Deck superstructure of the submarine. The structure of the ship. Types and purpose of ships. Marine propulsion system

Submarines are a special class of warships that, in addition to all the qualities of warships, have the ability to sail under water, maneuvering along course and depth. By design (Fig. 1.20), submarines are:

One-piece, having one strong hull, which ends at the bow and stern with well-streamlined extremities of light construction;
- polutorak about pusnye, having in addition to a strong body is also lightweight, but not along the entire contour of a strong body;
- double hulls, having two hulls - strong and light, and the latter completely encloses the strong around the perimeter and extends to the entire length of the boat. Currently, most submarines are double-hulled.

Rice. 1.20. Structural types of submarines:
a - single-hull; b - one and a half hull; в - double-hull; 1 - durable body; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - keel; 5 - lightweight body

Rice. 1.21. longitudinal section of a diesel-battery submarine:
1 - durable body; 2 - bow torpedo units; 3 - lightweight body; bow torpedo compartment; 5 - torpedo loading hatch; 6 - superstructure; 7 - solid conning tower; 8 - felling fence; 9 - retractable devices; 10 - entrance hatch; 11 - stern torpedo tubes; 12 - aft end; 13 - rudder feather; 14 - aft trim tank; 15 - end (stern) watertight bulkhead; 16 - aft torpedo compartment; 17 - internal watertight bulkhead; 18 - compartment of the main propeller motors and power plant; 19 - ballast tank; 20 - engine compartment; 21 - fuel tank; 22, 26 - stern and bow groups of storage batteries; 23, 27 - living quarters of the team; 24 - central post; 25 - hold of the central post; 28 - bow trim tank; 29 - end (bow) watertight bulkhead; 30 - nasal end; 31 - buoyancy tank.

Structurally robust hull consists of frames and sheathing. Shpangovy have, as a rule, annular, and at the ends of the elliptical shape and are made of profile steel. They are installed one from another at a distance of 300-700 mm, depending on the design of the boat, both from the inside and from the outside of the hull plating, and sometimes in combination from both sides close to each other.

The robust hull is made of special rolled sheet steel and welded to the frames. The thickness of the casing sheets reaches 35 mm, depending on the diameter of the strong hull and the maximum immersion depth of the submarine.

The ribs of the durable case are durable and lightweight. Strong bulkheads divide the internal volume of modern submarines into 6-10 watertight compartments and ensure the ship's underwater unsinkability. By location, they are internal and terminal; in shape - flat and spherical.

Light bulkheads are designed to ensure the ship's surface unsinkability. Structurally, bulkheads are made of kit and skin. A bulkhead set usually consists of several vertical and transverse struts (beams). The cladding is made of sheet steel.

End watertight bulkheads are usually of equal strength with a strong hull and close it in the bow and stern. These bulkheads serve as rigid supports for torpedo tubes on most submarines.

The compartments are connected through watertight doors that are round or rectangular. These doors are equipped with quick-acting locking devices.

In the vertical direction, the compartments are divided by platforms into upper and lower parts, and sometimes the rooms of the boat have a multi-tiered arrangement, which increases the useful area of ​​the platforms per unit volume. The distance between the platforms "in the light" is more than 2 m, that is, somewhat larger than medium height person.

In the upper part of the solid hull, a solid (conning) wheelhouse is installed, communicating through the conning tower hatch with the central post, under which the hold is located. On most modern submarines, a solid wheelhouse is made in the form of a small round cylinder. Outside, the solid wheelhouse and the devices located behind it, to improve the flow when moving in the underwater position, are closed with light structures, which are called the wheelhouse guard. The deckhouse sheathing is made of sheet steel of the same grade as the robust hull. Torpedo loading and entrance hatches are also located at the top of the robust hull.

Cisterns are designed for submersion, ascent, trimming of the boat, as well as for storage of liquid cargo. Depending on the purpose, there are tanks: main ballast, auxiliary ballast, ship stocks and special ones. Structurally, they are made either strong, that is, designed for the maximum immersion depth, or lightweight, capable of withstanding a pressure of 1-3 kg / cm2. They are housed within a robust body, between a strong and lightweight body, and at the extremities.

K and l - welded or riveted beam of box-shaped, trapezoidal, T-shaped, and sometimes semi-cylindrical section, welded to the bottom of the boat hull. It is designed to strengthen the longitudinal strength, protect the hull from damage when laying on rocky ground and placing on a dock cage.

Light body (Fig. 1.22) - a rigid frame, consisting of frames, stringers, transverse impermeable bulkheads and skin. It gives the submarine a well-streamlined shape. The light hull consists of an outer hull, bow and stern ends, a deck superstructure, and a deckhouse guard. The shape of the light hull is completely determined by the outer contours of the ship.

Rice. 1.22. Cross section of a one and a half hull submarine:
1 - walking bridge; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - stringer; 5 - equalizing tank; 6 - reinforcing stand; 7, 9 - knits; 8- platform; 10 - box keel; 11 - the foundation of the main diesel engines; 12 - sheathing of a solid body; 13 - frames of a solid body; 14 - main ballast tank; 15 - diagonal racks; 16 - tank cover; 17 - lining of the light body; 18 - frame of the light hull; 19 - upper deck

The extremities of the light hull serve to streamline the bow and stern of the submarine and extend from the end bulkheads of the robust hull to the stem and sternpost, respectively.

The bow end accommodates: bow torpedo tubes, main ballast and buoyancy tanks, chain box, anchor device, hydroacoustic receivers and emitters. Structurally, it consists of a casing and a complex set system. Made of sheet steel of the same quality as the outer casing.

Stem - forged or welded beam, provides rigidity of the bow edge of the boat's hull.

The aft end (Fig. 1.23) accommodates: aft torpedo tubes, main ballast tanks, horizontal and vertical rudders, stabilizers, propeller shafts with mortars.

Rice. 1.23. Scheme of stern protruding devices:
1 - vertical stabilizer; 2 - vertical steering wheel; 3 - propeller; 4 - horizontal steering wheel; 5 - horizontal stabilizer

Horizontal and vertical stabilizers give stability to the submarine during movement. Propeller shafts pass through horizontal stabilizers (with a two-shaft power plant), at the ends of which propellers are installed. Aft horizontal rudders are installed behind the propellers in the same plane with the stabilizers.

Structurally, the stern end consists of a set and a casing. The set is made of stringers, frame and simple frames, platforms and bulkheads. The casing is equally strong with the outer casing.

Superstructure(fig. 1.24) is located above the upper watertight stringer of the outer shell and extends along the entire length of the rugged shell, going beyond it at the tip. Structurally, the superstructure consists of a skin and a set. The superstructure contains: various systems, devices, bow horizontal rudders, etc.

Rice. 1.24. Submarine superstructure:
1 - knits; 2 - holes in the deck; 3 - superstructure deck; 4 - superstructure side; 5 - scuppers; 6- pillers; 7 - tank cover; 8 - sheathing of a solid body; 9 - frame of a solid body; 10 - lining of the light body; 11 - waterproof stringer of the outer casing; 12 - light hull frame; 13 - superstructure frame

Rice. 1.25. Retractable devices and submarine systems:
1 - periscope; 2 - radio antennas (retractable); 3 - radar antennas; 4 - air shaft for diesel engine operation under water (RDP); 5 - exhaust device RDP; 6 - radio antenna (overwhelming)

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Series VII submarines were easy-to-manufacture one-and-a-half hull boats. The side boules, bow and stern ends and deck superstructure were welded to the solid hull. The diameter of the robust hull in the area of ​​the central post was only 4.7 meters. The thickness was 16 mm at the ends, 18.5 mm in the center, and together with the connection with the deckhouse, 22 mm. On the C / 41 modification, the thickness increased to 18.5 mm at the ends and up to 21.5 mm in the central part.

The durable hull of these submarines could withstand not only the outboard water pressure, but also the fire of machine guns and small-caliber cannons of ships and aircraft. In post-war trials of captured boats, it turned out that 20, 23 mm shells and 37 mm incendiary fragmentation shells inflicted damage only on the light hull. Also, because of this, the allies observed problems when trying to ram the submarine. There is a known case when an American destroyer Borie having rammed the submarine U-405 received severe damage and was sunk by his aircraft.

The robust body was welded in eight sections, six of which were sheets of metal bent and welded into cylinders. The bow and stern sections were welded from three sheets of metal. The sections were sequentially welded to each other, then the deckhouse was welded to them. A rather wide opening was left behind her, through which instruments and mechanisms were loaded into the boat.

The most recent ones were diesel engines. After their installation, the hole was welded with a steel sheet. This made it clear that the boat was not designed for long-term operation, the death of the submarine was expected earlier than the time of its setting for medium repair. Type VII was divided into six compartments. The central post was separated by spherical bulkheads designed for a pressure of 10 atm from the side of the concavity; it could serve as a shelter compartment.

Placement of devices and mechanisms in compartments:

1st compartment (bow torpedo)

This compartment housed four torpedo tubes. two in vertical rows and a stock of six torpedoes. Four were stored under the deck flooring and two along the side. For loading and loading torpedoes on the boat, there was a special in-vehicle and loading device. Also, along each side there were three pairs of folding, bunk beds. At the bottom of the compartment, under the spare torpedoes, there were bow trim and torpedo replacement tanks, as well as a manual control drive for the bow horizontal rudders.

2nd compartment (bow vein)

The compartment was divided into two parts by a thin bulkhead and a door. The room that was closer to the bow was small, it housed a latrine and seats for four Oberdfeldwebel. Next came the officers' quarters, two bunks in two tiers on each side. At the bulkhead of the central post, on the port side, there was the captain's berth, it was separated from the aisle by a curtain. Since it was very small, of the furniture, only the bunk itself was placed in it, folding tables, a cabinet built into the wall.

On the starboard side of the boat, opposite the captain's place, were the posts of the hydroacoustics and radio operator. The bow group of the accumulator battery (consisted of 62 elements), air cylinders were located under the deck. high pressure and an artillery cellar.

3rd compartment (central post)

An anti-aircraft periscope was located here, the commander was located higher in the conning tower. Also, the control posts of the valves of the kingston and ventilation were placed, the drives remote control horizontal rudders. Here, the navigator's combat post was located. The largest mechanisms in this compartment are two pumps and a hydraulic motor that lifted the periscopes.

Along the sides were tanks with drinking water and hydraulic oil. An equally strong ballast tank of large volume, was located under the central post, it played the role middle group... Fuel tanks are located on both sides of it. Above the central post, in a narrow conning tower, there was a commander's combat position during a torpedo attack - a reclining chair (rotated with the commander's periscope), an SRP (calculating device) for controlling torpedo firing.

4th compartment (aft living room)

In submariner's jargon, it was called "Potsdamer Platz" due to the reigning noise, din and running around, since this compartment connected the galley, diesel and electric engine compartments to each other. Also in the compartment were beds for four non-commissioned officers, a second latrine and a second power station. The second group of storage batteries, high-pressure air cylinders and a fuel tank were located under the deck.

5th compartment (diesel)

Almost the entire compartment above the deck was occupied by two huge diesel engines. Also here, there were compressed air cylinders for starting engines and a carbon dioxide cylinder for extinguishing a fire. In the lower part of the compartment under the diesel engines there were oil tanks.

6th compartment (electromotor and aft torpedo)

The compartment housed two high-pressure air compressors, diesel on the starboard side, electric on the left. There were two electric motors, a stern torpedo tube, power stations and manual control of horizontal rudders. Under the deck, between the electric motors was a spare torpedo, closer to the stern - trim and torpedo replacement tanks. In the roof of the compartment there was a hatch for loading torpedoes. At the end of the war, a device similar to a torpedo tube appeared in the compartment, but inferior in size, it was intended for the release of imitation Bold ammunition.

Superstructure

Systems and mechanisms were located inside the light hull and superstructure, the most important of which were hydrophones, a pin device, an anchor, four waterproof canisters for inflatable rafts, camouflage nets, two canisters for storing spare torpedoes (one canister was closer to the bow, the other closer to the stern , they could have stored G7a torpedoes). There were watertight fenders for the first shots to the 88 mm deck gun, an air supply shaft for diesels, exhaust valves and silencers for diesels, and most of the high pressure air system cylinders.

The deck of the superstructure was made of wooden planks, as wood froze later than iron. The wheelhouse fencing was used to accommodate anti-aircraft guns, numerous mobile and fixed devices, as well as to keep watch. Behind, inside the fence, there was an air intake for the air supply to the diesel engines and fenders for the first shots for anti-aircraft guns.

Dive and ascent system

The main ballast of the boat consisted of five tanks. The first and fifth tanks were in a light hull, the fifth tank was in the bow end, there was also a fast-sinking tank, and the first tank was located in the aft end, the second and fourth tanks were in the side boules, the third tank was in the solid hull of the 3rd compartment. All tanks, except for the first and third, could be filled with fuel.

In addition to the middle group, the main ballast tanks were without kingson, the valves were controlled at the central post of the boat. Between the second and fourth tanks, there were two small fuel and ballast tanks, an equalizing and side buoyancy tank. The VVD system was assembled from steel pipes and was not designed for long-term operation.

The total volume of VVD cylinders is 3.46 m³, since 1944 the volume has been 5.2 m³. The compressed air was at a pressure of 295 kg / cm². To replenish the supply of compressed air, there were two 6-liter compressors - diesel and electric. Two pumps were part of the drainage and trimming systems, with a capacity of 30 and 18 tons, respectively.

On a signal, the personnel of the upper watch jumped into the wheelhouse and closed the hatch, the watchkeepers of the central post shifted the horizontal rudders for immersion and from bow to stern opened the ventilation valves of the main ballast tanks. The well-thought-out shape of the horizontal rudders allowed German boats to dive with a large trim on the bow and not be afraid to make a "somersault".

To accelerate the dive, "live" ballast was used, the entire crew of the boat that was not on duty had to run into the bow compartment. These actions were practiced both in the introductory course of combat training and during military campaigns. Within 25-27 seconds, a trained crew could take the boat to a 10-meter depth.

Power plant

The power plant of the Type VII submarines consisted of two six-cylinder four-stroke F46 diesel engines, which were found on most boats, or MAH M6V 40/46 engines with mechanical supercharging. Engine power on modifications A was 1169 hp, on all other modifications 1400 hp. The maximum speed on diesels is 16.9 knots, while on diesels with electric motors, the speed was 17.4 knots.

In the summer of 1943, due to Allied aircraft, it led to a halt in German submarine operations in the Atlantic. In February 1944, after repairs, the U-264, the first German Type VII submarine equipped with a snorkel, entered service. The snorkel itself was the following: two pipelines from the diesel compartment were connected in the bow of the cabin to a special folding mast, at the end of this mast there was a valve for air intake and exhaust of diesel exhaust gases. The design of the valve provided for its automatic closure when water ingress, but at the same time, the diesel engines did not stop and took air from the inner compartments of the boat, this could create a large vacuum in a closed environment.

Despite the difficulties in operation, the snorkel was a device thanks to which the boat, in a submerged position in three hours with a course of 3-4 knots, fully charged its battery. Every 20 minutes of the underwater course with the help of a snorkel, a diesel engine was stopped and a hydroacoustic search was carried out.

Usually, electric motors were used to move underwater. The Type VII boats had two twin-anchor electric motors from the company Siemens , AG or Brown boweri with a capacity of 375 hp. As on Soviet submarines, electric motors and diesel engines were connected to the propeller shaft by mechanical couplings. Accumulator battery 124 cells of types 27-MAK 800, later 33-MAL 800W. The ventilation of the elements is individual, the flooring of the pits is hermetic.

The normal supply of fuel in internal tanks was 62.14 tons, the full supply in fuel and fuel-ballast tanks was 105.3 tons, when the equalizing tank was filled with fuel, it was 113.47 tons. The supply of fresh water on board the boat was 3.8 tons, oil 6 tons, and oxygen - 50 liters. The autonomy of Type VII submarines is approximately 40 days. The cruising range at a speed of 10 knots - 8500 miles, with a diesel-electric transmission, the range increased to 9700 miles. The diving range depended on the type of batteries, 130 miles at 2 knots or 80 miles at 4 knots.

Deck boat is a relatively new type of pleasure craft, receiving in last years more and more widespread in countries with warm, sunny summers. This is the development of the so-called pontoon ships, which are a platform mounted on two pontoon floats - a welded structure made of aluminum alloys or molded from fiberglass. An uncluttered, rectangular in plan, stable platform, fenced along the perimeter with reliable rails and a low bulwark, creates the illusion of pontoon boat passengers in a familiar coastal environment: there is no cramped cockpit and premises usual for small ships. Due to the large deck area, such boats are very convenient for Sunday trips with the whole family or picnics with a company of up to eight people. Pontoon boats are usually equipped with standard sets of furniture (sometimes with a folding summer cottage set) and only with a light sun awning, since they are not designed for a long stay of passengers away from the coast in bad weather (if it gets cold or it rains, they usually return to the parking lot at full speed).

Pontoon boats, due to the simplicity of their design (the pontoons themselves are most often cylindrical pipes with a diameter of 450-600 mm) are relatively cheap. Disassembled, they can be easily delivered to isolated reservoirs. However, such boats also have a number of disadvantages. First of all, this is a limited navigation area: they can only be navigated along relatively quiet rivers, lakes and well-closed sea bays: it is difficult for a low-sided boat with developed sailing capacity to withstand large waves and strong winds. The working area of ​​planing of narrow pontoons in the stern is limited, and this does not allow the installation of an engine powerful enough to develop high speed... There is no hold, the volume of which could be used for stowing equipment and supplies.

Basic boat data

An interesting version of a deck boat, adapted for river travel, was developed by the famous designer of small vessels David Beach from Chicago (three of his projects - the motor-sailing yacht Dolphin, boats with plywood sheathing and a round bilge floating boat were published in, and collections, respectively).

Designed specifically for self-build, wins 2nd prize for international competition, organized by the OMS engine-building concern with the aim of expanding the scope of application of the stationary Zephyr installation with an engine from an outboard motor ().

The structure of the hull is designed for sheathing with waterproof plywood (aviation plywood 8 mm thick or bakelized plywood with a thickness of 7 mm can be used) along tight frames (spacing 600 mm) and longitudinal stringers made of pine slats. The designer has provided for the possibility of operating the boat as with one unit "Zephyr" with a capacity of 15 liters. with., and with any other engine or outboard motor in a fairly wide power range - up to 140 hp. with. Simplified flat-keeled hull contours are adapted for economical sailing in displacement mode at the lower power limit, and for planing with an engine of over 60 hp. with. In the attached drawings, you can see the bottom lift up at the transom to reduce water resistance at low speeds and a decrease in the bottom dead-lift to the stern to facilitate the vessel's planing mode. The developed keel fin protects the propeller from breakage during grounding and prevents the vessel from drifting in side winds.

The boat is designed to be towed on a trailer for by car, which by American standards limits the overall width of the hull to 8 feet (2.43 m). The main part of the deck area is occupied by a shallow (its bottom is 200 mm higher than the waterline) self-draining cockpit, the dimensions of which in the plan are 2.08X1.54 m. These three square meters can be used depending on the circumstances and the desire of the crew. For example, you can spread a pair of air mattresses here and arrange a solarium, or sit down for lunch on folding chairs. It is important that even on the move passengers in the cockpit are reliably protected from wind and spray: from the bow and stern - by short and high superstructures, which give the boat such an unusual look, and from the sides - by low bulwarks. A lightweight tubular frame (collapsible structure) between the superstructures serves as the basis for a sun awning, but in bad weather or, say, when mosquitoes appear, you can fasten the fabric sides to this awning and you will get a cozy cabin with a height of 1.9 m inside. - again on inflatable mattresses - 3-4 people can be accommodated. The cockpit platform is equipped with outboard scuppers to drain the water that has got here.

Superstructures play the role of utility rooms. In the stern, there is a sink and a gas stove, as well as a toilet with a removable tank (a device that is mandatory on board pleasure boats according to the rules of most states). This superstructure can be entered both from the deck and from the cockpit through sliding doors. Indoor height 1.83 m; in its upper part there is a niche for laying pipes and awning panels.

On the bow superstructure, glass is fixed, which protects passengers from the headwind and opens the view forward. Inside there are lockers for clothes and various camping equipment. The boat control panel is attached to the frontal wall on the console. The driver and one of the passengers are seated in comfortable seats right on the bow deck. The steering wheel is fixed on a rocker console, which rotates in a vertical plane in such a way that any of the people sitting here can steer the boat.

The voluminous forepeak serves as a storage room, and two hatches are equipped on the deck to facilitate its use. A wide two-leaf hatch at the stern gives access to the engine compartment, where one or two Zephyrs or another stationary engine can be installed. Fuel tanks are also located here. In addition to the cockpit, a fairly large free deck area is preserved: the covers of all hatches are made "hidden", there are passages along the boat along the side depressions.

In general, an amateur navigator who has built such a boat will have at his disposal a fairly comfortable floating dacha, suitable for both Sunday rest and longer family voyages.

In our conditions, instead of the Zephyr installation, an outboard motor can be used, hung in the usual way on the transom (it is also worthwhile to equip a sub-engine niche) or installed permanently in the engine compartment (see the book “Boats, Boats and Motors in Questions and Answers”. L., "Shipbuilding", 1977). Considering the relatively low speed of movement with a moderate power of 20-25 liters. with., it is useful to use a propeller with a smaller pitch and an annular profiled nozzle, which significantly increases the efficiency of the propeller.

Submarines of the "Sh" type, or, as they were also called, "pikes", occupy a special place in the history of Russian shipbuilding. These were the most numerous (86 units!) Medium-sized submarines of the Soviet fleet during the Great Patriotic War... They actively participated in hostilities in the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Arctic; their torpedoes and artillery sank a German submarine, patrol ship, two landing craft and at least 30 enemy transports. But the price of victories turned out to be extremely high: 31 "pikes" did not return to their home base and remained at sea forever. Moreover, the circumstances of the death of many submarines are unknown to this day ...

However, we will not dwell on the history of the submarine service. We offer exclusive material - reconstruction appearance"Pikes" of all six series: III, V, V-bis, V-6hc-2, X and X-bis. The developed drawings are based on original documentation from the funds of the Central Naval Museum (TsVMM), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF), as well as special literature and numerous photographs.

Despite the fact that all series of boats of the "Sh" type were quite similar in their characteristics, outwardly they differed significantly from each other. So, the first four submarines Shch-301 - Shch-304 (III series) had a straight stem, a narrow superstructure and a deckhouse fence, in the aft part of which there were air ventilation shafts. Nasal horizontal rudders were of a peculiar design - they "horns" in the front part entered the special slots of the hull. The bow gun originally had a bulwark, but immediately after the tests it was removed, and the wheelhouse fence itself was completely rebuilt. For the convenience of the calculation, the 45-mm cannon installed reclining semicircular platforms, and later, during the overhaul, these platforms became permanent and they were equipped with a tubular rail.

On submarines of the V series, built for the Pacific Fleet, the shape of the bow rudders was changed (it became typical for all subsequent series of "pikes") and the width of the superstructure was increased. The wheelhouse fencing was radically reconstructed by placing a second 45-mm gun on it. The stem became inclined, and its contours in the upper part formed a small "bulb". The length of the light body has increased by 1.5 m.

The V-bis submarines of the series differed from their predecessors only in the form of a false-keel and a wheelhouse guard (the latter lost a kind of "balcony" over the first gun). On the other hand, on the V-6nc-2 series, the contours of the light hull were changed and the wheelhouse fence was again altered. Moreover, the Pacific boats of this type differed from the Baltic and Black Sea in the shape of the sides of the navigating bridge.

The submarines of the X series looked the most exotic due to the introduction of a streamlined fencing of the so-called "limousine" type of wheelhouse. Otherwise, they practically did not differ from the ships of the V-bis-2 series, with the exception, perhaps, of the “hump” that appeared above the deck tank and diesel mufflers.

Since the expected increase in submerged speed for the X series boats did not occur, and the flooding of the bridge increased, on the last series of X-bis series "pikes" a more traditional wheelhouse fence was used, reminiscent of those designed for type "C" submarines. The 45 mm bow cannon was now installed directly on the superstructure deck. The hull remained unchanged, but the underwater anchor disappeared from its equipment.

The racks of antennas and power outlets on boats of the III, V and V-bis series had an L-shape and were connected by crossbars. The netting cables went from bow to stern, in front of the bow rack, they were combined into one.

In "pike" \ / - bis-2 and X series, the standoffs of the network leads became single, on the X-bis series they were absent altogether. Some of the boats were equipped with Som and Crab net cutters, which were a system of cutters (four on the stem, two on the tank in a linearly elevated manner and one on each side), as well as a system of braces protecting the protruding parts of the boat from the cables of the net barriers. In practice, these devices turned out to be ineffective, and they were gradually dismantled, covering the saw on the stem with metal sheets.

Exhaust holes of mufflers in the superstructure on boats of the first four series were on both sides, on submarines X and X-bis series - from one, left side. Only on the left side was the anchor located, which was used in the surface position.

The location of the scuppers in the superstructure, which is often an individual feature of the ship and therefore of particular interest to modelers, is usually not indicated on the design drawings (since it has no fundamental significance). On the proposed drawings of "pikes" scuppers are drawn from photographs and therefore their location may not be entirely accurate (this is especially true for Sch-108). It should also be borne in mind that the cutting of scuppers on boats of the same series was often very different; these differences are most clearly demonstrated by the Baltic and Black Sea "pikes" of the X series.

The appearance of submarines of the "Sh" type also changed due to the upgrades carried out during the service. So, the folding parts of the gun platforms were gradually replaced by permanent ones and equipped with rails. Based on the experience of sailing in broken ice and in fresh weather, the outer covers of the torpedo tubes were dismantled on parts of the boats. Instead of the second gun, a DShK machine gun was sometimes installed, and the Pacific Fleet had improvised installations, along with a standard pedestal. External 7.62-mm machine guns M-1 ("Maxim") were not always placed in their regular places on the surface. The emitters of the underwater communication installation were located on the deck (upper) and in a special enclosure (lower). During the war, some "pikes" received Asdik (Dragon-129) sonars and a demagnetizer with windings outside the hull at the level of the superstructure deck.

Coloring: the hull and superstructure of the Baltic boats above the waterline were gray-ball, of the Black Sea - dark gray, of the North Sea - gray-green. The underwater part is black (Kuzbasslak) or covered with anti-fouling compounds No. 1 and 2 (dark red and dark green). In besieged Leningrad, in addition to camouflage nets, boats were painted white - to match the snow background. The screws are bronze. Rescue buoys were painted in the color of the hull; after the war they became red and white (three sectors of each color). The letters of the names of the boats in the bow (on III, V, V-bis, \ / - bis-2 series) are brass. Letter and digital designation on the wheelhouse - white (except for the V series, where it was yellow or blue with a black outline); during the war they were painted over to match the main body color. The number of victories declared was indicated by a number in a circle located in the center of a red star with a white outline, drawn individually on each boat. The star was always placed in the bow of the wheelhouse, approximately in the middle of the height or below the windows.

Submarines of the "Sh" type:

1 - rudder feather; 2- torpedo tube breaker shields; 3.9 - wake lights; 4 bale strips; 5 ducks; 6 - rescue buoys; 7,13,37 - network outlets; 8- network outlet (combined with a radio antenna); 10- gyrocompass repeaters; 11 - periscopes; 12 - magnetic compasses; 14 - radio direction finder antennas; 15 - 45 mm cannon 21-K; 16 - mooring spiers; 17 - bollards; 18 - antennas of sound direction finders; 19.35 - bow horizontal rudders; 20 - fender bar; 21 - conning tower hatches; 22 - hatches for emergency exits; 23 hinged covers over the boats; 24 - hinged superstructure grids; 25 - stern horizontal rudders; 26 - hinged grilles above the torpedo loading hatch; 27- stern flagpole; 28 exhaust muffler valves; 29 - retractable masts; 30 - anti-aircraft machine gun "Maxim"; 31.32 - running lights; 33 - jackstock; 34 - hatches above the fenders of 45 mm rounds; 36 - anchor hawse (on all submarines - only on the left side); 38- V-shaped support of the radio antenna; 39 - bale strips with network outlets; 40 - radio antenna; 41 - retractable davit; 42 lifting hook niches

Longitudinal elements (beams) ship are:

• keel- the longitudinal beam of the bottom set, passing along the middle of the width of the vessel;
• stringers- longitudinal beams of the bottom and side set. Depending on the location, they are: side, bottom and zygomatic.
• Carlings- longitudinal under-deck beams;

Longitudinal stiffeners - longitudinal beams of a smaller profile than stringers and carlings. At their location, they are called below deck, side or bottom and provide the rigidity of the outer skin and deck planking during buckling.

Cross members of the vessel

Cross members (beams) of the vessel:

• Flora - transverse beams of the bottom set, stretching from side to side. They are waterproof, solid and brace;
• Frames are vertical beams of the onboard set, which are connected at the bottom with the floras using knits. The knit is a triangular-shaped sheet steel part used to connect various body parts. On small ships (boats) flora may be absent and the frames are integral beams of the side and bottom set.
• Beams are cross-beams of a sub-lube set, passing from side to side. If there are cutouts in the deck, the beams are cut and called half-beams. They are connected with one end to the frame, and with the other they are attached to the massive coaming, which borders the cutout in the deck, in order to compensate for the weakening of the deck overlap by the cutouts.

On rice. 1 depicts the simplest structure of the hull of a small vessel with an indication of the main elements of the set, and on rice. 2 a more complete set of wooden motor boat hulls is presented.

Rice. 1... Small craft hull device.
1 - stem; 2 - keel; 3 - stringer; 4 - side skin; 5 - transom; 6 - frame; 7 - beams; 8 - deck

The ship's frames are numbered from bow to stern. The distance between the frames is called the spacing. Vertical, free-standing racks of round or other cross-section are called pillers.

Rice. 2... Elements of a set of wooden hull of a motor boat.
1 - sheathing; 2 - deck; 3 - beams; 4 - frame; 5 - seats; 6 - transom; 7 - the place of the motor mounting;
8 - onboard stringer; 9 - fender bar; 10 - zygomatic stringer; 11 - keel; 12 - bottom stringers

Pillers serves to reinforce the deck and in its lower part rests against the intersection of floras (frames - on small ships) with bottom longitudinal beams (keel, stringer, keelson), and in the upper part - beams with carlings. The installation of the pillers is shown in rice. 3.

Rice. 3... Installation of pillers
1 - deck flooring; 2 - carlings; 3 - beams; 4 - transverse coaming; 5 - pillers;
6 - flooring of the second bottom; 7 - flora; 8 - keel; 9 - bottom lining.

Vertical or inclined beams that are a continuation of the keel are called stems (in the bow - the stem, in the stern - the stern). The ship's hull can be divided into separate compartments using transverse and longitudinal watertight bulkheads. The bow of the vessel between the stem and the first bulkhead is called the forepeak, and the stern compartment is called the afterpeak. In motor boats, the watertight structure at the transom, which forms a niche and is designed to accommodate the outboard motor, is called a motor niche. The motor niche, located above the water level and equipped with scuppers - holes for draining water, is called a recession niche.
For a more complete understanding of the elements of the set of the body on rice. 4 shows a cross-section of a dry cargo vessel with a combined recruitment system, and Fig. 5 set of the hull of the metal boat "Chibis".

Rice. 4. Combined dialing system.
1 - gunwale; 2 - bulwark rack; 3 - bulwark; 4, 10-beams; 5 - deck flooring; 6 - carlings; 7 - stiffener; 8 - hatch coaming;
9 - pillers; 11 - bulkhead rack; 12 - transverse bulkhead; 13 - flooring of the second bottom; 14 - keel; 15 - horizontal keel; 16 - bottom stringer;
17 - bottom sheathing; 18 - flora; 19 - extreme double bottom leaf; 20 - zygomatic keel; 21 - zygomatic belt; 22, 25 - frame;
23 - half beams; 24 - side sheathing; 26 - knit; 27 - shirstrek.

Rice. 5... Boat hull set.
1 - frame frame; 2 - carlings; 3 - coaming; 4 - deck flooring; 5 - fender bar; 6 - frame; 7 - side skin;
8 - zygomatic angle; 9 - flora; 10 - stringer; 11 - keel; 12 - brackets; 13 - bottom plating; 14 - knits.

Outer cladding

The outer shell of the vessel ensures the watertightness of the hull and at the same time participates in ensuring the longitudinal and local strength of the vessel. On metal ships, the planking consists of steel sheets placed long side along the ship. In addition to steel sheets, aluminum alloy sheets are used especially on metal motor boats and boats. The cladding sheets are joined by rivets and butt welding. The row of sheathing sheets that runs along the side of the ship is called a belt. The upper belt of the side plating is called shirstvkom, and below are the side ones singing and on the cheekbone - the zygomatic belt. The middle bottom belt is called the horizontal keel. The line connecting one belt to another is called a groove, and the place where the sheets are connected to each other in one belt is called a joint. The dimensions of the sheets and their thickness are different and depend on the design of the vessel, its dimensions and purpose. For the cladding of boats, motor, sailing and rowing boats, wood materials, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass plastics, textolite and other materials that meet the requirements of shipbuilding in terms of their properties and strength are very often used.

Deck flooring

Deck flooring provides watertightness of the hull from above and participates in ensuring the longitudinal and local strength of the vessel. The largest buckling load falls on the deck in the middle of the vessel, therefore the deck sheets at the tip are somewhat thinner than in the mid-frame area. Sheets of flooring are located with the long side along the vessel, parallel to the center plane, and the extreme ones, singing to the left and right sides - along the sides, they are called deck stringers and have a large thickness. The deck stringer is connected to the shirstrek by riveting, welding or gluing, depending on the material of the decking sheets.

Hatches and necks

Hatches and necks weaken the strength of the deck, stress concentration arises in their corners, contributing to the appearance of cracks. In this regard, the corners of all cutouts in the hull skin are rounded off, and the deck sheets at the corners of the cutouts are made more durable. To reinforce the deck, weakened by the cutouts, and prevent water from entering the hatch, a coaming is made along the edges of the cutout, which has a device for closing the hatch (neck). Coamings also border cutouts in bulkheads, coamings are also called part of the bulkhead under the doorway.

Bulwark and handrail

On sea, river and modern pleasure craft, to protect people from falling overboard, open decks have bulwarks or railings.

Bulwark(rice. 6) is, as a rule, a metal belt of side plating. It is installed on low-lying decks exposed to flooding in stormy weather.

Rice. 6. Bulwark.
1 - buttress; 2 - bulwark; 3 - gunwale; 4 - stiffness rack.

From the inside, the bulwark is reinforced with racks, which are called buttresses and are installed after two or three spans. To increase the strength of the bulwark, ribs are sometimes welded between its posts. On the upper edge of the bulwark, a strip is strengthened, which is called a gunwale. To drain overboard the water falling on the deck, cutouts are made in the bulwark - storm porticos. Taking into account that the complete drainage of water through the storm porticos is prevented by the deck stringer square, scuppers are made to completely drain water from the deck overboard - cutouts in the shirstrek edge protruding above the deck and in the deck stringer square. Guardrail ( rice. 7) consists of vertical struts connected by taut cables (rails) or chains.

Rice. 7... Guard rail (removable).

The racks can be interconnected by two, three or four rows of horizontal round rods, most often steel. These horizontal bars are called roof rails.

Shipbuilding materials

There are basic materials used for the manufacture of hulls, kit elements, ship arrangements and parts.

Steel- has many properties necessary for the construction of a ship (density 7.8 g / cm 3). It is durable, easy to process. The most commonly used are shipbuilding carbon and low alloy steels.

Sheet steel has a thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm (sheet) and 4 to 1400 mm. In shipbuilding, the most common sheets are 6-8 m long and 1.5-2 m wide. Profiles are produced from carbon steels: angular, channel, I-beam, flat-bulb and zeta, and from low-alloy steels, the same profiles, except for zeta and I-beams. Sheathing of the hull, bulkheads, second bottom, decks, etc are made of sheet steel; from the profile: beams, frames, stringers and other elements of the body set. The casting method is used to make parts of complex shapes: anchor haws, anchors, chains, pins, propeller brackets, etc.

Aluminum alloys have a lower density than steel (2.7 g / cm 3) and sufficient strength. The most widespread are alloys of aluminum with magnesium and manganese. Small boats, superstructures, partitions, pipelines, ventilation pipes, masts, ladders and other important ship parts are made of these alloys.

Wood and wood-based materials for many years (until the 19th century) they were the only material for building ships. With many advantages, wood continues to be used in shipbuilding today. The hulls of small sea and river vessels, boats, dinghies, rowing boats, sports and sailing vessels, decking, finishing for ship premises, etc. are made of wood. Pine is most often used in shipbuilding. It is used for the manufacture of kit and casing. Spruce is used for cladding the underwater part of the ship, because it is less hygroscopic. Larch and teak are used for decking and siding, for residential and office space- oak, beech, ash, walnut, birch and others. Beech and ash are also used to make stems for wooden ships, incl. undersized. Planks, boards, slats, plywood and wood slabs are widely used in shipbuilding, used for the manufacture of external cladding of ships, decoration of cabins, salons, etc.

Plastics due to their low density, good dielectric and thermal insulation properties, high corrosion resistance, convenient processing methods and sufficient strength, they increase the service life of individual parts of ships. erasers are divided into two main groups: thermoplastics (plexiglass, nylon, polyethylene and other plastics that can again acquire a plastic state when heated and harden when cooled) and thermosetting plastics - plastics that cannot be softened again when heated, i.e. plasticity. The most widely used in shipbuilding are fiberglass plastics - various synthetic resins (epoxy, polyester, etc.) reinforced with fiberglass in the form of fabrics, mats, and bundles. Small vessels (boats, boats, yachts, boats), pipes and other ship structures and parts are made of fiberglass.

The main disadvantages of plastics are: low heat resistance, low thermal conductivity, tendency to plastic deformation under constant load at normal temperature (creep).

Cast iron used for the manufacture of cast products: bollards, bale bars, stern tubes, propellers and other parts.

Bronze- an alloy of copper with tin or aluminum, manganese, iron. Plain bearings, propeller shaft linings, kingston housings, worm wheels and other parts are made from it.

Brass- copper-zinc alloy. Pipes for heat exchangers, window parts, electrical parts, propellers and other products are made from it.

Reinforced concrete- a material consisting of concrete reinforced with a metal frame. It is mainly used for the construction of floating docks, cranes, landing stages.

Superstructures and deckhouses

All enclosed spaces located above the upper deck from side to side are called superstructures. The bow superstructure is called the tank, the stern one is called the yute. The middle superstructure has no special name. A superstructure that has a width less than that of the ship is called a wheelhouse. For example, the navigator's cabin. The construction of decks and sides of superstructures and deckhouses is similar to the construction of other decks and sides on ships. The side skin and bulkheads of superstructures are usually thinner and may differ in material from the hull.