS for the execution of daily activities (the so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of government, but sometimes also contain some elements of a short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems is the speed of processing and fixing the physical state without delay (ie, the relevance of all data), so in most cases they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about warehouse management and inventory control, preparation of dispatch, operational management of production, management of automated equipment.

14. Macrologistic and micrologistic systems.

Macrolog: global (state, interstate, transcontinent); according to the administrative territory of the recognition (district, gogodsk, regional, republics); according to departments and industries (transport, military, trade) By type of connection supply and demand: Echeloned Supplier => intermediary => consumer; Flexible (with or without an intermediary) Micrological: external (supply and sales), internal, integrated (external + internal).

15. supply logistics: main tasks and ways to solve them.

Supply - provide the pr-I with raw materials, mater, goth prod-th for the uninterrupted work of the pr-va. Main tasks: uninterrupted supply, search for supplies and establishing long-term cooperation with them, improving the quality of supplies, developing and coordinating communications between the supply service and others. Costs: for placing an order, for issuing an order, for administration and management

Solutions: 1. Maintaining reasonable terms for the purchase of raw materials, materials and components.2. Ensuring that the quantity of supplies exactly matches the needs for them. 3. Compliance with production requirements for the quality of raw materials, materials and components.

Functions: formation of a strategy for the acquisition of material resources and forecasting the need for them; receiving and evaluating proposals from potential suppliers; selection of suppliers; determining the need for material resources and calculating the quantity of ordered materials and products; agreeing on the price of ordered resources and concluding supply contracts; control over the delivery of materials; input quality control of material resources and their placement in the warehouse; bringing material resources to production units; maintenance of stocks of material resources in warehouses at the normative level.

17. Types of needs in mat res-x, methods of definition of consumption.

General needs - total consumption in raw materials, materials, etc. for the release of the program (gross). Net consumption - full consumption minus stocks in warehouses, workshops and goods in transit (net). Primary - communication with the product, which is produced under the conclusion of supply contracts. Secondary - included in the production plan, but not yet provided with contracts. Tertiary - consumption in auxiliary mats for production. Supply organization factors: 1. Type of consumption 2. Divided demand according to the Pareto prince (80/20 + ABC analysis)

18. Production logistics. "Pulling" and "pushing" logistics systems.

Mater cond. - such a service, the cat increases the cost of the mater good. Nemater good - science, images, art. Societies pr-in: mater pr-in (pr-in material of goods; pr-in mater of services), nemater pr-in (pr-in nemat of goods; nemat of services). Main task L mater pr-va: optimiz mater and accompanying flows in pr-ve. Push type (MRP) material warehouse => prepare shop => parts shop => assembly shop => warehouse ready prod. Pros: Reduced excess inventory. Reduced overall logistics costs. Availability of information about the state of affairs in each link. The system can fend off a failure by redistributing the capabilities of the links. Cons: Cumbersome and unable to respond to short-term fluctuations in demand. Expensive computer support. The inevitability of failures. "Pull" type drugs: supply of mater from supplier<= склад матер<= загот цех<= цех деталей<= сборочн цех<= склад готов прод-ии<= СУ<= рынок Первая сис-ма «тянущ» - японск KANBAN, СУ команд только последн звеном.Высок дисципл и отв-ть. Америк JIT(just in time) Порсчитыв до секунды. Дисципл зависит от контроля.

The MCI concept includes 3 stages: 1) program planning of sales plans, taking into account production plans, etc. 2) distribution of materials, taking into account the remnants. 3) purchase management.

S-ma MRP1, MRP2, was developed in the 60s. KANBAN - translated means card. For the first time, s-ma was developed by Toyota Motors, in the early 60s.

2 types of plastic cards serve as a means of transmitting information in this s-me: 1) a selection card, in which the number of parts indicated is indicated, which was taken in the previous processing or assembly section . 2) Card of the production order, in which the number of parts indicated, which was manufactured or assembled in the previous section.

19. The nature of the effect obtained from the logistic approach.

1.Dramatically reduce inventory. 2. Acceleration of work and turnover turnover of the middle-in. 3. Turning supplies into partners' goodwill 4. Increased response and => quality of the entire system. 5. Reduce equipment downtime 6. Reduce wastage of materials. 7. Reduction of injuries.

20. Stocks. Types of stocks, their features and order.

Having a margin can be seen as both a positive and a negative point. Stocks - a reserve of values ​​org-ii. Inventory management is a process of forecasting, normalizing, planning, organizing, controlling, stimulating and regulating the timing and volume of issuing orders for replenished inventory norms in the “purchase - production - distribution” drugs. Main tasks: 1) determine the size of the required stock (stock rate); 2) the creation of a system for managing the actual size of the stock and replenishing it in a timely manner in accordance with the oral norm in order to minimize the cost of moving the material flow in the LAN. The set of rules for the cat will make decisions, called the inventory management strategy. A strategist who minimizes costs is called optimal. The search for opt strata is the subject of inventory management theory. Types: technological and transitional (moving from one part of the system to another); stocks of one batch of goods (cyclical); reserve. Types: raw materials, objects of labor, semi-finished products, assembly units, ready to be sold. Manufacturing and commodity. Current, preparatory, warranty, seasonal, passing.

21. Inventory management systems in logistics.

Logistician. syst. upr zap-mi is designed for the purpose of non-stop supply of the needs of some kind. type of material resource. Realiz. this goal is achieved by solving the following tasks: 1. accounting for the current level of stock in warehouses of various levels; 2.def. the size of the guarantee (insurance) stock; 3.calculation of the size of the order; 4.def. time interval between orders. They solve the tasks set for the trace of the system (when there are no deviations from the zapl-s pok-s and the reserves are consumed evenly): 1) (basic) syst. ex. zap-mi with a fixed size of the order: the order is strictly fixed and does not change under any conditions, the volume of purchases must be both rational and optimal => optimization criterion - minimum scoop-s storage costs. stocks and repeat order. Optimal the size of the order (ORZ) is calculated according to f. Wilson ORZ = \/ (2AS / ik), where A is the cost of supplying a unit of order, its prod, rub; S- consumption in the ordered product, pcs; I - cost. for storage units of the order-its prod, rub / piece; k-coefficient, teaches the rate of replenishment of the order in the warehouse. Guaranteed (fear) stock allows you to ensure the consumption for the time of the expected delay in delivery (according to the possible target, the max possible target is assumed), the threshold stock level is the stock level when the cat is reached a regular order is made, the maximum desired stock is determined to separate the expedient loading of areas in terms of critical minimization of scoops; 2) (main) syst. ex. app. with fixed time interval between orders - orders are made at strictly defined points in time, lagging behind. from each other at equal intervals, calculation int. temp. between orders: I=N:(S/ORZ), N-number of working days per year, days. Because constantly recalculated by the param yavl Order Size, then RZ = MZHZ-TZ + OP, MZHZ-iaks desired = th stock, TK-current zap, OP-expected consumption during posting; 3) syst. from the mouth the period of replenishment of stocks to a constant level - a guide to work with significant fluctuations in consumption, this system is incl. includes elements of the system 1) (tracking the threshold level of stocks) and 2) (the established frequency of ordering); 4) sist. “minimum-maximum” - (also contains elements of systems 1) and 2)) oriented to the sit-tion, when the costs of accounting for reserves and the costs of issuing orders are so significant that they become commensurate with losses from a shortage of reserves, so in syst. orders are made only on the condition that the stocks in the warehouse at that moment turn out to be equal to or less than the set min level. The main methods are determined. stock norms: heuristic, statistical, smoothing method (forecasting).

22. Warehousing. Types of warehouses, their equipment.

Under the warehouse we mean buildings, structures, equipped with special technological equipment, automation, mechanization for the implementation of certain functional operations.

The main functions of the warehouse: 1. Creation of the necessary assortment in accordance with the consumer order. 2 Concentration of stocks, their storage and storage. 3.Unitization of cargoes (combining small cargoes into a larger batch) 4.Provision of services to the client: packaging of products; filling and unpacking containers; checking the functioning of devices; giving a presentation; transp-but-forwarding services; primary processing. Main warehouse operations: 1. unloading Transport; 2. acceptance of post-their cargoes by quantity and quality; 3.placement of goods for storage; 4. Selection of goods from storage places; 5. Loading the vehicle. Purpose of logistics. warehousing works: optimization of logistician. flows in the warehouse. Types of warehouses, in contrast to their place in the logistics chain: 1. Supply log warehouses; 2. Production log warehouses (tools, WIP, devices); 3. Distribution log warehouses: -distributing warehouses of production; -wholesale warehouses; - warehouses retail.4. Warehouses of transport organizations (air terminals, river, sea).

Warehouses are different. by type of storage buildings (by design): open areas, semi-closed (canopy), closed (main type of storage facilities). The building itself can be multi-storey and single-storey, which, depending on the height, are divided into ordinary (height is usually 6 m), high-rise (more than 6 m), adjacent to a high-altitude storage zone (the height of the storage zone is higher than other zones) . The priority direction is the construction of one-storey warehouses. One of the main goals of the system development is to achieve the maximum utilization of warehouse space and volume. Distinguish a trace of the basic "standard sizes" of warehouses: 600; 800; 1000 and up to 25,000 m2. Moreover, the larger the area of ​​​​the warehouse, the easier and more rationally the m / w is placed technologist. equipment under the storage of cargo and the use of technical equipment, and there are possibilities for increasing the level of fur.

23. Loading unit in logistics: characteristics and formation.

Cargo. Unit - this is an element of an end-to-end logistics process, a certain number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass. Significantly har-mi load th unit yavl.: 1) dimensions; 2) the way to preserve the integrity and geometric shape during logistics operations: the way the cargo unit to maintain integrity was achieved by the packaging operation, i.e. formworld-e on the pallet of base modules. 2 types of cargo. unit: primary - cargo in transport containers (boxes); enlarged - a cargo package formed on a pallet from primary cargo units.

The costs associated with loading, unloading and transporting gr. units are inversely proportional to its mass and, accordingly, size. When choosing the size of a gr.unit, a compromise is necessary.

Huge importance in the warehouse system is given to the definition of the optimal type and size of the carrier, on which the warehouse cargo unit is formed. Such commodity carrier m / w: rack, mesh, box, flat pallets and semi-pallets. The choice of a carrier is influenced by: - ​​the type and dimensions of packaging and transport containers; - order picking system; - turnover of goods; -applied technological equipment for scadir cargo; - features of lifting and transport machines and mechanisms, servicing their warehouse. Packages - combining cargo with a pallet using shrink film; +: tilt up to 350, reduced. the likelihood of theft, the cheapness of the process.

24. Transport logistics: main tasks and methods for their solution.

Transportation of goods to change the location of goods-material values ​​with the help of Vehicle. Transport is a part of the logistics process and belongs to the production of material services. According to the purpose, they distinguish between external (in the log. supply channels - sales) and internal (internal) transportation. Both types of transportation are interconnected and form the transport system of the enterprise. Key. the role of transport in logistics is explained by the large share of transport costs in logistics costs, which account for up to 50% of the total logistics costs. Material flow management in the process of transportation and organization of transportation of goods is the sphere of transport logistics. Tasks of transport logistics: creation of transport systems; joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport (in the case of multimodal transport); ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process; choice of method of transport and transport means; determination of ration-x delivery routes. Routes: pendulum (with return), ring (delivery, prefabricated, prefabricated), combined (pendulum + rings).

25. The main advantages and disadvantages of rail, road, water, air and pipeline transport.

The task of choosing the mode of transport is solved in conjunction with other tasks of logistics, such as creating and maintaining an optimal level of stocks, choosing the type of packaging, etc. The basis for choosing the mode of transport that is optimal for a particular transportation is information about the characteristic features of various modes of transport.

There are the following types of transport: railway; nautical; internal water (river); automobile; air; piping.

There are 6 factors influencing the choice of the type of transport: delivery time, frequency of shipment, reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule, the ability to transport different cargoes, the ability to deliver cargo to any point in the territory, the cost of transportation.

An expert assessment of the significance of these factors shows that when choosing a vehicle, first of all, they take into account: reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule; time of delivery; transportation cost.

26. Use of automated identification of bar codes in logistics.

27. Methodological apparatus of logistics. Applied research and calculation methods.

The main methods used to solve scientific and practical problems in the field of logistics include methods of system analysis, methods of the theory of operations research, cybernetic approach and forecasting. The use of these methods allows predicting material flows, creating integrated systems for managing and monitoring their movement, developing logistics service systems, optimizing stocks and solving a number of other problems.

28. The main types of tasks and features of their solution in logistics.

The 80/20 Rule: “Imagine dropping 100 coins. 80 of the cats were found very quickly, but it takes more and more time to search for each next one, because. the search radius is expanding, the grass on the lawn is of different heights and densities, etc. The time spent on searching for one coin increases, and, finally, there comes a moment when the specific time spent on searching for one coin exceeds its cost. We must remember this and stop in time.” The number of nomenclature stocks at the enterprise is quite large. They can mean different, both in cost and units, and in scoop, we stand in a certain position. Stocks can be divided into 3 groups, while the following trend is observed: the stock items of the most expensive group are much less than the average, and the average is much less than the cheapest. ABC - analysis (a graph is plotted for OH: A, B, C and their% you, respectively; according to DU, the cost of reserves, then an age semi-parabola is drawn from O). th goods, in the total cost approx. 80% (vertically), number of nomencl th positions approx. 20% (horizontally); B - goods with an average price, the composition in the total cost is approx. 15%, the number of item items is approx. 30%; C - goods with a low price, the total cost is 5%, the number of items is 50%. Recommendations for the use of inventory management models in accordance with the ABC classification: A - Model management. app. With an established period of replenishment of the zap th to the post th ur, a model with a fix. order size; V - m with fmks. The size of the order, m with a fixed int-ohm BP between the orders; S - m with a fixed time interval between orders, m control of records by min-max and with a constant period of replenishment of records.

When managing zap, it is also necessary to take into account the nature of the consumption of zap, as well as the accuracy of predicting changes in their consumption. XYZ - analysis, where X is a group, characterized by a stable value of consumption and high accuracy of the forecast of the consumption period; Y - resources, consumption in which is characterized by known trends and average accuracy of forecasting changes in consumption; Z - is used irregularly, it is quite difficult to predict the amount of consumption. It is difficult to recommend a procurement model for this type of classification, since we cannot accurately correlate the costs of purchases, storage, inventory and shortages. But this class, together with the class. ABC allows you to divide the reserves into 9 blocks, each of the cats has two characteristics: the cost of the reserves and the accuracy of the forecast of the costs for them.

Combination of ABC and XYZ results - classifier (table XYZ on top, ABC on the left, in the cells of their “merger”): Categories CX, CY, CZ are managed in the same way in practice, usually the plan for such reserves occurs for a year, with a hedgehog-oh wire-oh availability in stock. For the categories BX, BY, BZ there are coincidences (according to the terms of the plan) and different (according to the methods of delivery). AX, AY, AZ worked out individual methods of control. For AX, for example, you can calculate the optimal purchase size and apply a model with a fixed order size. For AZ, this can be done low, so you will have to form a reserve stock and use the inventory management model with a set replenishment period to the post-th level.

30. Logistics modeling. Types of logistics models.

Various modeling methods are widely used, i.e. research of logistics systems and processes by building and studying their models. Under the logistic model I mean any image (abstract or material) of the logistic process or logistic system used as their substitute. The main goal of modeling is to predict the behavior of the system. Key question: "WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF...?" The essence of any model is the degree of completeness of the similarity of the model to the object being modeled. On this basis, all models can be divided into isomorphic ones (including all the characteristics of the original object that can, in essence, replace it; if it is possible to create and observe an isomorphic model, then our knowledge of the real object will be accurate, we can accurately predict the behavior of the object) and homomorphic (the basis is an incomplete, partial similarity of the model to the studied object, some aspects of the functions of the real object are not modeled at all => the construction of the model and the interpretation of the results of the study are simplified; absolute similarity does not take place).

A trace of a recognized classifier is the materiality of the model => material (reproduce the main geometric, physical, dynamic and functional characteristics of the studied phenomenon or object. For example, reduced models of wholesale trade enterprises, technological planning , schemes of cargo flows) and abstract (divided into symbolic and mathematical). Symbolic models include language and sign models.

Language models are verbal models, the cat is based on a set of words (dictionary), cleared of ambiguity, called the "thesaurus". In it, only a single concept can correspond to each word, while in an ordinary dictionary, several concepts can correspond to one word. Symbolic models: if you introduce a symbol of individual concepts, i.e. signs, and also agree on operations between these signs, then you can give a symbolic description of the object.

Mathematical modeling is the process of establishing correspondence to a given real object of some mathematical object, called a mathematical model. In logistics, 2 types of mathematical modeling are widely used: analytical (this is a mathematical technique for researching logistics systems that allows you to get accurate solutions) and simulation (patterns that determine the nature of quantitative relations within logistics processes remain unknown. Determining the conditions under which the result satisfies the requirements is the goal of working with a simulation model).

31. Simulation modeling of logistics systems: essence, advantages and disadvantages.

In simulation modeling, the experimenter "turns the knobs" of the simulation model, while changing the conditions of the process and observing the result. Determining the conditions under which the result satisfies the requirements is the goal of working with a simulation model.

The simulation model includes 2 main processes: 1) - designing a model of a real system, 2) - setting up experiments on this model. In this case, the following goals can be pursued: a) understand the behavior of the logistics system; b) choose a strategy that ensures the most efficient functioning of the logistics system.

The simulation model is carried out with the help of computers. Simulation models allow you to simply take into account random effects and other factors that create difficulties in analytical research. In simulation modeling, the process of the system functioning is reproduced in time. The elementary phenomena that make up the process are simulated with the preservation of their logical structure and sequence of flow in time.

Simulation modeling has a number of significant drawbacks: 1) research using this method is expensive; 2) the possibility of false imitation is great.

32. Distribution logistics: tasks, methods for their solution.

The distribution of the log is an important part of the log system, providing the most effective organization of the distribution of the produced products. It covers the entire chain of the distribution system (marketing, transport, storage, etc.). In the strategy of distribution logistics, there are 2 most important aspects: the study of market needs and the methods of naib. complete satisfaction of these needs. Reacting to changes in market conditions has become a vital necessity. This reaction is possible only in the case of the effect of the function of the information flow and the system. informational log-ki. Radical ways that give the effect of subordinating the market (mainly for large companies) are integration measures. Depending on external conditions, the leading one is selected (combined with a company that uses the production of the parent computer), reverse (acquisition of supplying firms by the producers of raw materials) or horizontal (providing a larger share of the company in the market ) integration. “Technology Portfolio” is a set of reserve technologies connected with the goal of maximizing income (development of methodological foundations for building a portfolio model of production and technology).

33. Logistics channel, logistics chain, link in the logistics chain.

A logistics channel is a partially ordered set of various intermediaries that bring the material flow from a particular manufacturer to its consumers.

(horizontal, vertical): Supplier => distributor => dealer => customer

A logistics chain is a linearly ordered set of participants in a logistics process that carry out logistics operations to bring an external material flow from one logistics system to another.

A link in the logistics system is some economically and functionally separate object that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task of analyzing or building a logistics system, fulfilling its local goal associated with certain logistics operations or functions. Links of the logistics system can be. three types: generating, transforming and absorbing (enterprises-suppliers of material resources, manufacturing enterprises, sales, trade organizations, etc.). A logistics chain is a set of links in a logistics system that are linearly ordered (optimized) according to the material (information, financial) flow in order to design a certain set of logistics functions and (or) costs.

34. Choosing the optimal location of the distribution center according to the criterion of minimum reduced costs.

35. Choosing the optimal location of the distribution center with the help of material modeling of the logistics system.

The method is based on the "rule thumb”, i.e. on the preliminary rejection of obviously unacceptable options. The expert, working in an interactive mode with a computer, analyzes the transport network of the area and excludes unsuitable options from the task of the machine - the problem is reduced to alternatives that need to be evaluated. There remain controversial options on which the expert does not have an unambiguous opinion. For these variants, the computer performs calculations according to the full program.

36. Selection of the optimal location of the distribution center by the method of finding the center of gravity and the trial point method.

Used to determine the location of a single distribution center. The method is similar to determining the center of gravity of a physical body. A plate is cut out of light sheet material, the contours of which follow the boundaries of the service area. On this plate, at the locations of consumers of the material flow, loads are strengthened, the weight of which is proportional to the amount of flow consumed at a given point. The model is then balanced. If the distribution center is located at a point in the district, which corresponds to the center of gravity of the manufactured model, then transportation costs for the distribution of material flow in the district will be minimal. The application of the method has a limitation. On the model, the distance from the point of consumption of the material flow to the location of the distribution center is taken into account in a straight line - the simulated area must have a developed network of roads, since the basic principle of modeling will be violated - the similarity of the model and the simulated object.

37. Commercial log-ka. Types of trading intermediaries.

Dealer - a wholesale (less often retail) intermediary conducting operations on its own behalf and at its own expense. The goods were purchased by them under the delivery dog. Dealers - 1) Exclusive (the only representatives of the manufacturer) and 2) authorized (cooperate with the manufacturer on a franchise basis). Distributor - wholesale. and rozn. an intermediary conducting operations on behalf of the manufacturer and at his own expense. He is not his own product (he acquires the right to sell products - a supply contract). Commission agent - wholesale. and rozn. An intermediary who conducts operations on his own behalf and at the expense of the manufacturer. He didn't appear. own production. Agent - an intermediary acting as a representative or assistant of another person (principal) who is the main person in relation to him. Agents - 1) Universal (perform legal actions on behalf of the principal and 2) general (conclude transactions specified in the contract). Brokers are intermediaries in concluding transactions, bringing counterparties together. Do not own products and do not dispose of them as agents, distributors or commissioners. They operate on the basis of individual orders. Rewarded only for products sold.

38. Service in the log-ke. Service types.

Service - work on the provision of services (satisfying costs). Show-l, characteristic assessment of the service, called. level of service to meet consumer demand. The object of the service is the consumers of the mat. flow. The service is carried out either by the manufacturer itself, or by the enterprise, specializing in the field of service.

Types of service: 1) Service to meet demand; 2) From the provision of production services; 3) From the after-sales service; 4) From the information service; 5) From the financial credit. service

39. The optimal level of service, its definition.

An important criterion that allows evaluating the service system, both from the position of the supplier and the recipient of services, is the level of logistics services.

The calculation of this indicator is performed according to the following formula:

M where η is the level of logistics service;

M - quantitative assessment of the theoretically possible volume of logistics services;

m is a quantitative assessment of the volume of logistics services actually provided.

To assess the level of logistics services, the most significant types of services are selected, that is, services, the provision of which is associated with significant costs, and refusal - with significant losses in the market.

The level of service can be assessed by comparing the time to perform the logistics services actually provided during the supply process with the time that would have to be spent if the entire range of possible services were provided in the same supply process.

40. The sequence of actions for the formation of a logistics service system.

Segmentation of the consumer market, i.e. its division into specific groups of consumers for each of which may be required certain services according to consumption patterns. -Determination of the list of the most significant services for buyers. -Ranking of services included in the compiled list. Focusing on the services that matter most to customers. -Determination of service standards in the amount of individual market segments. - Evaluation of the services provided, establishing the relationship between the level of service and the cost of the services provided, determining the level of service necessary to ensure the competitiveness of the company. -Establish feedback with buyers to ensure that services meet the needs of buyers.

The resources of the company are concentrated on providing customers with identified, most important services for them.

The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows:
product - the right product place - in the right place time - at the right time
quantity - in the required quantity quality - of the required quality
The sixth rule of logistics is formulated:
1) costs - with minimal costs6 +
2) transport - the right mode of transport
3) container - in the required container 4) completeness - correct completeness

4. Which of the following methods for determining the location of a distribution warehouse is unnecessary?
1) method for determining the center of gravity
2) trial point method
3) test lines method6 +
4) partial enumeration method

5. Which of the following statistical coefficients is used in XYZ analysis?
1) correlation coefficient 2) the coefficient of variation 6 +
3) regression coefficient 4) dynamics coefficient

6. Select the correct number indicating the instruction on the procedure for accepting production and technical products and consumer goods by quantity:
1) P-8 2) P-7 3) P-6+ 4) P-5

7. Which part of the warehouse receives goods during non-working hours?
1) receiving area 2) unloading area
3) acceptance expedition6+ 4) storage area

8. Which of the following values ​​does not apply when calculating the required storage area:
1) annual cargo turnover
2) daily cost of using the cargo space of a rented warehouse6 +
3) the number of working days in a year 4) the size of the stock in days of turnover

9. Which of the approaches does the method of layered construction of a product belong to?
1) deterministic6 + 2) stochastic
3) heuristic 4) none of the above

10. Which of the following groups has the following characteristics: the most expensive, well predictable, fairly stable consumption?
1)AY6+ 2) CY 3) BZ 4) AZ

11. What is the object of study in logistics?
1) processes performed by trade
2) material and corresponding information flows6 +
3) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services
4) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation

12. The most expensive of the transportation is the transportation of ... transport.
1) railway 2) aviation6 +
3) automobile 4) water

13. By how many methods can the procedure for issuing an order for replenishment of the warehouse be carried out?
1) one 2) two 3) three6 + 4) four

14. The Pareto rule is also called the rule...
1) 20/20 2) 20/80 + 3) 40/40/20 4) 20/60

15. How many basic network topologies are there?
1) 4 2) 3 + 3) 2 4) 1

16. Select one condition under which the method of carrying out the order procedure "On stock availability" is applied:
1) the volume and interval of receipts are not constant
2) lack of stocks is unacceptable6 +
3) filling the warehouse according to the established maximum
4) high risk warehousing

17. Which of the modes of transport has the property of continuity of delivery?
1) automotive 2) pipeline6 +
3) railway 4) water 5) air

18. Which of the following components is not included in Andler's formula?
1) cost of obtaining an order 2) net - need
3) minimum shipment quantity6 + 4) total costs for warehousing

19. A sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is:
1) natural - material composition 2) attitude to the logistics system6 +
3) the degree of compatibility of the cargo 4) the consistency of the cargo

20. Which analysis is based on the Pareto rule?
1) SWOT - analysis 2) ABC - analysis6 +
3) SPACE - analysis 4) XYZ - analysis

1. Logistics is...

a) organization of transportation; b) entrepreneurial activity;

c) the science and art of material flow management; d) the art of commerce.

2. The object of research in logistics is ...

a) the processes carried out by the trade;

b) material and corresponding information flows;

c) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services;

d) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation.

3. The task of micrologistics is ...

a) organizing the delivery of goods to the Far North, first by river and then by sea;

b) ensuring consistency in the actions of the supplier, buyer and transport organization;

c) organization of cargo handling in a large seaport.

4. The strongest influence on the development of logistics has ...

a) computerization of process control in the areas of production and circulation;

c) improvement of the tax system; d) an increase in the population in the region.

5. Logistic function is...

a) a set of elements that are in relationship with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity;

b) set various kinds activities in order to obtain the required amount of cargo in the right place, at the right time, at minimal cost;

c) an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals of the logistics system;

d) a system of measures for a comprehensive study of the market.

6. The unit of measurement of the material flow is ...

a) ruble; b) cubic meter; c) the number of tons per square meter (t / m 2);

d) ton; e) piece; f) the number of tons passing through the section per unit of time (t/year).

7. Material flow is ...

c) a product having a material form, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it in a given time interval;

d) material products awaiting entry into the process of industrial or personal consumption, or into the process of sale

8. Logistics operation is...

a) an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or with the help of one technical device;

b) having a material form of products, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it in a given time interval;

c) material products awaiting entry into the process of industrial or personal consumption or into the process of sale.

9. A sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is ...

a) attitude to the logistics system;

b) the natural-material composition of the cargo moving in the stream;

c) the amount of cargo; d) degree of cargo compatibility; e) cargo consistency.

10. For the logistics service, the criterion for choosing a variant of the organization of goods movement is ...

a) the optimal level of customer service;

b) minimum purchase costs; c) minimum costs for the maintenance of stocks;

d) minimum transportation costs.

11. The purpose of logistics can be expressed in six rules. The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows: a) the right product the right product b) the right place at the right place c) the right time at the right time

d) quantity in the required quantity e) quality of the required quality

The sixth rule of logistics is formulated: …

a) the color of the desired color b) costs with minimal costs

c) transport by the correct mode of transport d) tare in the right tare e) weight of the right weight

12. Below are a number of statements, of which the following applies to production logistics: ...

a) rational placement of distribution centers in the area minimizes the amount of storage and transport costs;

6) the unit cost of storing goods is the lower, the faster stocks are turned over;

c) a trading and intermediary firm makes a 40% mark-up on the cost of goods;

d) the company switched to the release of only those products for which there is an order.

13. The most essential prerequisite for the use of logistics in business practice is ...

a) increased competition in the commodity market;

b) improving the production of certain types of goods;

c) improvement of the tax system; d) population growth.

14. A pull system in logistics is called ...

a) a production organization system in which semi-finished parts are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next in accordance with a centrally generated production schedule;

b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as needed (there is no rigid schedule);

c) a system of inventory management in the channels of the sphere of circulation, in which the decision to replenish stocks in peripheral warehouses is made centrally;

d) a marketing strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of commodity stocks at wholesale and retail trade enterprises.

15. A push system in logistics is called ...

a) a system of inventory management in the channels of the sphere of circulation with a decentralized decision-making process on replenishment of stocks;

b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as needed (there is no rigid schedule);

c) a marketing strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of commodity stocks in wholesale and retail trade enterprises;

16. Continuous tracking of the movement and change of each flow object, as well as the operational adjustment of its movement are a manifestation of the principle ... of logistics

a) systematic; b) scientific; c) constructiveness; d) specificity.

17. They don’t form a system ...

a) three strangers living in the same house in the city;

b) three friends living in different cities; c) the supplier, the transport company and the buyer, bound by a single contract; d) divisions of the manufacturing enterprise.

18. The direct functions of the logistics service at the enterprise include ...

a) choice of transport; b) market research; c) organization of warehousing and storage;

f) inventory management

19. The company creates stocks in order to reduce ...

a) losses from the purchase of small lots of goods at higher prices;

b) losses from necrosis in the stocks of abstract financial resources;

c) the risk of damage to goods; d) labor costs of personnel involved in the storage of goods.

a) in the warehouses of wholesalers;

b) in the warehouses of raw materials of industrial enterprises;

c) on the way from the supplier to the consumer; d) in the warehouses of finished products of manufacturers.

21. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to deliver goods directly to the consumer's warehouse:

A: air 3 B: railway 2 B: water 4 G: automotive 1

22. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to reliably comply with the delivery schedule:

A: air 4 B: automotive 1 B: water 3 G: railway 2

23. The sequence of stages of choosing a carrier

A: Ranking of carrier selection criteria 2

B: Deciding on the choice of carrier 6

D: Evaluation of possible carriers in the context of the identified criteria 3

E: Determining carrier selection criteria 1

24. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to transport different goods

A: air 4 B: water - 1 B: automotive - 3 G: railway - 2

25. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to quickly deliver goods

A: railway 3 B: air - 1 B: water - 4 G: automotive - 2

26. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the cost of transportation

A: air 1 B; water 4 B: railway 3 G: automotive 2

27. The disadvantage of rail transport is ...

b) a limited number of carriers;

c) relatively high cost of transportation over long distances;

28. Disadvantage road transport is an...

a) low load capacity; b) a limited number of carriers;

c) large capital investments in the production and technical base;

d) slow delivery.

29. The disadvantage of air transport is ...

a) poor performance b) insufficiently high safety of goods;

c) high cost of transportation; d) insufficient ecological cleanliness.

30. The disadvantage of sea transport is ...

a) poor performance b) low delivery speed;

c) relatively high cost of transportation over long distances;

d) limited types of transported goods.

31. The principle of proportionality of the warehouse process means ...

Stages of the warehouse process;

e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughputability or speed

32. The principle of parallelism of the warehouse process means ...

a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;

b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;

c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in the technological process;

d) simultaneous execution of individual operations at all stages of the warehouse process;

e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughput or speed

33. The principle of the continuity of the warehouse process means ...

a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;

b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;

c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in the technological process;

d) simultaneous execution of individual operations on all

stages of the warehouse process.

34. The principle of flow of the warehouse process means ...

a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;

b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;

c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in
technological process;

d) simultaneous execution of individual operations on all
stages of the warehouse process;

35. On the basis of their relationship to the logistics system, information flows are divided into ...

a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) input, output, internal, external;

c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.

36. According to the method of formation, information flows are divided into ...

c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.

37. According to the structure, information flows are divided into ...

a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) input, output, internal, external;

c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.

38. The abbreviation EDIFACT is a conditional abbreviation of the expanded name ...

a) a bar code applied to the group and transport packaging;

b) an automatic identification association operating in the territory Russian Federation;

c) a promising concept covering all tasks of enterprise automation based on knowledge management systems and neural networks;

d) standard for electronic data interchange in administration, trade and transport.

39. Operations can be carried out in distribution channels on someone else's behalf and at someone else's expense ...

a) dealers b) agents; c) distributors; d) commissioners.

40. The sequence of stages in the development of a logistics strategy ...

a) setting priorities - 3 B) analysis of opportunities - 2

C) development strategic plan development of the logistics system - 4 D) assessment - 1

41. Logistics costs do not include ...

c) the cost of the formation and storage of stocks;

G ) the cost of maintaining the administrative and managerial apparatus.

42. Variable transportation costs include:

a) overhead costs;

b) the cost of Maintenance and current repair of rolling stock;

c) the cost of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;

d) labor costs of administrative and managerial personnel.

43. Fixed transportation costs include ...

a) vehicle insurance costs;

b) the cost of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;

c) the cost of maintenance and current repairs of rolling stock, including spare parts and materials;

d) the cost of fuel, lubricants, electricity for propulsion operations.

44. Logistics is usually understood as:

a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total cost of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the final consumer;

b) logically justified actions of the highest levels of management in the management of the enterprise and the organization of information exchange and the circulation of financial resources related to this;

c) logistically ordered functions that make up the algorithm for managing material flows, as well as related information and financial flows, in order to maximize customer satisfaction.

45. The material flow is:

a) vehicles, trains, sea and river vessels, aircraft, pipelines;

b) material resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products;

c) roads, railways, ports and marinas for water transport, airports, a network of pipelines with pumping stations.

46. ​​A key role in the management of material flows is played by:

a ) transport and forwarding enterprises of general use;

b) wholesale trade enterprises; c) shops and other retail outlets;

d) commercial and intermediary organizations providing services for the organization of wholesale turnover;

e) enterprises - manufacturers.

47. A logistics operation is:

a) the actions of the logistics operator to manage the material flow, which is not subject to further fragmentation;

b) actions not subject to further fragmentation related to the management of material, information or financial flows;

c) logistically ordered operations that make up a holistic algorithm of the management information model.

48. Logistic function is:

a) a set of logistics operations related to the solution of the problem of managing material, information and financial flows;

49. The basic logistics functions include:

a) supply; b) storage; c) production; d) sales; e) cargo handling;

f) information support.

50. Supporting logistics functions include:

a) warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, after-sales service, information support;

b) supply, storage, distribution, transportation.

51. Logistics systems have properties such as:

a) adaptability, feedback, organization;

b) purposefulness, mutual exchange with the external environment;

c) closeness from the influence of external factors, stability of functional parameters.

52. Macrological systems are formed at the level of:

a) enterprises, organizations, firms.

b) the state, interstate, inter-district, inter-republican relations;

53. The purpose of logistics is to:

a) minimizing the cost of passing the product in each link of the logistics chain;

b) optimization of costs in the links of the logistics chain in order to reduce overall costs;

c) an increase in the amount of goods passing through the supply chain.

54. Logistics is:

a) a means of improving the image of the company;

b) strategic factor achievements competitive advantage;

c) an effective way to harmonize various areas of marketing policy.

55. Order management (order processing) is an activity during the period:

a) between the moment of receipt of the order and until the moment of shipment of the finished product to the consumer;

b) between the moment of receipt of the order and until the moment the warehouse is instructed to ship the finished product to the consumer;

c) between the moment of receipt of the order and until the moment of completion life cycle finished product delivered to the consumer.

56. Procurement includes:

a) selection of suppliers; negotiating the terms of delivery; conclusion of an agreement; acceptance of goods from the supplier; transport and storage works;

57. The main tasks of transport logistics support include:

a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total cost of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the final consumer;

b) choice of transport - technological scheme delivery;

c) agreement transport process with the work of the warehouse;

d) the choice of a carrier, including the determination of the mode of transport, the operator of transportation and the type of vehicle;

e) conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources;

f) routing of transportation and control of the movement of cargo in transit.

58. Purchasing logistics tasks include:

a) procurement market research and supplier selection; b) preparation of the procurement budget;

c) organization of shipment of goods; d) organization of post-sales service;

e) coordination and systemic interconnection of purchases with production, marketing and warehousing.

59. The tasks of distribution logistics include:

a) conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources; b) supply control;

c) determination of the optimal number of distribution centers in the service area;

d) organization of post-sales service; e) choice of type of packaging.

60. An intermediary working on behalf of someone else and at his own expense is:

a) a dealer b) a broker; c) distributor; d) commissioner.

61. The role of transport in the logistics supply chain is determined by the fact that:

a) the costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are predominant in the structure of logistics costs;

b) a significant number of companies - manufacturers of goods are the owners of vehicles and are interested in their efficient use;

c) transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of core activities of companies - customers of transport services.

62. First of all, the principles of logistics apply:

a) when delivering consumer goods to end consumers;

b) when transporting bulk cargo on technological routes;

c) when delivering valuable high-tech goods.

63. By purpose, the following main groups of transport are distinguished:

a) transport belonging to the owners of the goods and providing for their transportation needs;

c) public transport providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis.

64. Marketing:

a) researches the markets and the conjuncture of specific goods and services;

b) optimizes market behavior for the sale of goods and services;

c) investigates the material flows circulating in the markets;

65. For the carriage of goods by several modes of transport, the following terms are used:

a) multimodal transportation; b) intermodal transportation;

c) mixed transportation; d) unimodal transportation;

66. Intermodal transport means:

a) delivery of cargo by several modes of transport;

c) delivery of cargo by several modes of transport with the participation of a transportation operator, under a single transportation document, in a single transport unit;

67. The production cost includes the following nomenclature items:

a) fuel and energy for technological purposes; b) wage;

c) overhead costs of the enterprise; d) business expenses.

68. Marginal income is:

a) the sum between profit and fixed costs per unit of output;

69. The advantage of unimodal transport is:

a) cheaper delivery; b) absence of reloading operations;

c) simplicity in organization;

70. The order cycle includes the following stages:

a) holding marketing research; analysis of market segments; choice of pricing strategy; product promotion;

b ) order planning; order transfer; Order Processing; selection and completion of the order; order delivery;

c) choice of forwarder; determination of rational delivery routes; coordination of the time of arrival of goods at the warehouse; drawing up a report on the completed order.

71. Information logistics should implement the following functions:

a) transportation of goods over long distances; b) information analysis and transformation;

c) procurement market research and supplier selection; d) transfer of information;

e) information flow management.

72. Freight is:

a) the price for transportation, established by agreement between the cargo owner and the carrier for each specific transportation;

b) base of payments for transport services.

73. The supply chain should be built on the basis modern concept marketing:

a) sales-supply-production; b) supply-production-sales;

c) production-sales-supply;

74. An intermediary working on his own behalf and at his own expense is:

a) a dealer b) a broker; c) distributor; d) commissioner.

75. At the enterprise level, distribution logistics solves the following tasks:

a - choice of type of packaging; b) determination of the optimal number of distribution centers;

c) organization of shipment of goods; d) choice of material flow distribution scheme.

76. Distribution channels perform a number of functions:

a) carry out research work to collect information necessary for planning the distribution of products and services;

b) determine the optimal number of distribution centers in the service area;

c) adapt the goods to the requirements of the buyer;

d) assume the risks associated with the operation of the channel.

77. The push production management system is:

a) a production organization system in which the objects of labor entering the production site are not ordered directly by this site from the previous technological link;

b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are fed to the next technological operation from the previous one as needed.

78. The advantages of the pull control system are:

a) avoidance of excess inventory, information about the possibility of quickly acquiring materials, or the availability of spare capacity to quickly respond to changes in demand;

b) strict control of the central management system over the exchange of material flows between different parts of the enterprise;

d) reduction of the processing batch.

79. Marginal income is:

a) the difference between price and variable costs per unit of output;

b) the difference between the price of the product and the amount of fixed costs;

c) the difference between constant and variable costs per unit of production.

80. Current stocks are:

a) stocks of finished products from manufacturers, stocks of wholesalers and retailers, as well as stocks in transit;

b) the main part of inventories. Such stocks ensure the continuity of production and trade processes between successive deliveries;

c) it is the level of stock that is economically viable in the system.

81. Are the object of study of logistics?

material flows

- material flows and related information flows

Costs for organizing the movement of material flows

82. Does the dimension of the material flow take into account?

Unit of measurement (pieces, tons, etc.)

Unit of measurement of costs for the movement of material flow (rubles per ton, rubles per kg, etc.)

- unit of measurement and time period (pieces per day, tons per year, etc.)

83. An enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system - is this?

- logistic function- logistics system - central logistics operation

84. Procurement, planning and production management, marketing can be elements?

- micrologistics system- any logistics system - macro-logistics system

85. The fundamental difference between the logistic approach to management and the traditional one is?

Consideration as an object of management of a separate division, enterprise

- consideration as a control object of a through material flow

Consideration as a control object of the interaction of the enterprise with the external environment in the organization of the material flow

86. Do external material flows in logistics include?

- flowing in the environment external to the system

Flowing in an environment external to the system, directly related to the system

Material flows transmitted to the environment external to the system

87. Does a system in which at least one intermediary stand in the way of a material flow belong to a system?

With direct connections layered- with flexible connections

88. Special computer programs that help professionals make decisions related to material management?

- expert systems- layouts - material models

89. The tasks of managing material flows in the process of providing an enterprise material resources decides?

- purchasing logistics- production logistics - distribution logistics

90. Does the "make or buy" problem involve an answer?

Purchase of goods from the manufacturer or intermediary

- determination of the profitability of independently producing or purchasing from a manufacturer or intermediary

Sell ​​the product yourself or through an intermediary

91. When choosing a supplier of objects of labor that are insignificant from the point of view of production and trade processes, is it decisive?

- price (purchase and delivery costs)

Supplier Reliability

Order lead times

92. Which of the following operations are related to procurement logistics?

- determination of needs for logistical supplies

93. Supply chain "Just in time" in procurement logistics - is it a system?

Production and supply of components or goods to the place of production consumption or at the time of sale in commercial enterprise in the right quantity and at the right time

Production of goods in the required quantity and at the right time

- supply of components or goods in the required quantity and at the right time

94. A system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied to the subsequent technological operation as needed, the production program of the next link is determined by the size of the order of the next link, is it?

European material flow management system

- hauling material flow control system

pusher material flow control system

95. Which of the following operations are related to production logistics?

- optimization of material flows within the enterprise

Ensuring the relationship of the logistics system with the total material flow

96. Which of the following operations are related to distribution logistics?

Determination of needs for logistics items

- organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods

Ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process

97. A linearly ordered set of participants in the logistics process that carry out logistics operations to bring the external material flow from one logistics system to another represents?

logistics chain - logistics channel- logistics service

98. Selection of a specific distributor, carrier, insurer, freight forwarder, banker, etc. carried out when choosing?

- logistics channel- supply chain - no correct option

99. The fundamental difference between distribution logistics and the traditional sales system is?

Subordination of the process of managing material and information flows to the goals and objectives of marketing

- system interconnection of the distribution process with the processes of production and procurement

Both variants

100. Distribution logistics does not solve problems?

About the channel for the movement of products - about the packaging of products - about the route of movement of goods

About the service level - all answers are correct (does not solve any of the problems listed)

- no correct answer (solves all of the listed problems)

101. The movement of goods from the supplier to the consumer bypassing intermediaries is called the channel distribution?

First level - zero level- second level

102. Which of the following operations are related to transport logistics?

Optimization of material flows within the enterprise

Organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods

- ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process

103. What are the signs of intermodal transportation?

Using multiple modes of transport

- the use of several modes of transport and the presence of a single transportation operator

Using only air or sea modes of transport

104. Determine the correct sequence of vehicles on the basis of an increase in the cost of transportation?

- pipeline, water, rail, road, air transport

Water, rail, road, air transport

Rail, water, road, air transport

105. Is the narrow range of goods possible for transportation a disadvantage?

Water transport - road transport - pipeline transport

106. Is dependence on weather conditions a disadvantage?

- water and air transport- road and rail transport

Pipeline transport

107. What are the tariffs called, which are set with a deviation from the general tariffs in the form special surcharges or discounts?

- exceptional- preferential - local

108. What is the purpose of information logistics?

Providing the decision maker with market information in a timely manner

Having the right information (for material flow management) in the right place, at the right time, the right content (for the decision maker), at minimal cost

Creation information base for later use and making available to any user

109. Ways along which the information and material flow move?

- - may not match- - always coincide - always in the opposite direction

110. A contract of carriage by sea is called a "charter" if:

• - the vessel makes an associated voyage on a charter basis
• - the ship is on a non-scheduled charter voyage

111. What is physical distribution?

1. Delivery of products from the seller to the consumer.

2. Distribution of various types of products.

3. Provision of services for the safety of products.

112. Which definition for a system with a fixed order size in the answer is correct ?

1. Replenishment of stocks is a constant value, and the next delivery of goods is carried out at

reduction of stocks to a critical level (order point).

2. Replenishment of the stock is carried out by certain fixed batches.

3. Both answers are correct.

113. On what basis are the warehouses of firms classified? ?

Logic originated from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the origin and development of logistic goes into the distant past. The first positions of logisticians appeared in Dr. Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logisticians or logistics, who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, the exchange of m / y provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of the log-ki were to arm the army, supply it with military property.

The first scientific works on log-ki appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini was a military specialist.

The logistic received during the period of World War II was especially rapidly developed, which was used to solve strategic tasks and to clearly interact with the turnaround industry, supply bases and transport in order to provide the army with weapons in a timely manner -eat and food. In the 60s, the logistician gradually moved from the military region to the civil one, and then to the production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logic. T / o log-ka seeks to max-but satisfy the requests of consumption-la with min-mi z-tami for production.

Logic is the science of planning, control and management of transporting, storing, and other mother and non-material operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to production ion, intra-factory processing of raw materials and materials and p / f, bringing the GP to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of the corresponding inf-tion and the corresponding fin. streams. Log-ka is the science of managing commodity movement.

2. Concepts and basic concepts of logistics

K is a system of views, this or that understanding of phenomena, processes.

The system of views on the improvement of economic activity by rationalizing the management of material flows characterizes the concept of logistics. The main components of this concept are:

Implementation of the principle of a systematic approach in solving logistics problems (controlled on the basis of information obtained from the external environment)

Decision-making based on economic compromises (interests of various business units)

Cost accounting throughout the entire supply chain (cost management for bringing the material flow from primary to final consumption.

Orientation to logistics as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. (In terms of their influence on income from the sale of goods.)

material flow(MP) - a set of resources of the same name, which are in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (warehousing - an elementary MP).

The set of elementary MPs that are formed at the enterprise make up a common mat. the flow that ensures the functioning of the enterprise. The MP has dimensions (volume, time, quantity, mass), the form of existence of the MP can be the turnover of the warehouse or the cargo flow (the number of goods transported by individual modes of transport from the point of departure to the point of destination for a certain period of time).

Information flow(IP) does not always correspond to given. MP, i.e. IP and MP can be synchronous and asynchronous.

Logistic operation - a separate set of actions aimed at transforming IP or IP. A logistics operation can be material (transportation, warehousing, loading) and intangible (collection of data on MP, storage and transmission of data).

Logistics channel- a partially ordered set, consisting of a supplier, consumer, carriers, intermediaries, insurers, etc.

A consumer or supplier in a market economy has the opportunity to choose according to various criteria using various methods for calculating ratings.

The production cycle- part of the logistics cycle (from launching an operation to complete production).

Logistic cycle- includes the scope of circulation. Logistics costs - the costs of performing logistics operations (warehousing, saving ...). According to eq. the content of logistics costs are:

Logistics system- an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistical functions or operations, consisting of subsystems, which has developed links with the external environment.

Seven rules of logistics:

1. the product must be necessary for the consumer

2. the product must be of appropriate quality

3. the product must be in the required quantity

4. the product must be delivered at the right time

5. the product must be delivered to the right place

6.Product must be delivered at minimum cost

7. The product must be specific to the consumer

3.Logistics function and operation

The logistics function is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system.

Each of the logistics functions provides a homogeneous (in terms of purpose) set of actions.

The main logistics functions include planning the material support of production orders, inventory management, product distribution management. Logistic functions can also include forecasting, control, regulation.

A logistics operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and information flow. These include warehousing, transportation, packaging, etc. It distinguishes between external and internal logistics operations. External logistics operations include all activities in the field of supply and marketing of finished products, and internal - operations to manage the material flow in production. In addition, the options may be one-sided or two-sided, associated with the transfer of ownership of the goods from one legal entity to another.

4 Mater. flow

Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Mat. a flow is a set of inventory items related to a time interval, considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to them.

The totality of resources of the same name, located all the way from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows that are formed at the enterprise constitutes the general material flow that ensures the normal functioning of the enterprise.

Allocate external and internal, incoming and outgoing mater. flows.

External mat. a flow is a flow that flows in an environment external to this logistics system.

The internal m.p. is a p. cat. flows in the internal environment ao rel. this logistics system.

Incoming is an external flow entering this logistics system.

The outgoing material item is the flow from the given logistics system that goes out into the external environment

Math management. p. provides for the determination of the parameters of the trajectory of the movement of materials, which include:

Naim. mat. resources, - number of mat. resources, - starting point (supplier selection), - time (order lead time)

The concept of distribution logistics.

The task is to bring the goods to the consumer with minimal costs and in the shortest possible time.

Place of distribution logistics and its

functions in the logistics system

Distribution logistics is associated with the movement of goods in the field of distribution:

Planning and controlling the physical movement of materials and finished products from their places of origin to their places of use.

There are two approaches to defining distribution logistics functions. The first one covers a complex of operations for the shipment of finished products from the supplier's warehouse. The second one is wider. In this case, it is considered that distribution logistics implements the entire process of circulation of material products, starting from the moment when it enters the consumer's warehouse. It should be borne in mind that distribution tasks are solved at the level of micro- and macrologistics.

Planning the implementation process;

The choice of product packaging, its packaging and conservation;

Organization of shipment of products;

Control over transportation to the place of consumption and delivery of products to the consumer;

Organization of after-sales service.

At the macro level, the tasks of distribution logistics include:

Choice of scheme of distribution of material flows;

Formation of how to distribute;

Location of distribution centers.

5. Logistician. systems and their types.

A logistics system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions or operations, consists of subsystems, and has developed links with the external environment.

Logistics information systems are related information networks that start with daily customer requirements (which are purely stochastic) and extend through distribution and production to suppliers. These systems are usually divided into three groups.

Information systems for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize links in the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks.

Information systems for decision-making in the medium and short term (the so-called dispositive or dispatching systems). They are aimed at ensuring the smooth operation of logistics systems. We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of intra-factory transport, stocks of finished products, the provision of materials and contract deliveries, the launch of orders for production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require interactive processing (on-line) due to the need to use as up-to-date data as possible. The dipositive system prepares all the initial data for decision making and records the current state of the system in the database.

Information systems for the execution of daily activities (the so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of government, but sometimes also contain some elements of a short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems is the speed of processing and fixing the physical state without delay (ie, the relevance of all data), so in most cases they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about warehouse management and inventory control, preparation of dispatch, operational management of production, management of automated equipment. Process and equipment management requires the integration of commercial information systems and automation control systems.

Building information systems requires systems thinking. The structure of the enterprise logistics system, material flow, providing logistics, information systems are interconnected and interdependent. In order for logistics information systems to provide the required efficiency of logistics processes, they must be integrated vertically and horizontally.

6.Production logistics

Comparison of push and pull systems Characteristics of the traditional (push) approach: production of parts in accordance with the schedule (parts arrive as they are ready from the previous operation to the next) The pull system consists in the fact that the subsequent department orders and withdraws parts, assembly units, etc. . from the previous section to the next. The hauling system is conceived to reduce inventory.

Under the pushing, with my understanding, s-ma org-ii production in which part and p / f are served from the previous technological operation to the next one in accordance with a pre-formed rigid schedule, and also, this is such the marketing strategy of which is aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of stocks of goods in wholesale and retail trade organizations.

Within the framework of pushing s-m, micro-logistic concepts were developed: MRP, MRP-2, ERP, DRP, DRP-2.

Pulling s-ma- this is a production organization in which part and p / f are fed to the next technological operation from the previous one as needed or this marketing strategy is aimed at leading in relation to the formation of commodity stocks, stimulation of demand for prod-th in the retail trade link. Within the framework of this approach, micrologistic concepts have been developed: JIT, KANBAN, LP.

JIT is a s / s production organization based on the synchronization of the work of various enterprise workshops connected by a technological chain to synchronize the supply schedule and the production schedule. KANBAN-essence is that all production subdivisions of the plant, including final assembly lines, are supplied with mother resources, only in the quantity and by that time that are necessary to fulfill the order of the consumer subdivision.

Advantages of the pull system

Rejection of excess inventory, information about the possibility of quickly acquiring materials, or the availability of spare capacity to quickly respond to changes in demand.

Replacing the policy of selling manufactured goods with a policy of producing salable goods.

The task of full capacity utilization is replaced by minimizing the time for products to pass through the technological process.

Reducing the optimal resource batch, reducing the processing batch.

Fulfillment of orders with high quality

Reduction of all types of downtime and irrational in-plant transportation.

7. The concept of purchasing logistics.

Procurement logistics is the process of providing enterprises with material resources, placing resources in the warehouses of the enterprise, storing them and issuing them to production.

The purpose of procurement logistics is to meet the production needs for materials with the highest possible cost efficiency.

This goal is achieved by solving a number of tasks that can be grouped as follows:

1. Maintaining reasonable terms for the purchase of raw materials, materials and components.

2. Ensuring the exact correspondence of the quantity of supplies to the needs for them.

3. Compliance with production requirements for the quality of raw materials, materials and components.

Without purchasing logistics, the normal operation of the enterprise is impossible. It is a link between different producers and coordinators of their work.

Procurement logistics performs the following functions:

Formation of a strategy for the acquisition of material resources, and forecasting the need for them;

Receiving and evaluating proposals from potential suppliers;

Selection of suppliers;

Determining the needs for material resources and calculating the quantity of ordered materials and products;

Coordination of the price of ordered resources and conclusion of supply contracts;

Control over the delivery of materials;

"incoming quality control of material resources and their placement in a warehouse;

Bringing material resources to production units;

Maintenance of stocks of material resources in warehouses at the normative level.

The described functions are implemented by the logistics service (purchasing department) in close relationship with other departments of the enterprise: marketing department, production, production preparation service, accounting, financial and legal departments.

Logistic channels and chains

A distribution channel is a set of orgs or departments that take over or help transfer other orgs and individuals ownership of a particular product or service on the way from production to consumption -Yu. The use of distribution channels brings certain benefits to production: -savings in financial resources for distribution of products; - the possibility of investing in savings in the main production; -sale of prod-ii more ef-mi sp-mi; - high efficiency to ensure the wide availability of the product and bringing it to the target districts; -reduction of V works on the distribution of products.

The decision on the choice of distribution channels must be made by the management of the organization. The selected channels directly affect the speed, time, efficiency of movement and the safety of the product when it is delivered from the manufacturer to the final consumer.

Distribution channels of goods can be defined by the number of their constituent levels. The channel level is an intermediary who does the work of bringing the product and property rights closer to the final consumer. The length of the channel is determined by the number of intermediate levels m / y production and consumption.

Horizontal channels consist of an independent producer and one or more independent intermediaries. Each member of the channel is a separate enterprise, striving to ensure maximum profit for itself. max possible profit of the department-th member of the channel can go to the detriment of max profit-making with me as a whole, because none of the members of the channel has sufficient control over the activities of the other members.

Vertical distribution channels - channels consisting of a manufacturer and 1 or several intermediaries acting as one single unit One of the members of the channel or owned by the other participating companies, or grant them certain privileges. Such a member is a m / b manufacturer, wholesale or retail intermediary. Vertical channels arose as a means of controlling the behavior of the channel. They are economical and

exclude duplication of functions

A supply chain is a linearly ordered set of individuals or legal entities (intermediaries, manufacturers, public warehouses, etc.).

This set carries out logistical operations to bring the external material flow from one enterprise to another and the production, consumption of material resources.

According to the place of formation, logistics channels are divided into external and internal:

External - add up between different enterprises and are formed outside the gates of the enterprise.

Internal - between sections of the enterprise itself, as a rule, cyclical and periodically renewed.

External chains can be of several types: cyclic (in the presence of long-term contracts between enterprises), short-term and long-term.

Classes of complexity of supply chains

1. A simple supply chain It develops either within one enterprise, or between 2 enterprises located in the same city, or there is a contract for direct deliveries. Transportation is carried out either by the seller or by the buyer.

2. Medium complexity(carrying intermediary)

3. Complicated

Pricing in logistics

The pricing methodology in the logistics system of the enterprise includes: 1) the concept of pricing (to ensure the competitiveness of the product, the required profitability for both the manufacturer and the consumer); 2) classification of prices with the allocation of their individual types, primarily market prices, and in-house planned and estimated prices, taking into account the added production costs of a given unit and the same profitability of products for all units; 3) the structure of prices with the allocation of their elements (cost, profit, allowances, taxes, margins) and taking into account their ratios; 4) price functions (accounting and measuring, accounting and control, distribution, etc.). Among them is the function of balancing supply and demand, which provides a direct market link between the manufacturer and the consumer of the product. The most important is also the stimulating function of prices, which makes it possible to restrain the consumption of individual products depending on the level of quality and the cost of production; 5) pricing principles - provide the required level of profitability and increase the stimulating role of prices; b) pricing methods (cost - costing method, the method of average production costs, the method of discounts and premiums for quality, etc.); 7) pricing management - comes down to choosing a goal (for example, conquering the market), analyzing production costs and competitors' prices, choosing the type of prices in

Logistic s-ma MRP1, MRP2 Kanban.

A logistics system is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity designed to manage flows. As links log. systems can be enterprises - suppliers of material resources, manufacturing enterprises and their divisions, marketing, transport enterprises, banks, exchanges, etc.

There are several methods of supply, a reference point for a specific need, pr-va. One of them is s / s planning of mat-x needs MRP1, MRP2. MCI is a s / s org-ii production and mat-no-technological support, belonging to the class of pushing s / s. The goals of MRP-s / s: - meeting the needs in materials, components for planning production and delivery to consumers,

Planning pr-x operations, delivery schedules, purchasing operations.

The presence of shortcomings in MRP s-max led to the creation of MRP2 s-m, with greater planning flexibility, better organization of supplies and response to changes in demand.

An important place in MRP2 is demand forecasting, order placement and inventory management.

C / s MRP II - aims to integrate all the main processes, realizable enterprises, such as supply, stocks, production, sales and plans, control over the implementation of the plan, s-you , Finns, etc. The task of MRP II is the optimal formation of the flow of materials (raw materials), p / f and GP

The MCI concept includes 3 stages: 1) program planning of sales plans, taking into account production plans, etc. 2) distribution of maths, taking into account the remnants. 3) purchase management.

S-ma MRP1, MRP2, was developed in the 60s. Its development coincided with the advent of computers, 3rd generation technology and the ability to quickly adjust production and supply plans in real time

KANBAN - translated as a sign card. For the first time, s-ma was developed by Toyota Motors, in the early 60s.

The essence of s-we is that all production subdivisions of the plant, including final assembly lines, are supplied with mother resources only in the amount and by such a date that we need to complete order subdivision consumer-la.

2 types of plastic cards serve as a means of transmitting information in this s-me: 1) a selection card, in which the number of parts indicated is indicated, which was taken in the previous processing or assembly section . 2) Card of the production order, in which the number of parts indicated, which was made or assembled in the previous section.

Information logistics

The concept and tasks of information logistics. Achieving logistics goals requires constant monitoring and influencing logistics processes through management. Management in this case is aimed at coordinating the activities of all subdivisions involved in the production and sale of products. The tool of such association is information support.

Information flows are those connecting "threads" that connect all elements of the logistics system. Information arises during the performance of various logistics operations and accompanies the material flow at all stages of its progress. Information is used in the development and adoption of management decisions in the logistics system.

Information logistics organizes the flow of data accompanying the material flow and is the essential link for the enterprise that connects supply, production and marketing.

The task of information logistics is to ensure a high degree of information filling of the management system, a. also providing each level of the logistics system management hierarchy with the information it needs

of good quality and within the required time frame.

The main functions of the information process in logistics.

Information logistics organizes information flows

and implements information processes occurring in the logistics system.

The information flow is information that is in an orderly movement in given directions with fixed initial, intermediate and final points.

An information process is a process in which information is considered as the main object with a certain sequence of changes. In this case, there is a collection, analysis, transformation, storage, search and dissemination of information.

During the information process in the logistics system, the following functions are implemented:

Collection of information in the places of its occurrence;

Analysis of information and its transformation;

Accumulation of information and its storage;

Transportation of information;

Information flow filtering, i.e. selection of the necessary

for one or another level of data and document management;

Inventory Logistics

The stock is an indispensable element of any economic system, smoothing out the uneven production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods. Having a margin can be seen as both a positive and a negative point in the economics of an organization - it's all about the extent to which the margin is justified. Excess stock diverts significant financial resources. Stocks are a reserve of material assets of an organization (system). Organizations typically stock hundreds or even thousands of items, ranging from small things like pencils, paper clips, bolts, nuts, to manufacturing equipment, trucks, cars, and so on.

Most of the inventory is associated with the activities of the organization. Thus, an industrial firm has stocks of raw materials, components, parts, finished products, as well as equipment, tools and spare parts for equipment, etc. for an industrial organization, a stock is a set of objects of labor and tools stored in the relevant economic structures as a sphere of production, as well as areas of circulation.

inventories

Inventory management is the process of forecasting, standardizing, planning, organizing, controlling, stimulating and regulating the timing and volume of fulfillment of orders to replenish the stock rate in the procurement-production-distribution logistics system (i.e., in the supply system with materials, semi-finished products, purchased products and in the system of distribution of finished products and services). Material inventory management can be represented as a process of continuous search for solutions to two main tasks: 1) determining the size of the required stock (stock rate); 2) creation of a system for managing the actual size of the stock and its timely replenishment in accordance with the established norm in order to minimize the costs of the movement of material flow in the organization (logistics system). The set of rules by which these decisions are made is called the inventory management strategy. Each such strategy is associated with certain costs for bringing the material flow to the consumer. The strategy that minimizes these costs is called the optimal one. The search for optimal strategies to achieve the most beneficial compromise between conflicting requirements to reduce storage costs and ensure solvent demand is the subject of inventory management theory.

Warehouse logistics.

Under the warehouse we mean buildings, structures, equipped with special technological equipment, automation, mechanization for the implementation of certain functional operations.

The main functions of the warehouse: 1. Creation of the necessary assortment in accordance with the order of the consumer. 2 Concentration of stocks, their storage and storage. 3.Unitization of cargoes (combining small cargoes into a larger batch) 4.Provision of services to the client: packaging of products; filling and unpacking containers; checking the functioning of devices; giving a presentation; transp-but-forwarding services; primary processing.

Types of warehouses, in contrast to their place in the logistics chain: 1. Supply log warehouses; 2. Production log warehouses (tools, WIP, devices); 3. Distribution log warehouses: -distributing warehouses of production; -wholesale warehouses; - warehouses of retail trade. 4. Warehouses of transp-th organizations (air terminals, river, sea).

Types of intermediaries in the logistics channels.

When forming a channel for the distribution of goods, a decision on the construction of the channel is put forward for the 1st place, it is necessary to determine the type of intermediaries used.

Dealers- These are wholesale intermediaries, which conduct operations on their own behalf and at their own expense. The goods are purchased by them under a supply agreement, the dealer becomes their own product after full payment for the supply. The relation between the manufacturer and the dealer ceased after the fulfillment of the conditions under the supply contract. In the logistic chain, dealers occupy the position closest to final needs. There are 2 types of dealers. Exclusive Dealers yavl is the only representative of the production in the region and is endowed with exclusive rights to sell products. Dealers cooperating with the manufacturer on a franchise basis, called authorized.

Distributors are wholesalers and retailers who operate on behalf of the manufacturer and at their own expense. The distributor is not a self-producer. Under the contract, they acquired the right to sell products. The distributor may act on his own behalf. Then, within the framework of the contract for the granting of the right to sell, a supply contract is concluded. In the logistics chain, distributors usually occupy the position of m / y manufacturers and dealers.

commission agents- wholesale and retail intermediaries conducting operations on their own behalf from the expense of the manufacturer. The manufacturer remains its own product until it is transferred and paid by the final consumer. The contract for the supply of products was concluded on behalf of the commission agent, he was an intermediary only for the manufacturer, and not for the final consumer, whose money was transferred to the account of the commission agent. At the same time, the risk of accidental damage and loss of products lies with the manufacturer.

Agents- intermediaries acting as a representative or assistant of another, the main person (principal) in relation to him. Agents are legal entities that conclude transactions on behalf of the principal

Brokers– intermediaries at the conclusion of transactions, bringing counterparties together. Brokers do not own sales like dealers or distributors and do not control sales -

The concept of warehouse-oh cargo units.

Cargo. unit is an element of an end-to-end logistics process, a certain number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass

Dimensions; - a way to maintain integrity and geometric shape during logistics operations

The ability to maintain the integrity of the cargo was achieved by the bundling operation, i.e. form the world-e on the base module palletTwo kinds of cargo. unit:

Primary gr.ed. – cargo in transport containers (boxes)

Enlarged gr.ed. - a cargo package formed on a pallet from primary cargo units.

The costs associated with loading, unloading and transporting gr. units are inversely proportional to its mass and corresponding to its size. When choosing the size of gr.ed-tsy, a compromise is necessary.

Existing har-mi cargo-oh units yavl.:

Dimensions; - a way to maintain integrity and geometric shape during logistics operations.

Huge importance in the storage system is given to the definition of the optimal type and size of the carrier, on which the warehouse cargo unit is formed. Such commodity carrier m / w: rack, mesh, box, flat pallets and semi-pallets. The choice of a carrier is influenced by: - ​​the type and dimensions of packaging and transport containers; -with-ma of a complete set of the order; - turnover of goods; -applied technological equipment for scadir cargo; - features of hoisting and transport machines and mechanisms for servicing their warehouse.

The ability to maintain the integrity of the cargo was achieved by the bundling operation, i.e. formworld-e on base unit pallet

Logistic service at the enterprise.

At enterprises, 2 forms of org-ii MTO are used, functioning on the principles of log-ki - centralized and decentralized. The main advantages of centralizing the management of MTO services are to reduce costs and create conditions for the development of a single procurement, marketing and transport policy of firms. The central form of MTO management is used in firms that produce homogeneous products and have a small number of enterprises located in the same region. The decentralized form of management is used at enterprises placing in various regions and specializing in the production of certain products. A mixed form of management is used at enterprises that consume different materials and have a large V supply of some of them.

Each of the m / b forms has a grouped or scattered supply and distribution service.

Centralized management with grouped services, with which the central service - MTO is responsible for the movement of mats within the enterprises for the flows of incoming raw materials, p / f and GP, sending consumer -lyam, for providing the production process with all the necessary. With such an organization, the material management service reports to the vice president of the company and m / b combined with the production and design service. Functions: supply and marketing of products, planning and control of its production. The centralized management of the MTO without groups of its services is applied, to which the departmental subdivisions of the service are of the greatest importance for the activities of the company as a whole. As a department of the th link, there can be a department of procurement and org-ii of the transp-th supply. Decentralized management with a group of MTO services provides for a department responsible for the supply of pr-va and sales at each enterprise of the company specializing in the production of certain products.

Role in the logistics development of Russian reforms

In the conditions of the modern market, firms are increasingly consumer-oriented, which is manifested in their desire to meet the possible needs of consumers. For a specific consumer, a high level of quality of a particular product or service means the presence of such a combination of consumer properties that satisfies his needs. One of these important properties is the cost of a product or service, which largely depends on the costs associated with various operations and works. Reducing overall costs can be achieved by applying the concept and principles of logistics in the practice of companies.

Success in business depends not only on the performance of an individual company, but also on its partners - suppliers, dealers, distributors, carriers, freight forwarders, etc. The need to ensure the interconnection of various tasks, functions and processes requires a comprehensive, integrated and integrated approach based on the principles of logistics.

Ensuring large-scale coordination of the activities of both business structures and federal bodies (sectoral ministries, the State Customs Committee, RTI, etc.), as well as science and education, will ensure a reduction in the level of costs on a national scale. This serves the interests of consumers and will be a real step towards increasing the competitiveness of Russian goods and services.

The main difficulties, in my opinion, on the way of development of logistics in Russia:

Irrational development of distribution systems for goods and services (lack of a well-thought-out strategy for the development of distribution systems in industry and trade, lack of organized commodity markets at the level of large and medium-sized wholesalers);

Weak level of development of modern systems of electronic communications, electronic networks, communication and telecommunications systems;

backward transport infrastructure, primarily in the field of roads; insufficient number of cargo terminals, as well as their low technical and technological level;

The absence of modern vehicles that meet international standards on almost all modes of transport; a high degree of physical and moral deterioration of the rolling stock of transport;

Low level of development of the production and technical base of the warehouse; lack of modern technological equipment for product processing; low level of mechanization and automation of warehouse operations;

insufficient development of the industry for the production of modern containers and packaging, etc.

A fairly serious problem is the training of personnel in the field of logistics. It is necessary to introduce logistical thinking as soon as possible into the practice of top and middle-level managers, personnel of various enterprises, etc. Intensive training of personnel in the specialty "Logistics", retraining and advanced training in this area of ​​personnel of middle and top management are needed.

Service in logistics

Service work, i.e. to meet someone's needs is called a service.

The logistics service is inextricably linked with the distribution process and is a set of services provided in the process of supplying goods to the consumer. The object of the logistics service is the enterprises of the industrial and non-industrial spheres, the population. The logistics service is carried out either by the supplier himself or by a forwarding company specializing in after-sales service.

All work in the field of logistics services can be divided into three main groups:

1.2. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS In logic, the term "concept" denotes a thought in which objects of a certain class are generalized and singled out according to certain common and, in the aggregate, specific features for them.

Overview Sheet1 Sheet2 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 Sheet7 Sheet 1: Sheet1 Name of the shipping company Income, thous. Expenses, thousand UAH The initial cost of the OPF, mln.

sample list of exam questions LOGISTICS Define the term "logistics". Name the goal of logistics and six conditions under which the goal of logistics is considered to be achieved.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURES FOR MANAGEMENT OF LOGISTICS SYSTEMS Contents: INTRODUCTION. BASES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS. 2.2. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLASSICAL AND

Referats: "Autobāzes noliktava" Introduction: In this abstract, we will talk about the logistics of the car depot and, in particular, about the operation of the warehouse of this enterprise.

Postavka: Product Quality (KACH); Delivery of products (DOST); Product price (SENA); Product range (ASSOR); Discounts for regular customers

Technical and operational characteristics of the vessels (weight, volume, linear) Technical and operational characteristics of the vessel: dimensions, weight and volumetric characteristics; main power power plant, travel speed and fuel consumption; design features and architectural type; exploitation degree...

I. TRANSPORT. Basic principles of technology of the transportation process. Increasing the efficiency of road transport of goods is associated with the technical improvement of the rolling stock of road transport and handling facilities, the introduction of advanced technology to improve...

History and development of the concept of logistics. Logistics is the science of planning, managing, controlling and regulating the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end consumer.

Management informatization program passenger traffic The need to informatize the management of passenger transportation today stems primarily from the implementation of a new economic policy in railway transport based on a marketing strategy focused on commercial ...

The evolution of the concept of "logistics". In the economic literature there are various definitions of logistics. Let's take a look at some of them. Logistics is:

1. THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF THE AGREEMENT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS Under the contract for the carriage of goods, the transport organization (carrier) undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to it by the sender to the destination and issue it to the person (recipient) authorized to receive the cargo, and about ...

Logistics Lecture 1 1. The concept of logistics. The history of the emergence and development of logistics in our country and abroad. 2. The essence of logistics and its importance for the organization of entrepreneurial activity.