All birds in German and translation. About the names of birds in literal translation from European languages. What a bird

The names of birds ("ornithonyms") in any language usually contain information about the distinguishing characteristics of birds. These signs can relate to the appearance and color of birds, their vocal or "singing" data, behavior, habitats, geographical distribution, etc.
According to their origin, all the names of birds, with a certain degree of convention, can be divided into three groups:
1) folk - historically established, deep-rooted names of birds that are best known to the population of a particular country;
2) book - adopted by ornithologists for scientific purposes, the group and species names of the rest of the birds of the domestic and world fauna;
3) "mixed" - names in which folk group names are supplemented with individual species definitions developed or borrowed by ornithologists.
The names of birds in any language have their own characteristics associated with the sources and periods of the formation of their names, different assessments of birds, differences in the approaches of scientists to the development or borrowing of book names, as well as with the specifics of national thinking, the construction of words and phrases. The book titles developed by scientists give a more complete and objective characterization of birds, contribute to their better identification in nature, and the differentiation of individual species. The dignity of the popular names lies in the fact that they more clearly express the emotional assessment, the attitude of the population of the country towards one or another bird. Among the individual and group folk names of birds in all European languages, there are also names-symbols that have lost their original semantic meaning, which, nevertheless, are widely circulated and understandable to the entire population of the country (for example, a crane, an eagle, a swallow, a seagull, etc.) ...
Naturally, in the scientific and popular science literature, the names of birds cannot be literally translated from a foreign language into Russian, but must be replaced by the ornithonym accepted in Russian.
So, the English Golden Eagle should be translated as "golden eagle", German Zaunkцnig - "wren", French Grue demoiselle - "belladonna", Hungarian Csбszbrmadbr - "hazel grouse", Finnish Suokukko - "turukhtan", Polish Oknulastochka - "city swallow". However, the advantage of a literal translation into Russian is that such a translation shows how the same birds are perceived by representatives of different peoples in their homeland, what features of the species are reflected in other languages. Literally translated, it turns out that the Golden Eagle is the "golden eagle", Zaunkönig is the "king of the wattle fence", Grue demoiselle is the "girl-crane", Csбszbrmadbr is the "imperial bird", Suokukko is the "marsh rooster", Oknуwka is the "window".
In order to identify such differences in the perception of birds by different European peoples, we performed a literal translation of the names of birds of the nesting fauna of Russia from six languages ​​- English, German, French, Finnish, Hungarian and Polish. Finnish and Hungarian belong to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, other languages ​​belong to different groups of the Indo-European language family: English and German belong to the Germanic group, French to the Romance group, Polish to the Slavic group. The names of the birds were taken from specialized literature (Boehme, Flint 1994; Hagemeijer,
Blair 1997). Here are the most interesting, in our opinion, discrepancies in the names of our birds in Russian and other European languages.

It must be admitted that in the languages ​​we have chosen sometimes more aptly than in Russian, the essential features of the appearance, biology, and behavior of many birds are emphasized. Some popular names are distinguished by a fair amount of humor. So, the corncrake became the "quail king" among the Germans, the kingfisher among the British became the "royal fisherman" and the yellow-headed kingfisher among the Poles became the "mouse king". The turtleneck is called by the Finns "cuckoo girl" or "cuckoo", apparently because of its appearance and color. Other ornithonyms in literal translation sound very poetic. For example, the northern storm petrel in Finnish is called "storm elf", the wren is "a boy with a finger", the little egret in Polish is "adorable", or "graceful heron", the same yellow-headed king in German is "golden cockerel", and in English - "golden scallop, golden crest." The German and Polish names for the barn swallow (smoky swallow, smoke) go back to ancient folk legends, and the names of the house owl in French and Finnish (the owl of Athena, the owl of Minerva) go back to ancient mythology. The Germans consider the round-nosed phalarope (Odin's chicken) to be a bird of another deity, already Scandinavian.
In many European countries, it is customary to raise majestic and beautiful birds to the rank of imperial and royal. For example, the burial ground in three languages ​​at once - English, French and German is called "the imperial eagle" (but the larger and stronger golden eagle for the French is just a "royal eagle"). The Hungarian name for hazel grouse - "imperial bird" - is obviously associated with the delicious status of this game in the imperial cuisine.
The avifauna of most European countries coincides with the Russian one only by 30-40%, however, a comparative analysis of the names of common fauna elements in Russian and six other European languages ​​allows us to reveal the national specifics of the formation of ornithonyms. Here are some of the observed patterns.

English titles... The British and other native speakers of the English language have many species, belonging to different genera and even families, have the same group names. So, the most diverse passerines with a conical beak are called Finch (finch) or Sparrow (sparrow). Most warblers, warblers, mocking warblers, warblers and other similar species are united by the ornithonym Warbler - singer, songwriter. Group and individual names of birds in English are about 1.3 times less than in Russian. With the poverty of ornithonyms-nouns, differences in the names of species are achieved mainly due to verbose definitions. For example, a white-chinned thrush is called Swinhoe's White-troated Rock Thrush in English. Another peculiarity is a large number of "nominal" names in honor of naturalists, travelers and even people far from science. More than 10% of the English names of birds of the avifauna of Russia turned out to be "nominal". Such ornithonyms clearly demonstrate the dominance of the British in the taxonomy of the century before last, do not let us forget about the discoverers, but do not characterize the named species in any way. The names of loons (divers), threefinger (button quails), oystercatcher (oyster catcher), ogary (redhead
shell duck), eagle owl (eagle owl).

German names... A characteristic feature of German ornithonyms (like most other names) is that they are expressed in polysyllabic, more precisely, multicomponent words. Blocks are combined in one word, including both group names and species definitions. For example, the name of the red-necked sandpiper in German sounds like Rotkehlstrandldufer (red-throated sand runner). Numerous and as if strung on a single thread, definitions make the German names of birds very detailed and informative, although sometimes difficult to pronounce. The German language has a high percentage of names that objectively characterize the appearance and biological characteristics of birds; many names well embody the collective humor of the people. Rarely than in other languages, untranslatable symbolic names are encountered. The German names for storm petrels (wave runners), skuas (robber gulls), shrikes (killers), gogol (ringing duck), rook (arable crow) are very successful and figurative.

French names... French ornithonyms, unlike German ones, are not polysyllabic, but verbose, which is explained by the specifics of the construction of phrases in French. This is how the common redstart is called Rouge-queue b front blanc (red-tailed with white
forehead). Most of the French names (for Northern Eurasia - more than 100 species) fully or partially coincide with the scientific names of birds. The reasons for this coincidence are the Latin roots of the French language belonging to the Romance group, as well as the preference of French scientists for scientific Latin when borrowing names from books. Another feature is the assignment of magnificent class titles to some birds. The burial ground is called the imperial eagle, the Steller's sea eagle - the emperor-eagle, the white-headed goose - the emperor goose. The owl received the title of Grand Duke, the scops owl is called the Little Duke, and several waders of the ulits at once - the fabulous, the herbalist, the warder, the great snail, the blackie, the fifi, the carrier - were elevated to the nobility, having received the group name Chevalier (cavalier, chevalier). Quite a lot in the French language and "nominal" names of birds, given in honor of naturalists and travelers. The yellow heron (shaggy crabbers), the Egyptian heron (the heron - the ox watchman), the goldfinch (elegant thistle), the magpie (the talkative magpie) are aptly named.

Finnish names... Most of the Finnish bird names clearly have ancient roots and arose as a result of the direct perception of forest and near-water birds by Finnish tribes who hunted for hunting, fishing and bee keeping. Onomatopoeic names are widely used (loon - Kaakuri, hazel grouse - Pyy, sandpiper - Tyllii, tern - Tiira, eagle owl - Huhkaja, etc.). Finnish ornithonyms are characterized by a certain primitiveness, as evidenced by the union of birds of different genera and families under the same group names. For example, all daytime predators, except for eagles - Haukka, herons and storks - Haikara, many small cone-billed birds - Varpunen (sparrow). Finally, a large number of birds from different orders and families, from fulmars and singa to hoopoe, redstarts, warblers, crossbills, have a common group name denoted by the word Lintu - bird. At the same time, some Finnish ornithonyms are distinctive and accurate: corncrake (rye screamer), snipe (sky goat), roller coaster (blue jay), city swallow (roof swallow), redstarts (alder birds), field ash (crackling thrush), pemez ( sack tit).

Hungarian names... In the Hungarian language there are many ancient symbolic names that have now lost their semantic meaning. For example, woodpeckers in Hungarian are called completely different symbolic names: harkbly (zhelna), küllx (green woodpeckers), fakopbncs (spotted woodpeckers), hőcsik (three-toed woodpecker). This is probably evidence of the forest roots of the distant ancestors of the Hungarians. In general, in terms of the number of individual and group names-symbols, the Hungarian language is comparable to Russian. Another historically conditioned feature of the Hungarian language is the wide borrowing of German book names for birds (of course in translation). Like German, Hungarian ornithonyms, as a rule, are expressed in multicomponent words that include several signs of a bird at once. About 20% of the names of birds of the Russian fauna, translated from German and Hungarian, sound the same. The Hungarian names for stilt (puddle stork), skuas (fish wolves), and gray owl (cat owl) are very original.

Polish names... More than 100 names of birds of the Russian fauna in Polish sound almost the same as in Russian and do not require translation. Of course, this is a consequence of the common ancient Slavic roots of the Polish and Russian languages. Here are some examples of such coincidences: Chapla, Łabędź, Gągoł, Orzeł, Pustułka, Kobczyk, Kuropatwa, Łyska, Żuraw, Sowa, Zimorodek, Muchołowka, Drozd, Czyż, Checzotka, Sujka, more than half of the names of birds, etc. and Polish avifauna have original individual names in Polish. For one-word names, they are strikingly clues and extremely informative. The red-headed duck (Głovienka), the red-headed duck (Bielaczek), the osprey (Rybołуw), the snake-eater (Gadożer), the buzzard (Myszołow), the corncrake (Derkacz), the eagle-owl (Puchacz), the long-eared owl (Uszatka), fieldfare) ( nuthatch (Kowalik), greenfinch (Dzwoniec), field sparrow (Mazurek), raven (Kruk).

Many birds inhabiting Europe and Russia are named practically the same in all languages ​​chosen by us. Such are, for example, cormorant, flamingo, gray heron, gray goose, eider, steppe eagle, pheasant, gray crane, cuckoo, green woodpecker, crested lark, song thrush. Most of these common ornithonyms are translations of the names of birds borrowed from the works of ancient Greek and Roman classics, and later - literal translations of scientific Latin names. Few of the common ornithonyms are onomatopoeic, the most common example being the cuckoo.
Of course, Russian names for birds have their own characteristics. In our opinion, many Russian ornithonyms surpass the names of birds in other languages ​​in their expressiveness, accuracy and accuracy of characteristics.
We are going to devote a detailed classification of Russian ornithonyms and an analysis of their features.

Literature

Boehme R.L., Flint V.E. 1994. A five-language dictionary of animal names. Birds. Latin-Russian-English-German-French. M: 1-845.
Stepanyan L.S. 2003. Abstract of the ornithological fauna of Russia and adjacent territories (within the boundaries of the USSR as a historical region). M: 1-808.
Hagemeijer E.J.M., Blair M.J. (Eds.). 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds:
Their Distribution and Abundance. London: 1-903

Yu.S. Fridman, E.A. Koblik. Yuri Semyonovich Fridman, Evgeny Alexandrovich Koblik. Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, st. Bolshaya Nikitskaya, 6, Moscow, 125009, Russia. Email: [email protected]

My blog is often visited by those who are looking for the names of animals in German, but they are not in my blog)) There is only Therefore, I am correcting this hole and today's topic: Just listing the names of our smaller brothers in German would be too boring, I I decided to add German idioms with the use of animals in addition to the list - you will find them just below ...

Animals in German that live on the farm:

der Stier- bull

der Eber- boar, boar

der Esel- donkey

das Ferkel- piglet

das Fohlen- foal

der Hund- dog

der Hamster- hamster

der Hengst- stallion

die Kuh- cow

das Kalb- calf

der Kater- cat

die Katze- cat

das Lamm- lamb

die Maus- mouse

der Ochse- bull, ox

das Pferd- horse

die Ratte- rat

die stute- mare

das Schaf- ram

das Schwein- pig

die Sau- female pig

die Welpe- puppy

die Ziege- goat

Do you know how a German rooster crows and what sounds does a pig make in Germany? Read about it

Wild animals in German:

der Affe- monkey

der Biber- beaver

der Büffel - buffalo

der Dachs- badger

der Igel- hedgehog

der Löwe- a lion

der Maulwurf- mole

der Wisent- bison

der Elch- Elk

das Wildschwein-boar

der Fuchs- Fox

der Bär- bear

das Eichhörnchen- squirrel

der Fischotter- otter

der Luchs- Lynx

der Waschbär- raccoon

der Wolf- Wolf

der Hase-Hare

der Hirsch- deer

das Reh - roe

das Kamel- camel

das Nilpferd- hippopotamus

das stinktier- skunk

das Frettchen- ferret

der Dachs- badger

der Pandabär- panda

die Fledermaus- bat

der Ameisenbär- anteater

das Faultier- sloth

And separately - whose names do not require translation. Because they are similar to the Russian version:

das Krokodil, der Alligator, das Chamäleon, der Tiger, der Leopard, der Bison, der Gorilla, das Känguru, der Schimpanse, das Zebra (cebra), die Giraffe (giraffe), der Koala, der Gepard, der Puma, das Lama, der Jaguar.

Useful words related to animals:

Some parts of the body of animals in German:

der Schwanz- tail

das Fell- fur, wool

das maul- to fall

die Tatze- paw (in large animals)

die Pfote- paw (in small animals)

das horn- horn

das Geweih- antlers (for deer and elk)

das Schnurrhaar- mustache

der Huf-hoof

die Kralle- claw

der Panzer- carapace

die Schuppen- scales

der Rüssel- trunk

der Stoßzahn- tusk

die Mähne- mane

der Höcker- hump in a camel

Verbs:

äsen- graze, feed

werfen- give birth to

fressen- eat

kriechen- crawl

Phrases:

ein herrenloser Hund- homeless dog

ein streunender hund- homeless dog

ein bissiger Hund- angry dog ​​(literally: biting dog)

die Siamkatze- Siamese cat

die Stubenkatze- domestic cat

Idioms

And this is how animals in German are used not in their direct meaning, but in idioms ...

Jemandem einen Bären aufbinden- tell someone fables

einen Bären anbinden- endow debts

ein frecher Dachs - impudent

Der Fuchs braut.- Literally the sentence translates as: a fox brews beer. But in reality, the meaning is completely different - "the fog swirls."

Mein Name ist Hase. - Literally translated as "My name is a hare", i.e. I know nothing, saw nothing, heard nothing. The Russian version is “my house is on the edge”.

auf dem Hund sein- endure extreme hardship.

Mit allen Hunden gehetzt sein.- be a shooting bird, go through fire, water and copper pipes.

Das ist für die Katze. - It is in vain, in vain. The Russian version is down the drain.

Der Wolf stirbt in seiner Haut.- Leopard change his spots.

Die Schafe von den Böcken scheiden.- Literally: separate the sheep from the goats. = Good from bad.

Some idioms with animals in German are identical to the Russian ones. German rats, for example, also flee from a sinking ship: Die ratten verlassen das sinkende Schiff.

We are also familiar with the following options:

Leben wie Hund und Katze .- Live like a cat and a dog

Die Katze im Sack kaufen.- Buy a pig in a poke

Da lachen die alle Hühner! - Chickens laugh!

Da liegt der Hund begraben.- That's where the dog is buried.

As in Russian, in German the hungry is compared to a wolf ( hungrig wie ein wolf), stupid with a sheep ( dumm wie ein Schaf), cowardly with a hare ( ein wahrer Hase).

These were animals in German, read also about the great love of the Germans for their smaller brothers in the article

How to say in German (like an invitation): EVERYTHING IN .. GARDEN !!)) and got the best answer

Answer from Pat [active]
Maybe this will help you
Russian and German proverbs:
God saves man, who save himself. Hilf dir selbst, so hilft dir Gott.
Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht.
Still waters run deep. Stille Wasser sind tief.
The bird is visible in flight. Den Vogel erkennt man an den Federn.
Am Trillern erkennt man die Lerche.
Appearances are deceptive. Schein trügt.
Der Schein betrügt, der Spiegel lügt.
To be afraid of wolves - do not go to the forest. Der kommt nimmer in den Wald, der jeden Strauch fürchtet.
You can't jump above your head. Man kann nicht über seinen eigenen Schatten springen.
Ears do not grow above the forehead. Es ist dafür gesorgt, daß die Bäume nicht in den Himmel wachsen.
Leopard change his spots. Ein Zwerg bleibt immer ein Zwerg, und stünd "er auf dem höchsten Berg.
Ein Aff bleibt Aff, werd "er König oder Pfaff.
Once you have given your word, hold on, and not after giving you hold on. Ein Mann, ein Wort.
The Forbidden fruit is sweet. Verbotene Früchte sind die süßesten.
And the walls have ears. Die Wände haben Ohren.
Everyone goes crazy in their own way. Jedem Tierchen sein Pläsierchen.
No matter how you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest. Die Katze lässt das Mausen nicht.
My hut is on the edge (I don't know anything). Mein Name ist Hase (, ich weiß von nichts).
There is nothing to blame on the mirror if the face is crooked. Es steckt nicht im Spiegel, was man im Spiegel sieht.
All that glitters is not gold. Es ist nicht alles Gold, was glänzt.
The devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Der Teufel ist nicht so schwarz, wie man ihn malt.
Nichts wird so heiß gegessen, wie es gekocht wird.
There is no rose without thorns. Keine Rose ohne Dornen.
Burnt in milk, they blow on the water. Wer sich an der Suppe verbrannt hat, bläst auf kalten Fisch.
Hunting is worse than bondage. Des Menschen Wille ist sein Himmelreich.
The truth hurts my eyes. Wahrheit bringt Haß.
Habit is second nature. Gewohnheit ist die andere Natur.
A frightened crow is afraid of a bush. Gebranntes Kind scheut das Feuer.
Gebrühte Katze scheut auch das kalte Wasser.
Let the goat go to the garden, he will eat all the cabbage. Man muss den Bock nicht zum Gärtner machen.
Risk is a noble cause. Wer wagt, gewinnt.
The fish is looking for where it is deeper, and where the man is better. Die Fische streben nach tieferem Grunde, der Mensch ist gern mit dem Glück im Bunde.
Do not drink water from your face. Schönheit kann man nicht essen.
I made the porridge myself, and you can clean it yourself. Die Suppe, die man sich einbrockt, muss man auch auslöffeln.
It doesn’t carry its burden. Eigene Last ist nicht schwer.
Your shirt is closer to your body. Jeder ist sich selbst der Nächste.
No sooner said than done. Gesagt - getan.
Cheek brings success. Dem Mutigen gehört die Welt.
Frisch gewagt ist halb gewonnen.
Whoever has what hurts, he talks about that. Wes das Herz voll ist, des geht der Mund über.
Wo einen der Schuh drückt, davon spricht man gern.
Drowning man and grabs at straws. Der Ertrinkende greift nach einem Strohhalm.
Someone else's soul is darkness. Man kann den Menschen nicht ins Herz sehen.

Answer from Vita Milkin[guru]
Gehen wir alle in den Garten!

Answer from Max[newbie]
ALLER IN DEN GARTEN

Answer from Ju Scha[guru]
Bitte alle in den Garten! (Doslowno: proschu wsekh w sad)

See meat fired poultry, fired poultry ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. bird bird, birdie, bird (God), birdie, birdie; firebird, bluebird, ornithoper, ... ... Synonym dictionary

Zu bird- Studio album of Yuri Tsaler Release date November 2005 Recorded 1991 1993 ... Wikipedia

bird- (4): Oh! far off, a falcon, a bird, to the sea. 19 20. If the falcon happens to be in mytekh, it drives the birds high. 27. Highly swim for the longest in the buesti, like a falcon expanding three times, although you can overcome the bird in the buesti. 31. And the speech of Gzak k Konchakovi: ... ... Dictionary-reference book "The word about Igor's regiment"

BIRD- BIRD, birds, wives. 1. An animal from the class of vertebrates, with a body covered with down and feathers, with a beak, two limbs and wings. Predator birds. Domestic birds. Songbirds. Migratory birds. The bird flapped its wing. 2. transfer. uptr ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

BIRD- BIRD, s, wives. 1. Covered with feathers and down, a vertebrate with wings, two limbs and a beak. Songbirds. Migratory birds. Waterfowl. How to live heavenly (not caring about anything). 2. collect. Such animals as an object ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Bird- Bird, Claudius Borisovich Claudius Borisovich Bird Date of birth January 21 (February 3) 1911 (19110203) Place of birth Pronsk Date of death ... Wikipedia

Zu bird- Yuri Tsaler, founder of the group Basic information Genres ... Wikipedia

bird- BIRD, birdie, trad. poet. birdie, colloquial. birdie, colloquial birdie, colloquial. decrease bird ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms for Russian speech

BIRD- Klavdiy Borisovich (1911 1983), choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1966). Director of Moscow choirs (since 1936), since 1950, artistic director of the Bolshoi Choir of Central TV and Radio Broadcasting. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory (since 1956). ... ... Russian history

BIRD- "BIRD", USSR, MIRAS, 1990, 44 min. Social parable. The depreciation of human individuality in society, which the young man comes close to encountering, so briefly you can describe the proposed ideological context of the film. Cast: Oralbai ... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

bird- free (Korinthsky, Markevich, Nikitin, Pushkin); bitter (Bitter); voiced (Baratynsky); beautiful (Balmont); easy (Surikov); free (Balmont), Sologub); migratory (Golenishchev Kutuzov); free (Gorky) Epithets of literary Russian ... ... Dictionary of epithets

Books

• Bird, Golitsyn A. .. "Bird" is a plot novel based on real events. A native of a small provincial town, and now a resident of the capital, returns to his hometown to meet his old ... Buy for 330 rubles
• Bird, Khomchenko Andrey Nikolaevich. Once upon a time, there were four inseparable friends, four musketeers in the mining Donetsk: Lech Graf, Kostya Petr, Zheka Volkhovsky and Dimka Ptitsa. Together they grew up, fell in love, integrated into a new ...