Presentation of water treatment methods. Water purification methods. Presentation on the topic: Methods for Purifying Drinking Water

"Methods of changing internal energy" - The study of two ways to change internal energy. Internal energy of the body Evn = En + Ek of all molecules of the body. The water in the cylinder heats up, boils, and steam is formed. The internal energy of the steam is converted into the mechanical energy of the cork. Mechanical energy is converted into internal energy. Potential energy?

"Tabular way of solving problems" - 3. Masha does not know Italian, and Olya does not speak English. 3. Does Sveta not have a cat? Sveta has a parrot. 4. Does Lena play the harp? Valya plays the harp, and Lena plays the violin. What kind of animals does each have. Masha does not know Italian, and Olya does not speak English. The girl who speaks French plays the violin.

"Methods of forming nouns" - Suffixal way of forming nouns. We are waiting for another way - the addition of the foundations. Bes + order = mess with + wayfarer = companion Under + title = subtitle. Under + window + nickname Under + beard + ok Under + snow + nickname. Words are formed from derived roots. Listen carefully! Practical part.

"Wastewater Treatment" - Treatment of wastewater containing dyes. Aerobic and anaerobic treatment stages. Aerobic cleaning method using aeration tanks. Flotation wastewater treatment. Characteristics of anaerobes and anaerobic processes: "+". Aerobic cleaning systems. All attention is focused on the liquid part - the filtrate.

"Methods of plant propagation" - By grafting a cutting, you immediately get a developed branch. In terms of development, the scion should lag behind the development of the rootstock. Two- and three-year-old branches can be rooted in this way. It is mainly used to obtain a healthy variety. Plant reproduction. When digging in the garden, we unwittingly propagate weeds.

"Methods for solving systems of equations" - From the power formula N \u003d A / t, express work A. 8. Solve the inequality. What is the solution of a system of equations? A cyclist traveled from the lake to the village at a speed of 15 km/h and back at a speed of 10 km/h. 5. Simplify the expression. Find the value of the expression. How many solutions does the system of equations have? Addition method (algorithm).

Purpose of work: Purpose of work: To study the impact of water resources on human health, the study of water quality and methods of purification and filtration of tap water. Tasks: Tasks: 1. Learn about the importance of water in human life; 2. Find out the functions of water in the body, the physical and chemical properties of water; 3. Familiarize yourself with the definition of water quality. 4. Consider ways to improve water quality. 5.Find out: how much and when to drink.

Relevance of the topic According to the researched data (social survey of the residents of the district), 99% of the respondents use tap water for drinking, the quality of which leaves “much to be desired”. Only 1% of respondents use filters or use bottled water for drinking (which is also questionable).

CONTENTS: 1) Introduction 2) Physical and chemical properties of water 3) The impact of water resources on human health 4) Water pollution 5) The main sources of pollution of drinking water 6) Methods for purifying drinking water 7) Types of water filtration 8) Changes in water properties 9) Definition water quality 10)Conclusion

1. Introduction. Water is a very common substance on Earth. Almost 3/4 of the surface of the globe is covered with water, which forms oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. A lot of water is in a gaseous state as vapor in the atmosphere; in the form of huge masses of snow and ice, it lies all year round on the tops of high mountains and in polar countries. In the bowels of the earth there is also water that soaks the soil and rocks.

2. Physical and chemical properties of water. Water has unusual properties. Its highest density is observed at a temperature of 4C. When fresh water bodies cool in winter, as the temperature of the surface layers decreases, denser masses of water sink to the bottom, and warmer and less dense ones rise in their place from below. This happens until the water in the deep layers reaches a temperature of 4C. Thanks to this, life does not stop under the ice. Sea water freezes at -1.91C. With a further decrease in temperature to -8.2 ° C, sodium sulfate begins to precipitate, and only at a temperature of -23 ° C sodium chloride precipitates from the solution. Since part of the brine leaves the ice during crystallization, its salinity is less than the salinity of sea water.

3. The impact of water resources on human health. Poor drinking water quality and diseases are divided into four types: diseases caused by contaminated water (typhoid, cholera, dysentery, poliomyelitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis). skin and mucous membranes that occur when using contaminated water for washing (from trachoma to leprosy). diseases caused by molluscs living in water (schistosomiasis and guinea worm). diseases caused by insects living and breeding in water - carriers of infection (malaria, yellow fever, sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply.)

Sometimes in drinking water there are many salts of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids (chlorides and sulfates). They give the water a salty and bitter-salty taste. The use of such water leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of caries depends on how much fluorine is contained in the water. Water fluoridation is believed to be effective in preventing caries, especially in children. But in addition to useful impurities in the water, there are others that are dangerous to the human body: - sulfides (hydrogen sulfide) - arsenic - lead - nitrate - uranium - cadmium - aluminum

4. Water pollution. Few people today doubt that the water that we drink and use in everyday life needs additional purification, no matter where it comes from - from a well, artesian well or water supply. According to the statistics of the Gosstroy of Russia, about 40% of the city's water supply network is now in disrepair, not to mention country cottages and holiday villages, where the quality of natural water often goes beyond sanitary standards. In their reports at scientific conferences, scientists are increasingly stating that not only non-drinkable, but even non-domestic water flows from our tap.

5. Main sources of drinking water pollution. 1. Municipal waste. Municipal drains - contain both chemical and microbiological contamination and pose a serious hazard. The bacteria and viruses contained in them are the cause of dangerous diseases: typhus and paratyphoid, salmonellosis, bacterial rubella, cholera embryos, viruses that cause inflammation of the pericerebral membrane and intestinal diseases.

1. Industrial waste. In groundwater, they are present in slightly smaller quantities than in surface waters. Most of this waste goes straight to the rivers. In addition, industrial dust and gases settle directly or in combination with atmospheric precipitation and accumulate on the soil surface. plants, dissolve and penetrate deep into. Therefore, no one who is professionally engaged in water purification will be surprised by the content of heavy metals and radioactive compounds in wells located far from metallurgical centers - in the Carpathians.

6. Methods for cleaning and filtering tap water. On average across the country, almost every third sample of "tap" water does not meet hygienic requirements in terms of sanitary-chemical indicators, and every tenth sample - in terms of sanitary-bacteriological ones. For example: 1) Some city reservoirs contain from 2,000 to 14,000 synthesized chemicals; 2) Only 1 percent of surface water sources meet the first class requirements for which our traditional water treatment technologies are designed. At the entrance to the apartment's water supply system, it is advisable to install a coarse filter, with a stainless steel mesh or polymer cartridges that can trap suspended matter and rust.

7. Types of water filtration.. Bulk-type cleaning systems.. Mechanical mesh and disc filters that remove undissolved mechanical particles, sand, rust, suspensions and colloids.. Ultraviolet sterilizers that remove microbes, bacteria and other microorganisms.. Oxidizing filters that remove iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide. Adsorption filters that improve organoleptic characteristics (taste, color, smell) and remove residual chlorine, dissolved gases, organic compounds. Combined filters - complex multi-stage systems. Membrane systems - reverse osmosis drinking water treatment systems, the highest degree of purification.

8. Changing the properties of water. 1. Boiling water. Boiling water destroys bacteria, coagulates colloidal particles of dirt, softens water, evaporates volatile organic substances and part of free chlorine. But the concentration of salts, heavy metals, pesticides, organic substances increases. Chlorine, associated with organics, when heated, turns into a terrible poison - a powerful carcinogen-dioxin, belonging to the category of poisons that are especially dangerous to health. We drink boiled water, and it worsens our health, slowly killing us.

2. Settling of water. When water is settled for at least 3 hours, the concentration of free chlorine decreases, but iron ions, salts of heavy metals, carcinogenic organochlorine compounds, radionuclides, and part of non-volatile organic substances are practically not removed.

Distillation of water. Distilled water is unsuitable for constant consumption, as it does not contain trace elements necessary for the body. The constant use of it leads to violations of the immune system, heart rate, the process of digestion of food and health.

Water filtration. Choosing a filter is a very difficult task. In order to figure out which filter to buy (and their mass: carbon, membrane, bactericidal, complex, etc.), you first need to have information about the composition and characteristics of your water. Only then it is necessary to select a filter according to the given properties. This can only be done by a professional. A home filter is essentially a mini water treatment plant.

9. Definitions of water quality. The best water is the water of springs, but not all, but those flowing through clean land or rocky land, which is better preserved from decay. Good water is in a spring open to the sun and wind, and in a stream flowing along a clay channel, since clay purifies the water, takes away impurities from it, and makes it transparent. Rain water is well absorbed by the body and contains a minimum amount of harmful impurities. It promotes better digestion and assimilation of food. Retains skin moisture, keeps it in balance. But all this applies to clean rainwater.

The snowy water is very cold. The warmth of the stomach hardly warms her. Snow water should also be used with caution due to the high levels of snow pollution. Through experiments, scientists have established that snow water is living water in the full sense of the word.

MELT WATER IS VERY USEFUL. In its structure, it is similar to water, which is part of the blood and cells. Therefore, its use frees the body from additional energy costs for structuring water. It is effective in the treatment of atherosclerosis, cleanses the body of toxins, increases its defenses, stimulates the mechanisms of reproduction, promotes rejuvenation of the body. Specific cleansing of various organs with melt water: Cleansing the nose with water. Cleansing the oral cavity: brushing teeth; massaging the gums with a brush; rinsing the mouth after eating with salt water. How to keep your toothbrush between brushings. Language cleansing. Throat cleansing. Ear cleaning. Eye cleaning. Hair and scalp cleaning. DISTILLED WATER. P. Bragg drank distilled water after 50 years and advised others to do so. He considered it one of the remedies and emphasized: “It is not dead water. It is the purest water that a person can drink. Distilled water helps to dissolve toxins that accumulate in the body of a modern civilized person, it passes through the kidneys without leaving inorganic stone residues there. This is soft water. Wash your hair in distilled water and see for yourself." Bragg was wrong to extol the virtues of distilled water. One of the most important drawbacks of this water is its purity from trace elements necessary for the life of the body.

WARM WATER. The water is warm and slightly heated, useful for patients with epilepsy. Warm water, when used in large quantities, weakens the stomach, and if you drink it in small portions and often, it flushes the stomach and weakens. Hot water increases the flow of blood during menstruation, excretion of urine, soothes pain. It does not quench thirst immediately and often leads to dropsy and thinness, dries up the body. STANDING WATER. It is undesirable to use this water, since stagnant water is oversaturated with microorganisms and carries negative energy. Standing water can cause tumors, intestinal ulcers, and various skin diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to determine its composition. WATER IS COLD. In moderation, it is most suitable for healthy people and for those who have too porous skin, suffering from expiration from any organs. It helps with fainting, hangover, vomiting, dizziness, thirst, fever, liver and blood diseases, and poisoning. Drinking cold water in small sips stimulates the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines and favors the separation of gastric juice, stimulates appetite, improves digestion and promotes proper stool.

10. Conclusion. Water is the matrix of life, the basis of metabolism, changing its structure, its physical and chemical properties, it regulates life processes. Without water, any form of life is impossible - carbon silicon, etc. Blood and lymph water delivers all the necessary metabolites to cells and tissues and removes metabolic products. Water is essential for the existence of all living organisms; Since ancient times, it has been considered the primary source of life along with fire, air and earth. Water covers about 510 million square kilometers of the earth's surface (about ¾ of the surface). The total amount of fresh water on Earth is about 24 million cubic meters. km.

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The purpose of the work: To study the impact of water resources on human health, the study of water quality and methods of purification and filtration of tap water. Tasks: 1. Learn about the importance of water in human life; 2. Find out the functions of water in the body, the physical and chemical properties of water; 3. Familiarize yourself with the definition of water quality. 4. Consider ways to improve water quality. 5.Find out: how much and when to drink.

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Water is present in all tissues of our body, although it is unevenly distributed: Brain-75% Heart-75% Lungs-85% Liver-86% Kidneys-83% Muscles-75% Blood-83%.

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7. Types of water filtration. . Bulk type treatment systems. . Mesh and disc mechanical filters that remove undissolved mechanical particles, sand, rust, suspensions and colloids. . Ultraviolet sterilizers that remove germs, bacteria and other microorganisms. . Oxidizing filters that remove iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide. . Compact household softeners and ion-exchange filters that soften and remove iron, manganese, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, salts of heavy metals, organic compounds. Adsorption filters that improve organoleptic characteristics (taste, color, smell) and remove residual chlorine, dissolved gases, organic compounds. Combined filters are complex multistage systems. . Membrane systems - reverse osmosis systems for the preparation of drinking water, the highest degree of purification.

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What is water? Water is a solution consisting of many chemical substances of man-made and natural origin. The water contains: ions of light, heavy metals - gold, lithium; gases - oxygen, ozone, chlorine; Inorganic and organic substances - salts, acids, alkalis; Insoluble organic impurities of organic and inorganic origin - sand, rust, silt.

Factors that determine water quality Color Floating impurities Floating impurities Suspended particles Suspended particles Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Toxic Substances Toxic Substances Odors Taste Acidity Mineral composition Mineral composition Hardness

Traditional methods of water purification Through coarse gratings (large floating objects are retained) Mechanical cleaning Through fine sieves (smaller particles are trapped) Filtration Water passes through filters (reservoirs dug into the ground). At the bottom of the filter there is a layer of gravel, then a layer of fine sand up to 70 cm thick.

Water quality in our city In view of the severe pollution of surface water, artesian waters are the main source of drinking water supply. Water quality is tested in the Vodokanal laboratory. In all water intakes of the city, water meets the requirements of San PiN. In the northern part of the city there is a slight excess in hardness.

Water disinfection (water disinfection) is a set of measures taken to purify water from microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, cysts, etc.). As numerous studies show, the quality of drinking water largely depends on the method and regime of its disinfection. The existing methods of disinfection of drinking water are divided into reagent, non-reagent and combined.

Non-reagent methods of water disinfection include: ultraviolet water disinfection - UV water disinfection; ultrasonic water treatment. V combined methods disinfection of water, two methods of disinfection or two disinfectants are used, one of which is capable of maintaining its activity in water for a long time.

Water chlorination is the most common method of drinking water disinfection using gaseous chlorine or chlorine-containing compounds that react with water or salts dissolved in it. As a result of the interaction of chlorine with proteins and amino compounds contained in the shell of bacteria and their intracellular substance, oxidative processes, chemical changes in the intracellular substance, disintegration of the cell structure and death of bacteria and microorganisms occur. Disinfection (disinfection) of drinking water is carried out by dosing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and bleach. Cl 2 + H 2 O \u003d HClO + HCl

Water Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide With the advent of safe chlorine dioxide production technology, many respected scientists claim that chlorine dioxide will become an important disinfectant and oxidizing agent in the world in the next 20 years, just as chlorine made a splash 100 years ago. As of 2011, chlorine dioxide is accepted as disinfectant in many countries. It is used in many industries where water safety is important, including drinking water, wastewater treatment, food and beverage, and water bottling.

Water ozonation is a more high-tech way of water treatment. Ozone is an allotropic modification of oxygen. At normal temperatures, it spontaneously dissociates, especially in water. As the water temperature rises, ozone decay increases. The bactericidal effect of ozone is associated with the active penetration of this reactive form of oxygen through cell membranes and the subsequent oxidation of organic substances, which causes the death of the bacterial cell. Along with disinfection, ozonation improves the taste and eliminates odors in water.

Silvering of water If you choose a filter of silvering of water correctly, then the residual content of silver dissolved in water will not exceed ... 10 -5 mg / l (at the same time, concentrations in the contact layer of silvering of water can reach 0.015 mg / l), which allows you to simultaneously bactericidal and bacteriostatic water treatment. Currently, safe installations and technologies for silvering water have been created. Based on them, you can get guaranteed clean drinking water without chlorine and without bacteria.

Water iodization is a disinfection method that uses iodine-containing compounds. As a bactericidal agent, iodine has been known for a long time and is widely used in medicine. Difficulties are associated with the low solubility of iodine in water, so its organic compounds are most often used. In addition, water iodization can cause specific odors. Unlike chlorine, iodine does not react with ammonia and is more resistant to solar radiation.

Ultraviolet water treatment consists in the direct effect of radiation on the nucleic acids that make up the DNA and RNA of all living organisms. Disinfection of water with ultraviolet radiation is lethal for most microorganisms, including viruses and protozoan cysts that are resistant to oxidative methods. Tested in Kharkov.

Ultrasonic water treatment Vibrations of the medium with frequencies exceeding 20 kHz are called ultrasonic. When ultrasound propagates in water, around objects in it and having a different density, microscopic areas of very high pressure(tens of thousands of atmospheres), followed by high rarefaction. This phenomenon is called ultrasonic cavitation. No microorganism is able to withstand such exposure and mechanical destruction of bacteria occurs.

Distillation - the process of purifying liquids, which consists in the evaporation of a liquid, followed by condensation of the vapor. In this case, liquid multicomponent mixtures are separated into fractions differing in composition by partial evaporation of the mixture and condensation of the resulting vapors. Distillation can separate a liquid from dissolved solids or liquids with very different boiling points. Distillation systems must also contain activated carbon, as there is no other way to remove low molecular weight, highly volatile organics (such as chloroform).

For almost all countries of the world, the problem of drinking water purification is becoming more and more urgent every year. This is due to the deteriorating environmental situation everywhere. The problem of drinking water in Ukraine is a national one. The quantity and quality of tap water is at the heart of this problem. The poor condition of water bodies is one of the main reasons for the poor quality of tap water.

Today, bottled drinking water is an alternative to tap water. In Ukraine, the production and consumption of water packaged in containers is increasing. Since such water is a special product and should not only be safe and harmless to health, but also tasty, healthy and physiologically complete.

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Settling Procedure: Poured into one a certain amount of tap water. Covered with a cloth to prevent foreign matter from entering the water. After some time, which depends on the volume of water, sedimentation at the bottom: in glasses after 20 minutes, in large containers after 2-3 hours. Precipitation is different in color saturation and quantity. After settling, he carefully poured clean water into other containers, setting aside 1/3 of it as unusable. Conclusion: The settling procedure is long-term, in order to get rid of the sediment, it is necessary to drain it together with 1/3 of the water. This method can only get rid of mechanical impurities. After settling, the water must be boiled. (Part 2)

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Boiling Procedure: I pour water from the tap to look completely transparent. I boil water. When heated, the water changes color to yellow (precipitation of iron salts). As the temperature rises, the water acquires a reddish hue. After boiling water for at least 5 minutes, I spend settling. The settling process is much faster. I pour water excluding the precipitate that has fallen. Conclusion: Boiling only partially solves the problem of water purification. Evaporation of water takes place. The concentration of salts increases, they are deposited on the walls in the form of scale. This process requires additional financial costs (payment for the consumed electricity or gas), it is required to track the boiling time of water. (Part 3)

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Filtration Procedure: I take a funnel-shaped strainer and pass tap water through it. Observing small mechanical particles settled on the filter walls. Pure water passes through the filter. Conclusion: The advantage of this method is its low financial cost. The water is quite clean in appearance, without impurities of mechanical particles. The process is not laborious, but it takes time. (Part 4)

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Adsorption Procedure: Of the items available in everyday life, I chose a container for food purposes (a plastic bottle and cut off the bottom). Prepared fine gravel sand, charcoal, two pieces of fabric for the interlayer. Let's fill a bottle with them. I poured water, after 20 minutes I got about 0.50 liters of water a little gray. I repeat the process. I'm doing a defense. A gray "dust" cloud settles to the bottom after 15 minutes. The water becomes transparent. I merge. Conclusion: The method is effective for any water pollution, including if there are dissolved gases in the water. Coal adsorbs these gases and retains small particles of impurities. This method is applicable even in field conditions(for cleaning swamp water) (Part 5)

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Distillation Procedure: We find all the necessary items for the experiment (a glass jar, a container for collecting condensate, a kettle, a stand for dishes). I am preparing a device for distillation. I fill the kettle with tap water, put foil under the lid to prevent steam from passing through the lid. I boil. The spout of the teapot is directed to the jar. Condensation flows from the walls of the jar in transparent drops. After 30 minutes we get 150 milliliters of distilled water. Conclusion: The process takes a long time, the water yield is small, and energy costs are high. But the water is perfectly clear! (Appendix VI) Conclusion: The process takes a long time, the water yield is small, the energy consumption is high. But the water is perfectly clear! (Part 6)

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Freezing Procedure: I pour tap water into a dish resistant to low temperatures and put it in the freezer. After 1.5 hours, I take out part of the frozen ice from the dishes and remove it. I put the rest of the water back in the freezer. And I'll get it in 2-3 hours. Having turned the ice over, I observe the space filled with unfrozen water, pour it out without regret (it contains harmful impurities). I melt the remaining ice, this is pure water. Conclusion: There are no additional costs (the refrigerator always works), the water is purified from harmful impurities, but mechanical particles may be present in small quantities. (Part 7)