Technogenic hazards and risks presentation, report. Technogenic hazards (topic 4) Presentation of technogenic hazards

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1.Trends in the field of natural and technogenic safety

contradictions in the interactions of the elements of the system "natural environment - technosphere - society" led to an increase in the number of emergency situations (ES) of natural-technogenic and man-made nature

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Dynamics of the coefficient of relative growth in the number of emergencies (CR)

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Feature of Russia

A feature of Russia was that the increase in the number of emergencies in the last decade was accompanied by a reduction in the pace and volume of production to 40-50% (in capital-forming industries - up to 70-95%).

Slide 8

Growth rates of machine-building production

Slide 9

Explosion in a Chinese mine killed 68 people. / 28.11.2005, 9:25 / As a result of an explosion in a mine in the northeastern Chinese province of Heilongjiang, 68 miners were killed. Germany covered with snow - there are casualties. / 28.11.2005, 9:05 / Two thousand accidents, about one and a half hundred injured, one dead and more than six million euros of damage were the result of a snowfall in Germany. More than 100,000 Germans remain without electricity after a snow storm. / 27.11.2005, 14:31 / In the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, it is still not possible to restore power supply, interrupted due to a strong snow storm. About 120 thousand people remain without electricity. Two trains collided in India. / 25.11.2005, 9:48 / In the Indian state of West Bengal, at least two people were injured as a result of a collision between two trains. On Friday, at Panskura station (100 km from Kolkata), an express passenger train crashed into a standing commuter train.

Slide 10

Extraordinary accidents and catastrophes of one month

11/24/2005 // An earthquake measuring 6.8 was recorded in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. 11/24/2005 // A yacht under the Ukrainian flag is in distress off the coast of Greece. 23.11.2005 // The water of the Amur polluted by the accident in China can reach Khabarovsk. 11/23/2005 // In Turkey, an electric train collided with a truck, 9 people were killed. 11/22/2005 // Storm Gamma battered Honduras. 11/18/2005 // 172 people became victims of floods in Colombia. 11/16/2005 // Ecological accident in Kerch - 50 thousand inhabitants were left without water. 11/15/2005 // 10,000 people are evacuated in Colombia from an awakened volcano. 11/14/2005 // A series of explosions at a chemical plant in China: 1 killed, 70 injured. 11/11/2005 // An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Yakutia.

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Oilfield accidents

near the city of Novy Urengoy, an accident occurred at the Pestsovoye field, owned by OAO Gazprom. The valve in the valve building was depressurized and a gas leak occurred. On Friday night, the valves were closed, the gas was released. Three fire brigades of the district's State Fire Service and employees of Urengoygazprom worked at the scene. During the liquidation of the accident, seven employees of the enterprise were poisoned by natural gas. All the victims received medical assistance. Currently, their condition is assessed as satisfactory. The circumstances of the incident are established. The company launched an investigation into the causes of the accident.

slide 12

Transport accidents

slide 13

Accident at a chemical plant in China

Slide 14

Dynamics of changes in the number of victims and deaths from natural and man-made emergencies in 1996-2001

slide 15

Dynamics of changes in the number of natural and man-made emergencies in 1996-2001

slide 16

Dynamics of the number of emergencies for the period 1997–2004

Slide 17

Dynamics of the number of deaths in emergency situations for the period 1997–2004

Slide 18

The structure of quantitative indicators of emergencies by their types

Slide 19

Slide 20

2. Why is the number of accidents and emergencies of a man-made nature not decreasing?

It would seem that solid experience has been accumulated in the prevention and liquidation of accidents, the causes and conditions of their occurrence have been analyzed and revealed, and subsequent appropriate safety measures have been taken. However, the growth curves of the number and severity of man-made incidents do not show noticeable trends towards a qualitative decrease.

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Why is the number of accidents and man-made emergencies not decreasing?

BUT). Scientific and technological progress and the development of the productive forces of society lead to an ever-increasing saturation of the technosphere with man-made (technical) objects, in which artificially created energy reserves are accumulated, which pose a potential danger to humans and their environment. (Any technical object that has or uses an artificial energy reserve is potentially dangerous. In addition, the rate of increase in the number of technical objects in the technosphere is comparable to or greater than the general increase in their reliability (although newly constructed HIFs have higher reliability, however, the reliability of HIFs in operation only decreases from time).

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B). In practice, there is a priority of using methods for eliminating the consequences of an accident over methods for improving safety. Most of the security measures implemented at HIFs are in the nature of “fire brigade methods”. (Alas, these methods have a pronounced populist basis - the larger the accident, the more effective the rescue and the TV picture).

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. The main reasons for the increase in the number of man-made emergencies:

an unacceptably high level of depreciation of fixed assets and the depletion of the design resources of machinery and equipment (up to 50-80% in the energy sector, petrochemicals, and transport); (decommissioning of potentially hazardous facilities that have exhausted their resource or service life is a complex scientific, technical, economic and social problem)

slide 24

low level of investment and, as a result, the impossibility of reconstruction and renewal of fixed assets (less than 1-5% annually); insufficient regulatory and legal framework in the field of natural and technogenic safety at the federal and regional levels.

Slide 25

Causes of accidents at industrial facilities

in the oil and oil refining industry: corrosion of pipe metal and damage to pipelines or tank structures (age composition of field pipelines: up to 15 years - 63%, more than 15 years - 37% with an actual service life of 20 years); unauthorized tie-ins by third parties; violation of safety regulations and fire safety rules by service personnel; design flaws and poor-quality repair of equipment; factory defect of pipes; a marriage made in the course of construction installation work, and violation of their norms by contractors, etc.

slide 26

in the gas industry:

stress corrosion; unauthorized earthworks carried out by various non-departmental organizations in the protected zones of gas pipelines without taking into account the minimum (safe) distances from the axis of the pipeline.

Slide 27

in the coal industry:

accidents in mines (explosions of methane and coal dust, fires and collapse of rocks, insufficiently qualified fastening of various equipment and replacement of lining, as well as difficult working conditions for combines in the faces); fires in mines caused by the ignition of the conveyor belt, electrical equipment, as well as coal explosions; other emergencies, which can lead to very serious consequences (inversion of air into the coal mine, power outages in mines

Slide 28

in the power industry:

increase in the volume of equipment that has exhausted its resource; lack of budget financing for the construction of new power plants; extremely tense situation with the provision of power plants with fuel; location of energy facilities in areas with unfavorable natural conditions (in seismic activity zones, northern regions); concentration of production capacities in a limited area and in close proximity to cities and towns; miscalculations in design, unsatisfactory quality and imperfections in construction and installation work at newly commissioned facilities, etc.

See the lecture "Classification of hazards and risks"

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Radiation (radiation fields), Mechanical (impact loads, ground vibrations), Ballistic (fragmentation fields), Thermal (heat flow), Electromagnetic (lightning discharges), Excessive concentrations of radioactive substances, carcinogens and toxicants Poisoning by chemically hazardous substances Bacteriological contamination Explosive and impact waves Impulse accelerations Affecting factors arising from hazardous events:

Slide 33

object danger

Its property, consisting in the possibility during operation, under certain circumstances, to cause damage to a person and the OPS

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Potentially dangerous objects

objects in which significant energy is stored and (or) which use, produce, produce, store or transport radioactive, fire-explosive, hazardous chemical and biological substances

Slide 35

3.2 Classification of hazardous production facilities

According to the accumulated hazard potential - according to the mechanism of damage - according to the type of danger - according to the nature of the emergency

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3.3 Safety declaration requirements for certain types of production facilities

3.4 Man-made risk analysis

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Slides captions:

• The feeling of fear and the feeling of danger are different
• spheres. The first to the sphere of instincts. The second is to the realm of reason.
• The first must be suppressed, the second must be developed.
• /I Shevelev /

• Modular block of questions of discipline
• "Life Safety"

• Novosibirsk 2013

• Topic: NATURAL, MAN-MADE AND MILITARY EMERGENCIES

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• NATURAL, MAN-MADE AND MILITARY EMERGENCIES
• 1.1 Natural and man-made emergencies, their possible consequences
• 1.2 natural and man-made nature
• 1.3 Military emergencies
• 1.4 Measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations

• NATURAL AND MAN-MADE EMERGENCIES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES
• EMERGENCY SITUATION (ES) is a situation in a certain territory or water area that has developed as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material loss and disruption of people's living conditions.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• On the surface of the Earth and in the layers of the atmosphere adjacent to it, many complex physical, physicochemical, biochemical, geodynamic, heliophysical, hydrodynamic and other processes occur, accompanied by the exchange and mutual transformation of various types of energy. These processes underlie the evolution of the Earth, being the source of constant transformations in the appearance of our planet.
• A person is not able to stop or change the course of these processes, he can only predict their development and in some cases influence their dynamics.
• RUSSIA, which has an extremely wide variety of geological, climatic and landscape conditions, is exposed to more than 30 types of natural hazards.
• The most destructive of them are floods, waterlogging, erosion, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, karsts, suffusions, rock bursts, snow avalanches, hurricanes, storm winds, tornadoes, severe frosts, various frozen phenomena.
• Earthquakes are the most dangerous.
• Other hazards of geological origin include landslides, landslides, mudflows, abrasion, processing of reservoir banks, and permafrost processes.

• NATURAL HAZARDS AND THREATS

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Relatively less dangerous due to the lower volumes and speeds of the simultaneous movement of masses of rocks and water are the processes of planar and ravine erosion, processing of the banks of reservoirs and seas, and soil swelling.
• Of the atmospheric processes, the most devastating and dangerous are squalls, hurricanes, typhoons, hail, tornadoes, heavy downpours, thunderstorms, snowstorms and snowfalls.
• Of all natural processes and phenomena, floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes cause the greatest economic damage, they are also the most dangerous for human life and health.

• ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL HAZARDS allows us to conclude that, despite scientific and technological progress, the protection of people and the material sphere from formidable phenomena and processes of nature does not increase.
• The annual increase in the number of deaths from natural disasters in the world is 4.3%, affected - 8.6%, and the amount of material damage - 10.4%.
• World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2012

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Technogenic dangers and threats humanity felt and realized a little later than natural ones.
• Only with the achievement of a certain stage in the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters invaded human life, the sources of which are accidents and man-made disasters.
• The danger of the technosphere for the population and the environment is due to the presence in industry, energy and public utilities of a large number of radiation, chemical, biological, fire and explosive technologies and industries.
• There are about 50 thousand such industries in Russia alone.
• The possibility of accidents at them is currently exacerbated by the high degree of wear and tear of the main production assets, failure to carry out the necessary repair and maintenance work, the fall in production and technological discipline.

• MAN-MADE HAZARDS AND THREATS

• Radiation hazardous objects

• Chemically hazardous objects

• Technogenic hazards and threats

• Gas and oil pipelines

• Transport

• Hydraulic structures

• Explosive objects

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Radiation hazardous objects

• Chemical hazardous objects

• in Russia there are 10 nuclear power plants(NPP), 113 research nuclear installations, 12 industrial enterprises fuel cycle, 8 research organizations working with nuclear materials, 9 nuclear ships with their support facilities, as well as about 13 thousand other enterprises and organizations operating with the use of radioactive substances and products based on them. Almost all nuclear power plants are located in the densely populated European part of the country. More than 4 million people live in their 30-kilometer zones. In addition, the system of disposal of nuclear waste produced at these facilities poses a great danger to the population.

• There are more than 3.3 thousand economic facilities in Russia that have significant amounts of hazardous chemical substances (AHOV), mainly enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. More than 50% of them use ammonia, about 35% - chlorine, 5% - hydrochloric acid. The total stock of AHOV stored at the enterprises of the country reaches 700 thousand tons.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Fire and explosive objects

• In our country, there are over 8 thousand fire and explosion hazardous facilities. Most often, explosions and fires occur at the enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. They lead, as a rule, to the destruction of industrial and residential buildings, production staff and the population, significant material damage

• Gas and oil pipelines

• More than 200 thousand km of main oil pipelines and about 350 thousand km of field pipelines, more than 800 compressor and oil pumping stations are operated at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry and in geological exploration organizations of Russia, most of which were put into operation in the 60-70s gg. last century. This implies the conclusion that practically the entire existing network of oil pipelines has largely exhausted its resource and requires serious reconstruction, representing a significant source of danger.
• The main causes of pipeline accidents are underground corrosion of metal (21%), defective construction and installation works (21), defects in pipes and equipment (14), mechanical damage (19%).

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Transport

• Every year, more than 3.5 billion tons of cargo is transported in Russia by various modes of transport, including up to 50% by rail, 39% by road, 8% by inland waterways, and 3% by sea.
• Daily transportation of people exceeds 100 million people: according to railway- 47%, motor transport - 37, aviation - 15, river and sea vessels - 1%.

• Most dangerous automobile transport, during the operation of which an average of 33,415 people die. per 1 billion passenger kilometers. For comparison, in aviation this figure is 1,065 people. In railway accidents, human losses are much lower.
• It should also be noted that transport is a serious source of danger not only for passengers, but also for the population living in the areas of transport highways, since they transport a large amount of flammable, chemical, radioactive, explosive and other substances that pose a threat to life and health in an accident. of people.
• Such substances make up about 12% of the total volume of cargo transportation.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Hydraulic structures

• On the territory of Russia there are more than 30 thousand reservoirs, including 60 large ones with a capacity of more than 1 billion m3, located, as a rule, within or upstream of large settlements, as well as more than 800 reservoirs created for the accumulation of industrial effluents and waste .
• More than 300 hydraulic structures that hold water reserves in reservoirs and contain polluted water and waste in reservoirs have been operated without reconstruction for more than 50 years and are in an emergency condition, which can create many problems and are objects of increased risk. Their destruction can lead to catastrophic flooding or pollution of vast territories, many cities, villages and other economic facilities, to a long-term cessation of navigation, agricultural and fishing industries.

• Objects public utilities

• In the housing and communal services of our country, there are about 2370 water supply and 1050 sewerage pumping stations, approximately 138 thousand transformer substations, over 51 thousand boiler houses. The length of water supply networks is approximately 185 thousand km, heat (in two-pipe terms) - 101 thousand km and sewerage - about 105 thousand km.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• About 220 major accidents occur annually at public utilities facilities, the material damage from which amounts to tens of billions of rubles.
• IN last years every second accident occurred at networks and heat supply facilities, and every fifth - in water supply and sewerage systems.
• The main causes of man-made accidents and disasters are as follows:
• 1) the complexity of production is increasing, often this is due to the use of new technologies that require high concentrations of energy, substances dangerous to human life and have a strong impact on the components of the environment;
• 2) reliability decreases production equipment and vehicles due to the high degree of wear;
• 3) violation of technological and labor discipline, low level of training of workers in the field of safety.
• In addition, sometimes the causes of a number of accidents and man-made disasters are various dangerous natural processes and phenomena.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
• NATURAL CHARACTER

• For the purpose of a unified approach to the assessment of emergency situations and the choice of a form of response to them, these situations are classified according to types, types, extent of distribution, severity of consequences, and some other features. In practice, a general classification of emergencies, as a rule, is made on the basis of their causes, sources and the most important indicators of their manifestation.

• Meteorological and agrometeorological
• (storm, hurricane, tornado, drought, frost)

• Marine hydrological (typhoon, tsunami)

• HAZARDS

• Geophysical (earthquake, volcanic eruption)

• Geological (landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches)

• Infectious diseases of farm animals

• Hydrological (flood, congestion, blizzard)

• natural fires
• (forest, steppe, peat)

• Damage to agricultural plants by diseases and pests

• Infectious diseases in humans

• Natural emergencies

• Hydrogeological
• (low and high water table)

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
• MAN-MADE

• Man-made emergencies

• HAZARDS

• Transport accidents and disasters

• Fires, explosions and bomb threats

• emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV)

• Accidents in blowout (threat of blowout)
• radioactive substances

• Accidents in blowout (threat of blowout)
• Biohazardous Substances

• Accidents on electric power systems

• Accidents on communal life support systems

• Accidents at wastewater treatment plants

• Hydrodynamic accidents

• Sudden collapse of buildings and structures

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• In addition, it is important to classify emergencies, reflecting their scale and severity of consequences. This classification takes into account such indicators as the number of injured people, the number of people who found themselves in violation of living conditions, the amount of material damage, the boundaries of the zones of action of damaging factors.

• In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies"
• Regulations on the classification of natural and man-made emergencies,
• according to which, according to the scale of distribution and severity of consequences, emergencies are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.

• EMERGENCY

• local emergency

• local emergency

• Territorial emergency

• Regional emergency

• federal emergency

• Cross-border emergency

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• LOCAL EMERGENCY - a situation in which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were violated, or material damage amounted to no more than 1 thousand minimum wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond limits of the territory of an industrial or social facility.
• LOCAL EMERGENCY - a situation in which from 10 to 50 people were injured, or more than 100, but not more than 300 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 1 thousand, but not more than 5 thousand minimum sizes wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the settlement (city, district).
• TERRITORIAL EMERGENCY - a situation in which from 50 to 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 300, but not more than 500 people, were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 thousand, but not more than 500 thousand minimum wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• REGIONAL EMERGENCY - a situation in which from 50 to 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 500, but not more than 1000 people, were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 0.5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of occurrence, and its zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
• FEDERAL EMERGENCY - a situation in which more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone extends beyond more than two subjects Russian Federation.
• TRANSBORDER EMERGENCY - a situation, the damaging factors of which go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or a situation that occurred abroad and affects the territory of the Russian Federation.
• OUTPUT -
• The classification of emergency situations adopted in Russia makes it possible in practice to assess their causes and extent, to determine the forces and means, financial, temporary and other resources necessary for their elimination.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• MILITARY EMERGENCIES

• In recent years, the world has experienced significant changes in the military-political and socio-economic fields.
• Experts believe that in the course of war and military conflicts, not only military facilities and troops, but also economic facilities and the civilian population will be under attack, and when large-scale wars are deployed, the sources of emergency situations of a military nature will be the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions.

• It is customary to distinguish three classes (classifications) of these types of hazard, including:

• 1. Dangers arising from the direct impact of means of destruction - are the defeat of conventional means of armed struggle, as well as radioactive, chemical and bacteriological weapons and the defeat of non-lethal weapons (psychotropic, high-frequency and laser).
• 2. Hazards arising from the indirect impact of means of destruction (secondary damage factors) - representing damage in the form of destruction of buildings, the appearance of radiation, chemically and hydrodynamically dangerous objects, the occurrence of fires and foci of bacteriological contamination.
• 3. Hazards associated with a change in the environment of people that can lead to their death or cause serious harm to health - are injuries that have led to the loss of dwellings, disruptions in water supply systems, food, the impossibility of providing medical care population.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Wartime dangers have characteristic, unique features, including:
• firstly, they are planned, prepared and carried out by people, therefore they are more complex than natural and man-made ones;
• secondly, the means of destruction are also used by people, therefore, in the realization of these dangers, there is less spontaneous and accidental, weapons are used, as a rule, at the most inopportune moment for the victim of aggression and in the most vulnerable place for her;
• thirdly, the development of means of attack always outstrips the development of adequate means of protection against their impact, therefore, for some period of time they have superiority;
• fourthly, the most recent scientific achievements, are involved the best specialists and the most advanced research and production base; this leads to the fact that it is virtually impossible to defend against some means of destruction (nuclear missile weapons);
• Fifth, an analysis of the trends in the evolution of military dangers indicates that future wars will increasingly acquire a terrorist, inhuman character, and the civilian population of the warring countries will serve as an object of armed influence in order to undermine the will and ability of the enemy to resist.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Dangers of a military nature will arise from the use of nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons.

• Nuclear weapons are by far the most powerful means of mass destruction. The damaging factors of this weapon are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse. In terms of the scale and nature of their action, nuclear weapons differ significantly from other means of armed struggle. The almost simultaneous impact of its damaging factors determines the combined nature of the effect on people, equipment and structures.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Chemical weapons are also one of the types of weapons of mass destruction. Its damaging effect is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS). Combat toxic chemicals include poisonous substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human body and animals, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used to damage various types of vegetation.
• A variation of chemical weapons are binary chemical munitions.
• These munitions are based on the principle of refusing to use a ready-made toxic product and transferring the final stage of the technological process for obtaining OM into the munition itself.
• This stage is carried out in a short period of time after the projectile is fired (missile launch, bomb drop).
• During this time, the ammunition destroys devices that isolate the separately safe components of the OM and intensive mixing of the components, which contributes to the rapid reaction of the formation of a poisonous substance.
• The use of chemical weapons can result in severe environmental and genetic consequences, the elimination of which will require a long time and great efforts.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Bacteriological weapons are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxic products of their vital activity) distributed with the help of live infected disease carriers (rodents, insects) or in the form of powders and suspensions in order to cause mass diseases of people, farm animals and plants. .
• As bacterial agents, pathogens of various especially dangerous infectious diseases can be used: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural smallpox.
• Bacteriological weapons have some features that distinguish them from other means of destruction.
• These should include:
• 1) the ability to cause mass diseases of people and animals;
• 2) a long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax bacteria retain their damaging properties for several years);
• 3) the difficulty of detecting microorganisms and their toxins in the external environment;
• 4) the ability of pathogens and their toxins, together with air, to penetrate into unsealed shelters and premises, infecting people and animals in them.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• TO CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS include fire and percussion means using artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition filled with conventional explosives, high-precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition, incendiary mixtures and substances, as well as some of the latest types of weapons (infrasonic, radiological, laser).
• Cruise missiles occupy a special place among high-precision weapons.
• These missiles are equipped with a complex combined control system that directs them to targets according to pre-compiled flight maps, including at low altitudes, which makes it difficult to detect them and greatly increases the probability of hitting the target. Guided aerial bombs, reconnaissance-strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems are also high-precision weapons.
• Recently, volumetric explosion ammunition has become widespread. The principle of operation of such ammunition (vacuum bombs) is based on the principle of undermining the fuel-air mixture. Their main damaging factor is a shock wave, the power of which is several times higher than the energy of an explosion of a conventional explosive. In addition, during the explosion, the temperature reaches 2500–3000 °C. As a result, a lifeless space about the size of a football field is formed at the site of the explosion.
• The damaging effect of incendiary weapons is based on the direct impact on a person of high temperatures created during the combustion of incendiary substances and mixtures. Incendiary weapons are divided into incendiary mixtures (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel), thermite and thermite compositions, white phosphorus.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• A significant threat to the world community, including Russia, is posed by international and domestic terrorism.
• In world legal practice, this type of threat to life safety is considered as the most dangerous crime.

• Types of terrorism

• BY IMPACT OBJECTIVES

• BY IMPACT SCOPE

• Political terrorism

• Nationalist terrorism

• Religious terrorism

• Self-serving terrorism

• Unaddressed (psychological) terrorism

• Individual terrorism

• Group terrorism

• State terrorism

• International terrorism

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Political terrorism aims to gain political power in the country. There are two types of such terrorism. Left-wing terrorism arising as a result of social conflict, when the economic situation of the state and the population deteriorates sharply. Right-wing terrorism expresses the desire of some part of society to establish a reactionary totalitarian regime. As a rule, it is imbued with the spirit of chauvinism, racism, Nazism and anti-communism. Class terrorism is a kind of political. However, its object is not politicians or public figures, but representatives of a certain class (social group).
• Nationalist terrorism is organized and carried out by ethnic groups that seek to achieve independence from the state, or to ensure the superiority of their nation over others. The purpose of such terrorism may also be the protection of territorial integrity or the preservation of one's ethnic group.
• Religious terrorism is usually carried out in order to establish one's religion as the main one. In this case, the object of terror can be not only religious figures, but also people professing another religion.
• Self-serving terrorism aims at illegally obtaining financial resources by taking hostages. Sometimes terrorists put forward political demands along with financial ones.
• Unaddressed (psychological) terrorism is usually not motivated. At the same time, mental aggression is practically the only reason for committing a terrorist act and is demonstrative.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Individual terrorism is violence carried out by one person in relation to others.
• It can also be described as a personal rebellion against society.
• Group terrorism is organized and carried out by a group of people who pursue certain goals and have an organizational structure.
• This type of terrorism is the most widespread and massive.
• State terrorism is expressed in the policies pursued by politicians and parties in power in the country.
• As examples of the conduct of state terror, one can cite the activities of the fascist regimes in Germany and Italy, the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia.
• International terrorism, as a rule, is carried out on the territory of several countries. It can be carried out not only against citizens and various organizations, but also against states in general.
• A striking example of such terrorism is the destruction of the buildings of the World shopping center in the USA (2001), an explosion in the subway in Moscow (2004), explosions in Spain (2004).

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• Measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations

• The main directions of emergency warnings

• 1) monitoring and forecasting of emergency situations

• 2) rational distribution of productive forces and settlements on the territory of the country, taking into account natural and technogenic safety

• 3) systematic reduction of the accumulating destructive potential of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena

• 4) prevention of accidents and man-made disasters by improving technological safety production processes and operational reliability of equipment

• 5) development and implementation of engineering and technical measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of sources of emergency situations

• 7) training of production personnel and improvement of technological and labor discipline

• 6) preparation of objects of the economy and life support systems of the population for work in emergency situations

• 8) declaration of industrial safety

• 9) licensing of activities of hazardous production facilities

• 10) conducting state expertise in the field of emergency prevention

• 11) state supervision and control on issues of natural and technogenic safety

• 12) liability insurance for causing harm during the operation of a hazardous production facility

• 13) informing the population about potential natural and man-made threats in the territory of residence

• 14) training of the population in the field of protection against emergency situations of peacetime and wartime

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• MONITORING is understood as a system of constant monitoring of phenomena and processes occurring in nature and the technosphere in order to anticipate growing threats to humans and their environment. The main goal of monitoring is to provide data for an accurate and reliable forecast of emergency situations based on the combination of intellectual, informational and technological capabilities of various departments and organizations involved in monitoring certain types dangers. Monitoring information serves as the basis for forecasting, as a result of which hypothetical data are obtained about the future state of an object, phenomenon, or process.

• Forecasting an emergency is a forward guess about the likelihood of occurrence and development of an emergency based on an analysis of the causes of its occurrence and its source in the past and present.
• The main thing in this process is information about the object of forecasting, which reveals its behavior in the past and present, as well as the patterns of this behavior.
• At the heart of all methods, methods and techniques of forecasting are heuristic and mathematical approaches.
• The essence of the heuristic approach is to study and use the opinions of specialist experts.
• The mathematical approach consists in using data on some characteristics of the predicted object after their processing mathematical methods to obtain a dependency that links these characteristics with time, and to calculate using the found dependency of the characteristics of an object at a given point in time.
• Forecasting in most cases is the basis for the prevention of natural and man-made emergencies. In the mode of daily activities, the possibility of such situations is predicted: their place, time and intensity, possible scale and other characteristics. In the event of an emergency situation, the possible development of the situation, the effectiveness of certain measures to eliminate the situation, the necessary composition of forces and means are predicted.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• It is almost impossible to prevent most natural disasters. However, there are a number of dangerous natural phenomena and processes, the negative development of which can be prevented.
• This can be done by taking measures to prevent hail, early release of avalanches and dumping of mudflow lakes formed as a result of blockages in mountain rivers.
• Measures to prevent such situations may also include localization or suppression of natural foci of infections, vaccination of the population and farm animals.

• In the technogenic sphere, work to prevent accidents is carried out in accordance with their types at specific facilities.
• As measures that reduce the risk of possible emergencies, the most effective include:
• 1) improvement of technological processes;
• 2) quality improvement technological equipment and its operational reliability; timely renewal of fixed assets;
• 3) use of technically competent design and technological documentation, high-quality raw materials, materials and components;
• 4) the availability of qualified personnel, the creation and application of advanced systems of technological control and technical diagnostics, trouble-free shutdown of production, localization and suppression of emergency situations, and much more.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• One of the ways to effectively reduce the scale of emergency situations is the construction and use of protective structures for various purposes.
• These include hydraulic protective structures that protect watercourses and reservoirs from the spread of radioactive contamination, as well as structures that protect the land and hydrosphere from some other surface contamination.
• Dams, sluices, embankments, dikes and bank protection are used to protect against floods. An important role in reducing environmental damage is assigned to municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
• To reduce the negative impact of landslides, mudflows, landslides, screes and avalanches in mountainous areas, protective engineering structures are used on communications and in settlements.
• Protective forest plantations are used to mitigate erosive processes.
• Civil defense structures are used to protect the personnel of economic facilities and the population from wartime dangers, as well as from natural and man-made emergencies.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• One of the ways to reduce the scale of emergency situations is to take measures to increase the physical stability of objects during natural disasters, accidents, natural and man-made disasters. These measures, first of all, include seismic-resistant construction in seismically hazardous areas and seismic strengthening in these territories of buildings and structures previously built without seismicity, as well as increasing the physical stability of critical facilities, protecting unique equipment, cultural, historical, state values, reserves the most important resources.
• Efficiently contributes to the reduction of the scale of emergency situations (especially in terms of losses) the creation and use of warning systems for the population, personnel and government bodies, primarily centralized warning systems at the federal, regional, territorial, local and facility levels. Thanks to this system, it is possible to as soon as possible notify the majority of the population of the country or certain territories about the danger.
• Timely notification allows you to take measures to protect the population and thereby reduce losses. Local warning systems operate at potentially hazardous facilities, managed by the facility's on-duty personnel or specialists from the city's centralized warning system. The task of the local warning system is to timely alert people living near a potentially dangerous object about the danger. In case the staff on duty cannot activate the warning system in a timely manner, local or joint automated systems detection of hazardous natural and man-made factors and notification of them. Such automated systems for monitoring the radiation situation are already being used at some domestic nuclear power plants.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• One of the most important measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergencies, primarily of a man-made nature, is the training of production personnel and the improvement of technological and labor discipline.
• The situation that has developed in recent years in the field of operation industrial productions, especially potentially dangerous, is characterized by a high level of accidents and injuries.
• Fires, explosions, releases of toxic products and other industrial emergencies often cause emergencies.
• Despite significant efforts in the development of technical safety and protection systems, accident rates in our country have increased significantly in recent years.
• In most cases, this is due to low staff training and non-compliance with technological and labor discipline.
• Because of " human factor» more than half of all man-made accidents and disasters occur at the facilities of the economy, industrial and agricultural production, land, air and water transport.
• Russian legislation provides for the adoption of appropriate measures, for example, in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" in without fail all categories of employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations should be trained in the rules of conduct, methods of protection and actions in emergency situations.

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• For managers of all levels, in addition, mandatory advanced training in the field of civil defense and protection against emergency situations is provided upon appointment, and subsequently at least once every five years.
• Measures that reduce the scale of emergencies should also include maintaining readiness of shelters and shelters, sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary-anti-epizootic measures, evacuation of the population from unfavorable or potentially dangerous zones, training the population, maintaining the readiness of governments and forces, and much more, as well as declaring the industrial safety of the facility.
• The declaration of industrial safety is developed at each industrial facility, the activity of which is associated with increased danger. It provides control over compliance with security measures and allows assessing the sufficiency and effectiveness of measures to prevent and eliminate emergency situations.
• To implement measures to ensure the natural and technogenic safety of objects for various purposes, even at the stage of their design, state expertise is carried out in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations.
• A huge potential in reducing the risks of emergencies lies in the use of an integrated system of federal, regional and local information centers connected to various end devices for displaying information for prompt information and warning of the population. Installed, for example, in places of mass stay of people, external and internal electronic scoreboards with video cameras (to provide feedback and preventive surveillance).

• NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

• In order to ensure the safety of the population in the context of the ongoing fight against terrorism, a set of special measures is being developed and implemented:
• 1) clarification of the list of objects most likely to carry out terrorist acts; 2) development of measures to prevent unauthorized entry by unauthorized persons and forecasting possible emergencies, incl. terrorist acts; 3) introduction of a liability insurance system for causing harm to citizens, including from accidents as a result of terrorist acts; 4) implementation of licensing activities of hazardous industries, declaring safety and increasing readiness for localization and liquidation of accidents; 5) training of special reconnaissance teams to detect and identify dangerous substances, as a rule, used to commit terrorist acts; 6) determination of the list and development of special measures to detect and neutralize the means of committing technological terrorist acts.
• As preventive measures at facilities, it is advisable to use the following: 1) strengthening of the access control regime at the entrance and entrance to the territory of objects; 2) installation of alarm systems, audio and video recording; 3) careful selection and verification of personnel; 4) use of special means and devices for detecting explosives; 5) organizing and conducting, together with law enforcement officers, briefings and practical exercises with working personnel; 6) regular anti-terrorist and anti-vandal inspection of territories and premises.
• 7) installation of means of remote video monitoring and video surveillance of controlled territories.