The classification of the costs of working time is made. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Time tracking: methods and stages

Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Work time Is the legally established length of the working day during which the participant production process must be at his workplace and perform the functions assigned to him with high quality. It is classified by its cost and is divided into two groups: working time and break time.

Working hours Is the period during which the labor actions related to the performance of work. It includes three elements: preparatory and final, operational and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of the production task, as well as the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the assignment, conducting safety briefings, passing the shift, etc. The preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire party. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent changeovers of equipment, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.

Main work time(t about) is called the time used for the direct impact of the instruments of labor on the subject of labor. Most of the time is spent on a direct qualitative change in the object of labor (form, structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.).

Time of auxiliary work(t c) is spent on activities related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, you need to bring raw materials, eat finished products, weigh it, etc.

The total duration of the main and auxiliary work is usually called time of operational work(t op).

Workplace maintenance time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (units) and maintain order and cleanliness at the workplace. It includes the time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, for adjusting the mechanism, as well as the time spent cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

It should be highlighted and unproductive time(t nr) - the time spent on the release of marriage, the performance of unusual functions.

Breaks subdivided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t ex); due to technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation labor discipline(t nd).

Time for rest and personal needs Is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of the operational time.

Time of breaks due to technology and organization of production, is associated with the expectation of a certain process due to the different duration of the associated operations.

Organizational and technical breaks associated with disruption of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)

Interruptions caused by violation of labor discipline(late arrivals, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature leaving, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the performers.

The considered costs of working time are divided into normalized (t pz, t op, t vol, t ex, t pt) and non-standardized (t np, t nd, t from). The classification of the costs of working time and breaks is given in table. 13.1.

Table 13.1 - Classification of labor costs

Classification of the performer's working time costs. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the work time to complete the production task and the work time not provided for by the production task. Work time to complete a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly completing the task. It consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and the time for servicing the workplace. Preparatory and final time - this is the time spent by the employee to prepare for the work and its completion (receiving a job assignment and familiarization with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, delivery of finished products, tools, etc.). The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the proportion of the preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task. Operational time - this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary. The main time is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, machining a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, stitching parts of a product in a garment industry, actively monitoring the progress of a hardware process in a chemical industry, driving a car when transporting goods to road transport... The auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal from it of objects of labor in machine-tool production, measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and Food Industry, changing the operating modes of equipment, etc.). Workplace service time - this is the time to take care of the workplace and keep the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into maintenance and organizational service times. Time Maintenance associated with the maintenance of equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacement of worn out parts, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, replacement of cartridges in office equipment, etc.). Organizational service time is the time for maintaining the workplace in a working condition (cleaning up industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning cars, etc.). Depending on the nature of the contractor's participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is subdivided into the time of manual work, the time machine-hand made and the time for monitoring equipment operation. Handmade time call work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only hand-held non-mechanized tools are used. Time of machine-hand work (including manual mechanized) - this is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using a manual mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw). In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of the working time is taken by equipment monitoring time ... It can be active or passive. The time of active observation of the equipment operation consists in the fact that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process. Passive observation time is the time during which there is no need to constantly monitor the operation of equipment or the technological process, observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.

Working time for the contractor is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs one or another work provided for or not provided for by the production task) and break time in work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of the working time of the worker is shown in Figure 6.1.

So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production time (T PROIZ) and work time not provided for by the production task (T NEPROIZ) - time spent on execution of non-typical this employee operations that can be eliminated.

Production task lead time includes preparatory and final, operational and service time of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time (T PZ)- this is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. This type of expenditure of working time includes the time of receipt of a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing devices, tools, handing over finished products to the Quality Control Department, etc. ... Since a feature of this category of time expenditures is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given assignment, in large-scale and mass production per unit of production this time is insignificant and is usually not taken into account when setting standards.

Operational time (T OPER)- this is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or works. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

Basic (technological) time (T OSN),- this is the time spent directly on the quantitative and (or) qualitative change of the object of labor, its state and position in space.

During auxiliary time(T VSP) the actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. The auxiliary time includes the time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the working area, managing equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is attributed to workplace service time (T OBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes the time of technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace.

By the time of maintenance of the workplace (T OBSL.TECHN) includes the time for maintenance of the workplace in connection with the performance of this operation or a specific work (replacing a blunt tool, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, inspection, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (T OBSL.ORG) - this is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working order during the shift .. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on accepting and handing over a shift, nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a change of tools, documentation and other necessary for work items and materials, etc.

In some industries (coal, metallurgy, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Working hours not provided for by the production task, - the time spent by the employee to perform random and unproductive work. The performance of unproductive and casual work does not provide an increase in production or an improvement in its quality and is not included in the piece time rate. These costs should be the subject of special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Random run time (T SL.RAB)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, walking for orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, adjuster, tool; performing not ancillary and renovation works etc.).

Figure 6.1 - Classification of the performer's working time costs

Time to complete non-productive work (T INP.WORK)- this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production assignment and not caused by production needs (for example, manufacturing and correcting production defects, removing an excess allowance from the workpiece, etc.)).

Apart from the above, depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of the production operation, the running time can be subdivided into:

- handmade time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);

- time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using manual mechanisms;

- observation time for equipment operation (automated and hardware work);

- transition times(for example, from one machine to another in multi-station service).

Observation time, as noted, it is typical for automated and hardware production. It can be active or passive. Active observation time equipment operation is the time during which the worker closely monitors the equipment operation, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure required quality products and equipment serviceability. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time for the work of equipment - this is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the absence of other work. The time of passive observation of the operation of the equipment should be the subject of especially careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Considering the structure of the costs of working time in machine, automated, hardware processes in the time of work, it is also advisable to allocate overlapping and non-overlapping time.

Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapped can be the main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of expenditure of working time. Non-overlapping time - the time of performance of auxiliary work and work on maintenance of workplaces when the equipment is stopped. An increase in overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity gains.

As noted, working time includes and break time... There are regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks (T REGL.FER) in work includes:

- time of interruptions in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time of a break in the driver's work during slinging of the lifted load by workers) - their elimination is almost impossible or economically inexpedient;

- breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain the normal working capacity of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.

Time of uncontrolled breaks in work (T UNREGULATED PER)- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:

- interruptions due to disruption to the normal course of the production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, materials, incompleteness of parts and blanks, waiting Vehicle and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, tool replacement, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.). Sometimes these types of ad hoc breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;

- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or leaving it prematurely, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, activities not related to work. They also include unnecessary (in comparison with the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.

When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and then eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all working time of the contractor is divided into productive costs and loss of working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time rate. Loss of working time includes the time of unproductive work and the time of unregulated breaks. These costs are subject to analysis with a view to eliminating or minimizing them.

Classification of labor costs - this is the unification of the costs of working time into related groups that have common features in order to study the structure and develop the optimal balance of costs of working time, identify the irrational costs of working time, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity. For analysis and rationalization labor process, the development of labor costs, it is necessary to carefully study the costs of the contractor's working time and the time of using the equipment.

Working time is one of the most important resources in an enterprise. The meaning of the classification of labor costs is as follows:

Establishment of the cost of working time, which is necessary to perform a given work and must be regulated;

Effective use of the working time of the equipment and the contractor.

Purposes of classification of labor costs are as follows:

Study of the state of the organization of labor and the use of working time;

The most complete identification of time losses and their causes;

Establishing the degree of necessity and feasibility of individual time expenditures when performing a given work, comparing the actual time expenditures with standard values;

Study and analysis of the time of using the equipment in relation to the working time of the employee;

Designing a rational balance of working time;

Determination of the time spent on performing a given work and its individual elements;

Comparison of the results of observations carried out both to establish technically sound production rates and time, and to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity.

Time costs are classified based on the relationship to the elements of the production process: the subject of labor, employee and equipment.

Work time- this is the period of time established by law during which the employee performs the stipulated labor duties functions. Working time for a performer of work is divided into the time of work, during which the worker performs one or another work provided for or not provided for by the production task, and the time of breaks during which the worker does not work. The structure of the classification of the performer's working time costs, shown in the figure, contains the division of time costs by categories and types. This classification is used to establish the correct proportions and absolute dimensions of the constituent elements of the normalized time.

Working hours to complete the production task consists of the following types of labor time costs:

1. Preparatory and final time (T pz) - this is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the task, and the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time: receipt of production assignments, tools, fixtures and technological documentation; familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing; receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work; adjustment of equipment to the appropriate operating mode; trial processing of a part on a machine; removal of devices, tools, delivery of finished products, technological documentation and drawings.

2. Operational time (T op) is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary time.

2.1. Main time (T o) is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space.

2.2. Auxiliary time (T in) is the time spent by the worker on actions that ensure the performance of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Ancillary time includes: for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and removal of finished products; installation and fastening of parts; detaching and removing a part; movement of individual equipment mechanisms; rearrangement of the working tool, etc.

3. Workplace service time (T obs) is the time spent by the worker

to take care of the workplace and keep it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated manufacturing processes, it is subdivided into maintenance and organizational time.

3.1. Maintenance time (T those) is the time spent on caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary to complete a specific task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, etc.

3.2. Organizational Service Time (Torg) is the time spent on maintaining the workplace in the required condition during the shift. It does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: for eating and changing the shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement within the workplace of containers with blanks or finished products; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubrication of equipment, etc.

4. In mechanized and automated production a significant share in operational time is time spent by workers observing equipment ... It can be active or passive.

4.1. Time of active monitoring of equipment operation (T a.n) - this is the time during which the worker closely monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and equipment serviceability. During this period, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary.

4.2. Time of passive monitoring of equipment operation (T p.n) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. This period should be the subject of especially careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

5. When analyzing the costs of working time for the maintenance of equipment and calculating the norms of time, there are overlapping and non-overlapping time .

5.1. Overlapping time - this is the time of performance of labor receptions by workers during the period of automatic operation time of the equipment. Overlapped can be the main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of expenditure of working time.

5.2. Non-overlapping time - this is the time of performance of auxiliary work and work on maintenance of workplaces when the equipment is stopped.

6. Working time also includes work time not provided for by the production task (T nz) - the time spent by the employee to perform random and non-productive work. It is not included in the piece time rate.

6.1.Random run time (T c.p) is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker).

6.2. Time to complete unproductive work (T n.r) is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production needs (correction of production defects).

Break times in work is divided into the time of regulated and non-regulated breaks.

Time of regulated work breaks includes the time of breaks due to the technology and organization of the production process (T p.t), for example, a break in the work of the crane driver during slinging of the lifted load by workers. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs (T dep).

Time of ad hoc work interruptions- this is the time of interruptions caused by the disruption of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of breaks caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (T p.n.n): untimely submission to workplace materials, raw materials, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc., and the time of interruptions in work caused by violations of labor discipline (T p.n.d): being late for work, absences from the workplace, premature leaving work and etc.

20. Classification of the elements of the time spent on the use of machines.

- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, divided into the time of its operation and the time of interruptions in work. The structure of the classification of equipment use time is shown in the figure.

Equipment operating time- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, regardless of whether the main work is performed on it or not.

The constituent elements of this time are:

- equipment uptime- the time when the equipment is in operation and the main work for which it is intended is performed;

Time to complete work, not provided for by the production assignment, includes time unproductive work of equipment(marriage correction), odd work associated with the manufacture of non-task-driven products caused by production necessities, and idle work when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not done.

Equipment break times- this is the time during which the equipment is inactive for one reason or another. It is divided by time:

- regulated downtime, associated with the implementation of preparatory and final work and maintenance of equipment, with the performance of manual work that requires stopping the machine, which is provided for by the technology and organization of production or is associated with the rest and personal needs of the employee;

- ad hoc breaks related to organizational and technical reasons (untimely supply of raw materials, materials and energy), unscheduled equipment repairs due to a malfunction, violation of labor discipline by workers (delays, absences during work, premature end of work).

Equipment usage time can be subdivided into the following types:

- standardized time which includes productive work time; idle work; downtime due to preparatory and final work, downtime due to manual work that requires stopping the machine; downtime due to technology and organization of production; downtime associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;

- irregular time which includes unproductive and odd operation of equipment; downtime associated with violation of labor discipline.

Working time concept

Working hours are measured in different ways. It can be a shift, day, week, month, or year. This time is a measure of the assessment of labor. The length of the work shift varies by different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and professions.

The purpose of the classification of labor costs

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.

Classification of labor costs

Working hours are divided into separate categories and types. When drawing up the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Working hours are generally divided into:

time spent on the production task (working time);
time spent taking a break from work.

In turn, working time is subdivided into:

preparatory and final time;
operational time;
time of service of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time implies the time spent preparing for the beginning of the labor process and at the end of such a process. For example, a worker completes the quota of a certain task (product release) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare the workplace (starting the equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must put the equipment in proper form (clean, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It is worth noting that the duration of the time spent on preparing and completing work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, one hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparation and completion of work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the execution of the production task (meeting the standards).

In turn, the operational time is subdivided into:

main time;
auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Off-time is the time that provides quality main time spent. This can be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time implies spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.

In turn, such time is subdivided into:

Maintenance;
organizational service.

Workplace maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational services include the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Work time that is not provided by the production assignment. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, in the event of a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unregulated interruptions can occur for both production and non-production reasons.