The division of labor helps to increase its productivity. Social division of labor and exchange. Forms of work organization

The division of labor is the most important pattern of economic progress.

Differentiation means dividing, dividing the whole into different parts, forms and stages. Division of labor is differentiation, specialization labor activity, leading to the isolation and coexistence of its various types, the isolation of types of labor activity in society. The division of labor can be functional and territorial. There are such types of functional division of labor as social and technical.

The social division of labor is the differentiation in society of various social functions, performed by certain groups of people belonging to certain professional groups, and the allocation in this regard of various spheres of production and industries (general division of labor), which in turn are divided into sub-sectors (private division of labor). For example, such sectors of the national economy are distinguished as industry (heavy, light), agriculture (crop, livestock), transport (water, air, land), etc.

The social and technical division of labor finds expression in the professional division of labor. By acquiring a particular profession, an employee receives special knowledge to work in a certain field of activity, he does not perform all work in production, but specializes in those types of work that he does more efficiently than other workers, i.e. has a comparative advantage.

The territorial division of labor is regional, carried out between regions within the country, and international, carried out between different countries of the world.

The division of labor has developed over the centuries as a result of the progress of the productive forces and the increasing complexity of the organization of society. The factors of its deepening are scientific and technological progress, as well as the development of market relations. Scientific and technological progress leads to the emergence of new products and industries, and the expansion of markets facilitates exchange between producers of products and contributes to the satisfaction of their needs. In turn, the deepening of the division of labor - the most important factor growth of labor productivity and improvement of product quality. The modern economy is highly specialized and relies on diversified mass production of various goods. However, the division of labor can also create some problems, including the monotony of performing routine tasks, technological unemployment that occurs in the absence of demand for certain professions, chronic unemployment that threatens the economy if it is not able to absorb the labor force released as a result of productivity growth.

The division of labor is carried out in the form of specialization. Specialization is a form of division of labor in which each economic entity concentrates its production efforts on one or more activities. It allows economic system use limited resources more efficiently and therefore produce and consume more goods and services than in the absence of specialization.

The form of social division of labor is the specialization of production, it reflects the process of concentration of production of certain types of products or parts of them in independent industries, industries and specialized enterprises. Specialized production is characterized by uniformity of products and technological processes, special equipment and personnel.

The main types of production specialization are

subject,

detailed (unit-by-unit) and

technological.

Subject specialization means the production of finished end products (for example, automobile SHUDES, shoe factories, etc.), detailed specialization - the production of components (enterprises that produce parts and assemblies, for example, a motor plant, an auto-aggregate plant, etc.), technological - production semi-finished products (for example, foundries, forging and pressing plants in mechanical engineering).

The technical (unit) division of labor is the division of labor into a number of partial functions, operations within an enterprise or organization. It is characteristic of mass industrial production based on machine technology.

There are three main forms of social division of labor in order to develop production: individual, private and general. A single division of labor is expressed by the specialization of enterprises and their production units (workshops, sections). Specialization is understood as the concentration of production of a homogeneous (profile) product of labor. It exists in the form of: subject form, detailed form (units and parts of a product, details) and technological form (stages and methods of production).

The subject form of specialization is understood as the separation of the production of products of labor, ready for use and (or) exploitation (for example, the production of equipment, clothing, etc.).

The detailed (nodal) form of specialization is characterized by the allocation of production of parts of the finished product (assemblies, parts) intended either for completing the manufactured product, or as spare parts to replace worn out during repair, or as spare parts, tools and accessories attached to the finished product ...

The technological or stage form of specialization is the separation of individual phases (stages) of production as independent ones (for example, centralized foundry, press-forging, welding production).

To date, the types of specialization that have developed in practice in their three forms are classified, revealing more deeply the processes of labor differentiation by kind, type, class, etc. not only at enterprises, but also in the regions, through a sequential transition from stage to stage.

It follows from this trend that the division of labor has reached a new level, the level of the private division of labor, which occupies an intermediate place between the individual and social division of labor.

So, the development of specialization of an economic region inevitably leads to the need to clarify the stages of development of specialization of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other administrative units (regions, districts, cities), industrial and agro-industrial complexes.

The development of specialization of industries and types of activity leads to a consistent limitation of the diversity of the range of products, assemblies, parts, stages of production carried out in associations, at enterprises, in workshops and at sites.

For a long time, the production of products and parts used in various industries has been distinguished, the so-called intersectoral production (for example, the production of normalized parts, assemblies, fasteners).

Differentiation of production specialization according to the stages of classification of machines, assemblies, parts and stages of the technological process leads to the constructive and technological uniformity of product design (by kinds, classes, types, types, stages of production) with a variety of needs and demand.

Based on the characteristics of the essence and forms of specialization, its development in any direction can be considered economically justified if it achieves the possibility of using progressive technology, technology and organization of production, ensuring an increase in production efficiency.

Specialization is an endlessly developing process, and at each stage, at each time stage, it sets specific tasks and determines new methods and ways to solve them.

The specialization of production is inextricably linked with the concentration of production and cooperation. Cooperation is understood as the established long-term production and economic ties between business entities: regions, industries and directly enterprises that jointly manufacture certain products.

The enterprises participating in the cooperation are, as a rule, economically independent, therefore, supplies are carried out on a contractual basis. Enterprises are mainly in direct production dependence, especially when cooperative ties are determined by the technological process of joint production of products, but they can also be in an indirect relationship, when cooperation is carried out only for the purpose of a more complete capacity utilization and is not determined by the main technological processes (there are excess capacities).

The forms and directions of cooperation in terms of names and in essence coincide with the forms and directions of specialization, because in connection with the development of specialization, they arise. The narrower the specialization of the object, the greater the number of subcontractors and other enterprises involved in the manufacture of the final product.

Therefore, the subject, detailed and technological forms of cooperation are distinguished. Among the directions, cooperation between industries, associations, enterprises, economic and administrative regions, industrial complexes, etc. is distinguished.

Intra-district cooperation is understood as production ties of enterprises located on the territory of one district. Interdistrict cooperation is understood as production ties of enterprises located in different regions.

Similarly, based on the sectoral affiliation of enterprises, intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral cooperation are distinguished.

The cumulative effect of specialization and cooperation is manifested in the concentration of production. The concentration of production based on the division of labor consists in the concentration of specialized (homogeneous) production both within the framework of technological systems, industrial enterprises, associations and industries, and within the regions.

Distinguish between absolute and relative concentration of production. The absolute characterizes the size of production units, and the relative characterizes the distribution of the volume of production of homogeneous products between production units of different sizes.

Under the influence of social forms of the division of labor and the development of scientific and technological progress, four types of processes of concentration of production have developed: aggregate, technological, factory and organizational and economic forms.

Aggregate concentration is to increase the unit capacity of machines and equipment (units). For example, in the electric power industry, the unit capacity of turbines is increasing, in mechanical engineering, the production of multifunctional machine tools of the "Processing Center" type, numerically controlled machines, multifunctional computers, universal computer-aided design systems, powerful chemical equipment, etc. is increasing.

Technological concentration is the way to increase production capacity. Such concentration can develop intensively, on the basis of aggregate, and extensively, by increasing the number of units of the same type of equipment. An example of technological concentration are the capacities of specialized casting production - centroliths, spinning, weaving industries, continuous and mass production in machining and assembly, automated and automatic production in chemistry, light and food industries.

Factory concentration is carried out by increasing the size of enterprises and industries. It develops not only on the basis of aggregate and technological concentration, but also through mergers, combining several industries into one. These are, as a rule, specialized enterprises (for example, AvtoVAZ) and industrial complexes, which include different productions of one or several industries.

Organizational and economic concentration is the creation of associations of enterprises. A large number of various associations have been formed in the industries. All their modifications can be classified according to the following criteria: the nature of production activities; the scale of the activity; legal independence of the units that make up the association; forms of specialization and concentration.

By the nature of production activities, associations are subdivided into production; scientific; research and production; educational and scientific associations (UNO); research and production (NPO); scientific and technical (STO); educational-scientific-production (UNPO); agro-industrial associations (APO); industrial plants (PC), etc.

All-Union, republican, regional, sectoral, inter-sectoral and local associations differ in the scale and territory of their activity.

The association may include legally independent enterprises, enterprises deprived of independence, when only the parent enterprise acts legal entity, and enterprises of mixed ownership. When an association has a parent enterprise with legal rights, which is an association, all others act as production facilities, workshops that do not have legal rights, or as enterprises with limited legal independence provided to them by the association.

Since the main principle of creating an association is the concentration of production on the basis of specialization, then, on this basis, they are mainly also divided into associations with subject, detailed and technological forms of specialization of work, types of activities, products manufactured in a certain territory.

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Division of labor

Division of labor- a historically established process of isolation, modification, consolidation of certain types of labor activity, which takes place in social forms of differentiation and the implementation of various types of labor activity.

Distinguish:

General division of labor by branches of social production;

Private division of labor within industries;

A single division of labor within organizations according to technological, qualification and functional characteristics.

It is the reason for the increase in the overall labor productivity of an organized group of specialists (synergistic effect) due to:

Developing skills and automatism of performing simple repetitive operations
Reducing the time spent switching between different operations

The concept of the division of labor is quite fully described by Adam Smith in the first three chapters of his five-volume treatise, A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

Allocate social division of labor- the distribution of social functions among people in society - and the international division of labor.

Social division labor- This is the division of labor primarily into productive and managerial labor. (F. Engels "Anti-Dühringe" op., V. 20, p. 293)

The division of labor led to modern world to the presence of a huge variety different professions and industries. Earlier (in ancient times) people were forced to almost completely provide themselves with everything they needed, it was extremely ineffective, which led to a primitive way of life and comfort. Almost all the achievements of evolution, scientific and technological progress can be explained by the continuous introduction of the division of labor. Through the exchange of the results of labor, that is, trade, the division of labor becomes possible in society.

From the point of view of business engineering, division of labor is a functional decomposition of business processes. It is often possible to single out such a part of the functions in a separate form, which then becomes possible to entrust to automation or a machine. Thus, the division of labor continues to occur today and has a close relationship, for example, with automation processes. In the field of intellectual work, its division is also possible and very useful.

The division of labor is the first link in the entire system of labor organization. Division of labor is isolation different types labor activity and division labor process into parts, each of which is performed by a certain group of workers, united by common functional, professional or qualifications.

For example, the main method of work in accounting is the division of labor of specialists. We distribute the work of employees by areas accounting under the guidance of leading experts and auditors, which allows them to achieve maximum efficiency of their work. Thus, we dynamically combine developments in the field of accounting automation and experience in the administration of accounting services.

DIVISION OF LABOR- differentiation, specialization of labor activity, coexistence of its various types. Social division of labor, differentiation in society of various social functions performed by certain groups of people, and the allocation in connection with this ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Division of labor- DIVISION OF LABOR, differentiation, specialization of labor activity, coexistence of its various types. Social division of labor, differentiation in society of various social functions performed by certain groups of people, and the allocation of ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

DIVISION OF LABOR- (division of labor) The system according to which specialization occurs in the production process. It has two advantages: firstly, workers specialize in those types of work in which they have a comparative advantage (comparative ... ... Economic Dictionary

Division of labor- (division of labor) Specialization of workers in the production process (or any other economic activity). Adam Smith (1723-1790), in his work The Wealth of Nations, described the division of labor as one of the greatest contributions to increasing ... ... Business glossary

Division of labor- separation labor functions between members of the working collective (link, brigade) in accordance with the dismemberment production process into the constituent processes and operations. [Adamchuk V. V., Romashov O. V., Sorokina M. E. Economics and sociology ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

division of labor- Delineation of the activities of people in the process of joint labor. [GOST 19605 74] Topics organization of labor, production ... Technical translator's guide

DIVISION OF LABOR- English. division of labor; German Arbeitsteilung. 1. A functionally integrated system of production roles and specializations within society. 2. According to E. Durkheim, a necessary condition for material and intellectual development society; a source… … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Books

Justice in the national economy. Division of Labor, G. Schmoller. The readers are invited to a book by the famous German economist and historian Gustav Schmoller, devoted to the study of the problems of the national economy. In the first part of the book, the author tries to ...

Why does division of labor and specialization increase labor productivity? and got the best answer

Answer from Nikolay Golubtsov [guru]
The simpler the work, the easier it is to teach, the easier it is to control, the easier it is to increase the speed of work.

Answer from Ѐilgrim[guru]
So says NOT.

Answer from Nikolay Mavrin[guru]
Objective given.

Answer from Iimur Ivanov[guru]
It depends on what. It depends on how, in a complex, this work is provided and organized. If there are enough narrow specialists to carry out each cycle of the production process, then of course it helps. If, for example, you have a private enterprise in which only a janitor who sweeps the porch and another person who is able to perform only one production operation very skillfully works, and 50 is required, then of course not ... does not contribute.

Answer from N_esta[newbie]
"" Specialization in the production process. A set of jobs can usually be completed cheaper with a large number of people each performing a small number of specialized tasks than one person trying to complete the entire job. The idea that specialization lowers costs and thus the consumer pays the price is embedded in the principle of comparative advantage. The division of labor is the basic principle behind the assembly line in mass production systems. ""

Answer from NO[guru]
An innate property of all living things and Man, including the desire to reduce the costs of his activity to achieve any goal. When repeating similar conditions for achieving similar or identical goals, learning how to achieve a goal means choosing the least costly way. And labor productivity is the amount of costs (no matter what - calories. Time) to obtain a goal - a product.

Answer from Andrey Kuznetsov[expert]
It is more convenient, easier and more understandable for a person to work this way.

Economic development is based on the creation of nature itself - the division of functions between people, based on gender, age, physical, physiological and other characteristics. The mechanism of economic cooperation assumes that some group or individual is focused on performing a strictly defined type of work, while others are engaged in other activities.

There are several definitions of the division of labor. Here are just a few of them.

Division of labor Is a historical process of isolation, consolidation, modification of certain types of activity, which takes place in social forms of differentiation and the implementation of various types of labor activity. The division of labor in society is constantly changing, and the very system of various types of labor activity is becoming more and more complex, since the process of labor itself becomes more complex and deepening.

Division of labor(or specialization) is called the principle of organizing production in the economy, according to which an individual is engaged in the production of a separate good. Thanks to the operation of this principle, with a limited amount of resources, people can receive much more benefits than if everyone would provide himself with everything he needs.

Also distinguish between the division of labor in a broad and narrow sense (according to K. Marx).

V broad sense division of labor Is a system of different in their characteristics and simultaneously interacting with each other types of labor, production functions, occupations in general or their aggregates, as well as a system of social relations between them. The empirical diversity of occupations is considered by economic statistics, labor economics, sectoral economic sciences, demography, etc. The territorial, including international, division of labor is described by economic geography. To determine the ratio of various production functions from the point of view of their material result, K. Marx preferred to use the term "distribution of labor."

In a narrow sense division of labor- this is the social division of labor as a human activity in its social essence, which, in contrast to specialization, is a historically transient social relation. The specialization of labor is the division of types of labor according to the subject, which directly expresses the progress of the productive forces and contributes to it. The variety of such species corresponds to the degree of human assimilation of nature and grows along with its development. However, in class formations, specialization is carried out not as a specialization of integral activities, since it is itself influenced by the social division of labor. The latter divides human activity into such partial functions and operations, each of which in itself no longer possesses the nature of activity and does not act as a way of reproduction by a person of his social relations, his culture, his spiritual wealth and himself as a person. These partial functions have no meaning or logic of their own; their necessity appears only as requirements imposed on them from the outside by the system of division of labor. This is the division of material and spiritual (mental and physical), executive and managerial labor, practical and ideological functions, etc. An expression of the social division of labor is the separation of themselves. The division of labor inevitably grows historically into a class division.

Due to the fact that members of society began to specialize in the production of certain goods, society appeared profession- certain types of activities associated with the production of any good.

But the division of labor does not mean at all that in our imaginary society one person will be engaged in one type of production. It may turn out that several people have to deal with a separate species production, or so that one person will be engaged in the production of several goods.

Why? It's all about the ratio of the size of the population's need for a particular good and the productivity of a particular profession. If one fisherman can catch just enough fish in a day to suffice for all members of society, then there will be just one fisherman in this farm. But if one hunter from the mentioned tribe cannot shoot quails for everyone and his labor will not be enough to satisfy the needs of all members of the economy for quails, then several people will go hunting at once. Or, for example, if one potter can produce so many pots that society cannot consume, then he will have additional time that he can use to produce some other good, such as spoons or plates.

Thus, the degree of "division" of labor depends on the size of the society. For a certain population (that is, for a certain composition and size of needs), there is an optimal structure of occupation, in which the product produced by different manufacturers will be just enough for all members, and all products will be produced at the lowest possible cost. With an increase in the population, this optimal structure of occupations will change the number of producers of those goods that have already been produced by an individual person, will increase, and those types of production that were previously entrusted to one person will be entrusted to different people.

In the history of the economy, the process of division of labor has gone through several stages, differing in the degree of specialization of individual members of society in the production of a particular good.

The division of labor is usually divided into several types, depending on the characteristics by which it is carried out.

Natural division of labor: the process of segregation of types of labor activity by gender and age.

Technical division of labor: determined by the nature of the means of production used, primarily technology and technology.

Social division of labor: natural and technical division of labor, taken in their interaction and in unity with economic factors, under the influence of which there is isolation, differentiation of various types of labor activity.

In addition, the social division of labor includes 2 more subspecies: sectoral and territorial. Sectoral division of labor is predetermined by the conditions of production, the nature of the raw materials used, technology, equipment and the manufactured product. Territorial division of labor- This is the spatial distribution of various types of labor activity. Its development is predetermined both by differences in natural and climatic conditions and by economic factors.

Under geographical division of labor we understand the spatial form of the social division of labor. A necessary condition for the geographical division of labor is that different countries(or regions) worked for each other, so that the result of labor was transported from one place to another, so that there was, thus, a gap between the place of production and the place of consumption.

Under the conditions of a commodity society, the geographical division of labor necessarily presupposes the transfer of products from economy to economy, i.e. exchange, trade, but exchange is in these conditions only a sign for the "identification" of the presence of a geographical division of labor, but not its "essence".

There are 3 forms of social division of labor:

The general division of labor is characterized by the isolation of large kinds (spheres) of activity, which differ from each other in the formation of the product.

The private division of labor is the process of separating individual industries within the framework of large types of production.

A single division of labor characterizes the separation of production of individual constituent components of finished products, as well as the separation of individual technological operations.

Differentiation consists in the process of separating individual industries, due to the specifics of the means of production, technology and labor used.

Specialization is based on differentiation, but it develops on the basis of focusing efforts on a narrow range of products.

Universalization is the opposite of specialization. It is based on the production and sale of a wide range of goods and services.

Diversification is the expansion of the range of products.

The first and main statement put forward by A. Smith, which determines the greatest progress in the development of the productive power of labor and a significant share of art, skill and ingenuity, with which it (progress) is directed and applied, is a consequence of the division of labor. The division of labor is the most important and unacceptable condition for the progress of the development of productive forces, the development of the economy of any state, any society. A. Smith gives the simplest example of the action of the division of labor in small and large enterprises (manufacture in contemporary society) - the elementary production of pins. A worker who is not trained in this production and does not know how to handle the machines used in it (the impetus for the invention of machines was given precisely by the division of labor) can hardly make one pin a day. In an organization that exists in such a production, it is necessary to subdivide the profession into a number of specialties, each of which is a separate occupation. One worker pulls the wire, another straightens it, the third cuts it off, the fourth sharpens the end, the fifth grinds it to fit the head, the manufacture of which requires two or three more independent operations, in addition, its attachment, polishing the pin itself, packaging finished products... Thus, labor in the production of a pin is divided into a multistage series of operations, and, depending on the organization of production and the size of the enterprise, they can be performed each separately (one worker - one operation), or combined into 2 - 3 (one worker - 2 - 3 operations ). In this simplest example, A. Smith asserts the undoubted priority of such a division of labor over the labor of a lone worker. 10 workers produced 48,000 pins a day, while one was capable of 20 at high voltage. The division of labor in any craft, no matter how large it is introduced, causes an increase in labor productivity. Further development(up to the present day) production in any branch of the economy was the clearest confirmation of the "discovery" of A. Smith.

Primitive communal model of economic development: the main stages of formation and features.

Signs:

Low level of development of productive forces and their slow improvement

Collective appropriation natural resources and production results

Equal distribution, social equality

Lack of private property, exploitation, classes and state

Low rates of development of society.

Stages:

Paleolithic (ancient Stone Age) - 3 million - 12 thousand years BC

Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) - 12 - 8 thousand years BC

Neolithic (New Stone Age) - 8 - 3 thousand years BC

1st Early Paleolithic (up to 100 thousand years BC). Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus, Neanderthals - gathering, fishing and driven hunting.

2-Middle Paleolithic (ended 40 thousand years ago). Cro-Magnon man along with Neanderthals. Articulate speech. Making fire. Stone technology.

3-late Paleolithic (ended in the XII millennium BC). Matriarchy. Public prohibitions... Simple appropriative economy - hunting, fishing and gathering. The level of stone technology has increased. Labor as a simple cooperation without division. Everything is collectively owned. Labor distribution of production. Exchange between communities.

4-Mesolithic (XII-VIII millennium BC). Individual hunting. Improvement of weapons, the appearance of a bow. New techniques in fishing. Lightening the weight and reducing the volume of stone tools. An appropriating farm of lower hunters, gatherers and fishermen. The principle of collectivization. Use of boats. Development of new lands. Several of the closest clans began to unite into a tribe. Patriarchy.

5th Neolithic (VIII-IV millennium BC). The first social division of labor into agricultural and cattle breeding. Then the second social division of labor - the separation of craft from Agriculture- individualization of labor, the emergence and development of private property. The first craft is pottery. "Neolithic revolution" - the emergence new technology, forms of production and way of life, the development of new territories and their effective use. The origin of exchange - because surplus of agricultural and handicraft industries appeared. The transition to a sedentary lifestyle.

6-Eneolithic (4-3 thousand BC). The appearance of metal - copper, gold, bronze. Irrigated and plow farming system, increasing property inequality.

The first and second social division of labor: causes, essence and consequences.

First division of labor:

Prerequisites:

The emergence and spread of agriculture in fertile regions, then the domestication of animals, which often gave more income than agriculture. Some tribes even completely switched to cattle breeding.

Essence:

In the total mass of primitive tribes, 2 groups were distinguished: cattle-breeding and agricultural.

Effects:

1.transition to a sedentary lifestyle

2. growth of labor productivity

3.the possibility of accumulating stocks (wealth)

4.the origin of trade (exchange in kind)

5. development of religion, art.

Second division of labor:

Causes:

The emergence of free time due to the growth of labor productivity (less time and energy consumption was required to get food), the emergence and development of crafts.

Essence:

Isolation of crafts from agriculture.

Effects:

1.individualization of labor

2. development of private property

RESULT:

Transition to a producing economy:

Variety of products to exchange

Expanded exchange system

The need to enter a universal equivalent.