Batik what kind of fabric. Batik - hand-painted on fabric. Materials and tools

Collected from various sources.

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History of batik

Batik with the image of Indian women

Batik - batik Is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "point" or "drop". Ambatik- draw, cover with drops, hatch. The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, being applied to the fabric, do not let the paint through themselves - or, as the artists say, “reserve” certain parts of the fabric from coloring.

Southeast Asia is considered the birthplace of batik, the art of painting fabrics. Batik came to us from Indonesia, even the name of this decorative art comes from the local word "anbatik" - to draw, write. In the manufacture of batik, in addition to dyes, special compositions were used - reserves that allow you to preserve the color of a particular piece of fabric during further dyeing. The basis for the painting was hand-made cotton fabrics. Special attention was paid to the preparation of the fabric: it was soaked, thoroughly bleached, boiled to impart uniformity and the necessary density. After that, a many-day process of painting began: applying hot wax, dyeing, drying. These actions were repeated as many times as there were different colors in the created drawing. As a rule, there were no more than ten such cycles. This is due to the rather limited number of natural dyes that were used in traditional Indonesian batik. The warm brown range, from ivory to dark brown, was emphasized by the juicy tones of indigo, the brightest dye. The recipe for making paints, as well as the patterns for painting, belonged to each family and were carefully guarded. By the pattern on the clothes, it was possible to determine a person's caste, social status and family ties. The most varied subjects were used for painting: from abstract drawings to complex ornaments - for decorating clothes: multi-figure genre or religious compositions - for dwellings and temples.

Batik in ancient times was widespread not only in Indonesia, but also in India, where this method of dyeing the fabric was called "bandhana" and "lacheria".

Techniques and techniques in batik

Hot batik

Wax is used as a reserve in hot batik. The wax is applied using a special tool called chanting... Waxed areas do not absorb the paint and also restrict its spread. Hot batik is called hot because the wax is used in a "hot" melted state. This method is mainly used for dyeing cotton fabrics. At the end of the work, the wax is removed from the surface of the fabric. The painting effect is achieved through layer-by-layer paint application.

Cold batik

Cold batik is more commonly used for dyeing silk, although other fabrics are also possible. In this case, the role of a reserve is performed by special material. It can be prepared at home, but there are also ready-made reserves. It is a thick mass of rubber origin. There are both colored and colorless reserves. Cold reserve it is applied either with special tools - glass tubes with a reservoir, or reserves are used in tubes that are equipped with an elongated spout.

Silk painting is one of the most demanded and effective techniques in decorative art. Painting on silk differs from traditional batik - creating colorful compositions on fabric using various methods: by applying a dye, and instead of wax, other materials are used: reserve, saline solution. This trend is characterized by techniques that allow you to create various effects. Silk painting includes two types: the so-called cold batik and free painting.

a) cold batik technique

For "cold" batik(Gutt technique) is characterized by laconicism, elegant clarity of the contours of the drawing; watercolor techniques are easily applied - fills (both monochromatic and multicolor), tone stretching; glazing techniques. Various salt effects are used to create the texture; Moreover, different types of salt, used on different types of fabric, give unimaginable variations in patterns, presenting the artist with surprises - sometimes pleasant, sometimes not very much. Each time, as a stalker, you move through a familiar space, encountering something new, unknown. And sometimes you don't know 100% how your "journey" to the country of Batik will end. Also dyes "with character". In an unmanifested form (unfixed), they have a very restrained appearance - a grayish-boring scale. But after fixing in an autoclave, they become several times richer, juicier, begin to sound, play with all the colors of the rainbow. In case of inept handling (because it is not clear what exactly the tone and color will be), you can accidentally fall into "gunk" or frankly loud tones. Carefulness, flair and a clear knowledge of the laws of color combination and mixing are required, tk. some shades can only be guessed, mixed almost blindly, tk. in an unmanifested form, paints are "unlike themselves." Experience and intuition help you achieve the desired result. And the good thing about these paints is that after fixing them on the fabric (necessarily with steam, under pressure, and not with an iron!) You can do anything with this batik - wash with any detergent (if you wish, you can even try it with chlorine bleach!), You can iron, wash in a washing machine at 60 -40 degrees, wear the product under the scorching sun, etc. - you are guaranteed quality for several years. The history of some shirts, dresses and scarves is equal to 6-7 years of constant use without changing the quality of the paint layer.

Working in the technique of cold bat-ka makes it possible to paint not the whole thing, but one small fragment. Such a fragmentary painting can not only decorate the product, but also hide a fabric defect or stain without the help of appliqué.

The obligatory presence of the contour gives the works made in this technique, additional decorativeness and graphicality. Contour lines limit part of the drawing, closing it. The closed loop is a prerequisite. It is in the technique of cold batik that scarves are painted in textile-style factories. The drawing is printed with a reserve composition on a machine, and painted by hand according to a sample, using not brushes, but glass tubes for a reserve. Such work requires some experience, since the dye flows out faster than the reserve, although the reservoir of the tube creates a small reserve of it.

A step-by-step example of doing the work.

As a material for work, it is better to take scraps of cotton fabric or silk that are suitable in size.

When determining the size of the contour, it should be remembered that on each side it is necessary to make a fabric allowance of about 1 cm. Subsequently, this allowance will be covered by the passport. For example, if the finished panel is 11 x 8 cm, the mesh should be 13 x 10 cm. Stretch the fabric over the frame. Transfer the drawing to the fabric. We will perform the panel "Butterfly" in three color solutions, which we will conventionally call "morning, half-day, evening."

Dilute the dyes to the desired color saturation. The reserve that you will use must definitely be tested on non-working fields of the fabric. Draw several lines at different speeds, lightly touching the surface of the fabric with the working end of the tube. You need to start the line on a sheet of paper or on an oilcloth and then smoothly transition to the fabric. Then the beginning of the line will be clear and accurate. Finish the line by simply turning the barrel-pipe with the working end up.

Determine at what speed of movement of the hand the reserve lays down optimally on the tissue: it penetrates through and does not spread. Then start outlining the lines of the postcards. Remember, the lines must be drawn evenly and firmly.

Draw lines parallel and perpendicular to them, taking care not to smear the already imposed reserve.

To check the closedness of the contour, highlight the fabric from below with the lamp: the still wet reserve will stand out in light stripes. Turn the frame over and check to see if the reserve has soaked through the fabric. If not, circle the lines again, this time from the back side.

Circle the drawing of all the works in the same way. In this case, the hand must be kept on weight and only when drawing long straight lines to lean on the little finger. After finishing the drawing and checking the lines are closed, leave the fabric to dry completely. Close the jar with the reserve tightly, first blowing the remaining reserve into it from the tube. Rinse the tube with gasoline or white spirit using a rubber bulb attached to the top end. While the reserve is drying, ventilate the room.

The coloring of the work "morning" is light, in a cold scale, silvery, reminiscent of a dew-covered field. To get paint, it is better to take bright ones, like a meadow drenched in the sun. Try to keep the twilight in the lilac tones of a summer evening.

Keep in mind that the dyes will become lighter after drying. To anticipate the end result, drop each color of dye onto the margins of the fabric. Start painting with light areas. In case of failure, fill this section with the dye again, making it a little darker. If you start to paint with a dark color, it may turn out that as the rest of the painting is painted over, this color will no longer be perceived as the darkest and the intended contrast will not work. At the beginning of work, light paint may accidentally drip behind the reserve line. The defect is easily usable in the process of further work.

Paint carefully one section after another. Try to keep the dye within the contour. If this happens, try to fix the defect. After rinsing, it is better to continue painting other areas, since a fabric heavily saturated with moisture absorbs the dye worse and the color will be lighter. For faster drying, use a hair dryer.

If you are painting several identical products at the same time, cover the desired areas of the painting on all products with one dye.

To make the work more picturesque, do not fill the fragment with one color. The colors are great, but they blend on the fabric, flowing into one another. Therefore, paint one side of a leaf or petal, then the other with a similar color, but a different shade. A drop of alcohol applied to the dye will first push it aside, as it is absorbed faster into the fabric. But as soon as the alcohol dries, the dye slowly begins to recover, creating a smooth color transition from dark to light. You can put one dye on top of another.

Leave the finished painting to dry on the frame. Look, maybe there is a need to emphasize some areas with a darker color. The painting for the panel does not need to be steamed. Iron it. Now it remains to arrange them. The cold batik technique includes 3 main methods:

"Classic" - is created by the method of guiding reserve lines that limit closed planes, as a result of which a drawing resembling a stained-glass window is obtained, and is painted in one layer;

"Multilayer" - is also created according to the stained-glass principle, but at the same time several overlays of color tones are used;

"Open graphics" is painted without using closed planes, in this technique the reserve line is broken, which allows the color of one plane to enter the color of another.

b) free painting

Free painting includes three techniques:

"Aquarelle technique" - the fabric is painted according to "raw" with drying in certain places and the use of alcohol effect, as well as painting with special foam-new brushes on "dry";

"Stencil technique" - the drawing is created using stencils and special cans for spraying dye.

"Graphics by free painting" - is created with the use of salt technology and a guideline of graphics in reserve.

c) knotting technique The knotting technique is very diverse. With different folding of the fabric and processing with paint, peculiar interesting patterns are obtained. In the knotted technique, the insertion of small objects is also used: buttons, pebbles, beads, etc. d) techniques Stretching of one color allows you to perform a smooth transition of different tones of the same color (for example, three tones of blue dye).

Raw painting is a technique that allows you to create various patterns. Salt technique - a technique in which salt or urea is applied to the dyed raw fabric. When dry, the effect of drops appears. Often used in a nautical theme.

In free painting, various thickeners are used, which either cover the fabric (primer) or thicken the dyes themselves.
You can freely paint on a primed fabric (almost any), using the effects of wicking, washes, brush strokes, etc. as an advantage. Different textures of fabric, brushes and dyes give a completely unimaginable practically tuned mind a number of options for color combinations, invented nuances, stylistic delights.
A gourmet find is the dry brushing technique, applied with different brushes on different fabrics. It requires the ability to be fluent in pencil techniques, to know the laws of drawing and masterly use a brush (including the brush of one's own hand). those. that it is precisely in free painting that skill is required, a rich practice of drawing and painting, fluency in material, tools and technique

Equipment, materials

The successful work of children largely depends on the careful organization of working conditions. The room in which the children are engaged must be dry, well heated, and sufficiently illuminated. In the office, a full range of visual and methodological support for the art class should be presented. Art brushes, screen-sound and plaster aids will allow you to create a truly creative atmosphere in the school office. All equipment provided for ISO class must comply with regulatory documents.

To practice batik, you need a bright, well-ventilated room. Each workplace would like a table-bedside table, where fabric and accessories necessary for painting would be stored.

The leader always has questions about the material and tools with which the children work.

Let's move on to considering these issues.

The first, trial work on painting on fabric is best done on not expensive cotton fabrics. All cotton fabrics perfectly absorb dye, but the thicker the fabric or less often the interlacing of the threads, the easier it is to include the reserve composition.

On silk, the colors look more saturated than on cotton and spreads faster. Artificial silk on a stretcher has almost no stretch, and the paint flows well, especially on wet fabric.

Any fabric should be washed before painting. Thus, the finishing is removed from the new material - a special composition of starch, soap, fat and other substances. Washing loosens the fabric, so the paint is absorbed faster and spreads over the surface.

It is convenient to do the first tests on a hoop or on a small wooden stretcher. The fabric is pulled quite tightly. Once wet with paint, it should not sag and touch the table, so you can stretch the fabric even when wet. For painting, brushes with soft hair are suitable, as well as bristle brushes of various numbers.

To paint cold batik, you must have a set of glass tubes with spouts of various diameters.

A reserving compound, paraffin, salt and urea is also needed to create special effects on the fabric.

The painting uses dyes specially designed for painting on fabric.

tools and materials for a more detailed description.

Before starting work, you will need to purchase or make the following set of tools:

sliding frame;

glass tubes;

molds for paint or small jars;

From the materials you will need:

silk fabric;

urea;

Sliding frame - it is used for high-quality tension of the painted fabric and can be assembled in any size. The frame consists of four wooden bars with a cross section of 35x20 mm with stainless hardened tension hooks driven into them. The bars are equipped with special stainless screw fasteners, which allows you to assemble the frame of the required size. In the sliding frame, developed by the author, special sticks with Velcro are provided, which, if necessary, raise the frame and thereby exclude contact between the silk and the plane of the table during the painting process.

Dye spray cans - used in free painting to apply dye to silk.

Glass tubes

Glass tubes - are used for high-quality flooding of the reserve line according to a given pattern. When choosing such tubes, you need to pay attention to the following:

the angle of inclination of the spout should be within 110-115 °;

the diameter of the spouts of the tubes should be different: 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 mm;

the tube should have a syringe socket.

Brushes:

brushes for painting are used, round and flat, of different sizes. The material of the pile is also different: spokes, ear hair, synthetics.

Molds for paint - are used to compose a color scheme for painting of a certain color and tone. Yogurt jars or disposable cups are the most convenient.

Textile:

Silk fabric - preference is given to Chinese non-finished 100% silk of various densities: crepe de Chine, satin, toile, chiffon. When choosing silk, you need to pay attention to its quality. It is very important that the dye spreads easily over the silk. To determine the suitability of the fabric for painting, you need to drip clean water onto the edge of the silk. If water freely entered the fabric, this means that the silk is not finished, does not have synthetic impurities in its composition, and is suitable for painting. If the water is difficult to penetrate into the fabric, it means that the fabric is not suitable for painting, and you better not use it. You will never get a high-quality painting on such fabric.

Template - before starting painting, you need to draw a template for the intended composition. The drawing is created on paper in one line and must be clear and final, so as not to make corrections on silk in the future. Such corrections will significantly affect the quality of your work. A continuous reserve line will be applied along the contours of the template, therefore it is important that the composition consists of closed planes, like a stained-glass window, so that the colors do not mix with each other during the painting process.

Reserve- the composition used to create a reserve line, which serves as an insurmountable barrier for the dye in the painting process, which allows you to create, according to a given pattern, closed "stained-glass" spaces, different in color and tone.

Reserve: You can buy ready-made - they are sold in art salons, both domestic and imported. You can cook it yourself according to the old proven recipe. A self-brewed reserve is good in that you can adjust the fluidity, viscosity, color of the composition, adjusting it to the tube you are going to work with. For a thin tube (meaning the diameter of the "spout"), a more fluid (liquid) reserve is needed - they work on a thin, smooth canvas. A tube with a larger diameter requires a thicker reserve and is suitable for denser and textured fabrics. But for a beginner, it can be difficult at first to determine what exactly he needs at the moment. You can figure this out by tirelessly practicing and trying all kinds of combinations of tubes, contour compounds and fabrics. There are also on sale contour paints in tubes with a thin nozzle - they are not a reserve, but are intended for decorating the finished picture.
In hot batik, molten wax, paraffin, or stearin (or a combination of both) acts as a reserve. In classic hot batik, work on overlapping the desired planes with a hot wax composition, from light to dark, but sometimes it is necessary to work out the drawing in a linear fashion. You can do this with a thin brush, but the brush will be hopelessly damaged, and you can't draw a uniform line - except for strokes. There is a special tool for such work. This is a small "ladle" with a thin spout - a tube. The wax mixture boils in a water bath, the hot composition is scooped up with a spout and the desired contours are outlined. You need to work quickly, clearly, accurately. Or the resulting puddles and drops are declared a manifestation of the artistic style. :)
Since batik techniques differ only in what kind of reserve is used, people do not get tired of figuring out how to contrive and make the paint do the task.
In knotting techniques, thread, knots are used, varying the methods of tying and folding the fabric. Working with an airbrush, they use stencils, creases, etc.

Reserve recipe:

rubber glue 100 ml; paraffin 20 g; gasoline 100 ml; rosin 2 g.

Reserve preparation method:

Grind the paraffin, add rubber glue, gasoline and rosin.

Stir the components thoroughly and heat the mixture in a water bath (~ 90 ° С) until a homogeneous mass is obtained. After the reserve has cooled to room temperature, it can be used for painting.

For black or any other color, add printing ink or oil-free ink to the reserve. To degrease the oil paint, squeeze it out of the tube onto a newspaper and let it sit for a few hours. The newspaper will absorb the oil, and the paint, having previously been dissolved in a small amount of gasoline, can be added to the colorless reserve. For a better combination of the components, reheat the color reserve in a water bath.

If the reserve has thickened, add refined gasoline to it and mix thoroughly.

In shops of art materials, you can purchase a reserve of production of various foreign companies, having previously familiarized yourself in detail with the instructions for the use and purpose of the composition you have chosen. The main thing to pay attention to is that the reserve must fulfill its main reserve function, and not a decorative one.

It is necessary to store the reserve in a closed container. A home-made reserve is not stored for a long time, and it is advisable to use it within a month. But while working with a reserve, it is necessary to observe fire safety measures.

Cleaning the straw after finishing work:

After finishing work, blow the reserve out of the glass tube with a syringe into a container for storing it.

After that, thoroughly rinse the tube in gasoline using a sprinkler, successively drawing in and blowing out the liquid.

Paints are used special for painting on silk and are divided into two types:

steam-cured paints (professional);

paints that are fixed with an iron (for hobby).

Salt

Salt is often used in painting to create various pictorial effects that are practically impossible to obtain in another way. The most interesting effects are produced by coarse rock salt. Extra, sea bath salts are also used. Urea - Also used for painting effects. But due to its chemical properties, it creates more pronounced color transitions due to additional whitening.

Alcohol

Alcohol - used in painting to improve the flow of paint on silk.

Preparation for painting

Before you start painting, you need to pull silk over the frame and apply a drawing of the future painting to it using a template.

Assemble the sliding frame using the screw fasteners to the size you need.

Pull the silk over the frame using the special tension hooks. First, the silk is pulled at the four corners.

Then pin one side of the fabric onto the tensioning hooks, and pull the opposite side, gradually fastening it to the frame. Repeat the process with the remaining edges. With the correct tension, the surface of the silk should be tight and smooth, without folds or sagging.

Spread the template on the desktop with the pattern up, cover it with a frame with stretched silk and attach it to the fabric with pins or tape.

Transfer the design carefully to the fabric using medium-soft pencils (H. HB, B). The pattern is perfectly visible through the silk, and you will not be able to transfer the contour of the pattern onto the fabric.

Set the frame with stretched silk and a pencil drawing in a horizontal position on the plane of the table. From the bottom to the frame on a li-beam, attach the bars that will lift it from the table to the required distance. This will exclude the touch of silk and the plane of the table during painting.

park

Painting on silk, regardless of the technique of execution, must be steamed. As a result of parking, the dye is fixed on the silk, the color becomes richer and deeper, the painting does not fade and is not afraid of water, a noble shine appears on the silk, and it drapes perfectly. All this gives the painting a finished look, especially when creating utilitarian products.

Before proceeding with the process of parking (fixing), make sure that the dye is completely connected to the fabric: for this, at least a day must pass after the end of painting. The process of parking at home is quite complicated and unpredictable, but if you follow all the recommendations of the author, it is quite affordable. In order for the parking to be of high quality, it is necessary to correctly select the materials used in the painting, and also strictly follow the technology. Use for painting only 100% silk, without impurities, and professional dyes for steam setting.

Completely remove wax from the entire surface of the painting by ironing the fabric through the newspaper. If you worked with salt, clean the surface from salt residues. When starting to park, it is necessary to take into account the weather conditions. It is not recommended to steam during rain, as the atmospheric pressure is low, which negatively affects the process.

Spread newsprint on the table in one layer. Place the painted fabric on top of the paper so that the paper protrudes about 10 cm at the edges. Cover the fabric with another layer of newsprint. If you do not have newsprint, you can use regular newspapers printed in one color (black and white). In this case, overlap them so that the entire surface is covered.

Starting from the side closest to you, fold the edge of the painting together with newspaper paper so that you get a strip 6-7 cm wide. Slightly press the fold line. Repeat the procedure, gradually folding the painting along with the paper, until you have a multi-layered strip. Measure about 6-7 cm from each edge of the resulting strip and bend the edges. Continue to roll the strip into a kind of "roll" until you reach the middle. Tie the resulting roll-roll with linen or cotton twine.

Place pebbles or ceramic shards on the bottom of the enamel bucket and pour water in a layer of about 5-6 cm. Tie the "roll" to a wooden rail at a distance of about 5 cm from it. Place the rail on the bucket so that the "roll" hangs in the center at an equal distance from the walls. The main condition is that the "roll" should not touch the rail, the sides of the bucket and be as far away from the water as possible. In this way, you can put several "rolls" in the bucket.

Then cover the bucket on top with woolen blankets, folded in several layers, so that their thickness is at least 10 cm, and put on a gas stove over high heat. Keep the ends of the blankets at a safe distance from the fire.

After about 15 minutes, steam has passed through the layers and will appear above the surface of the blankets. Make sure that steam does not escape into the crevices between the blankets and the sides of the bucket. In this case, re-move the blankets. Then reduce heat to medium and leave the bucket on the stove for 1.5-2 hours.

When the parking process is over, turn off the gas and remove the blankets. Take out the "roll", put it on the table and, unrolling the paper, take out the painted fabric. Carry out these operations with the utmost care, remember that everything you touch will be very hot.

After steaming, rinse the fabric in warm running water, rinsing off excess dye. After the water stops staining, the silk must be squeezed out, spread on a cotton pad and dried with an iron.

final finishing

After completing the painting, you need to make the final finishing of the product. For scarves, shawls, stoles, it is necessary to hem the edges. For an easel panel, design is the last and very important stage. You can do this by any of the dry glue methods developed by the author.

stretcher tension

The painting should be at least 5 cm larger than the sub-frame on each side. Use a stretcher with a bead on the outer edge, which will prevent it from touching the painting.

Apply medium consistency PVA glue to the end and back of the stretcher and let it dry for 30 minutes.

Pull a cotton fabric onto the stretcher from the upper side.To do this, attach the edge of the fabric to the end of the stretcher and iron it with the most heated iron. This will adhere the fabric to the stretcher. The stretching method can be used to decorate panels made on silk using any technique.

Flip the stretcher 180 ° and pull the fabric over the opposite end of the stretcher. Iron the edge of the fabric with an iron, gluing it to the end of the stretcher.

Then, in the same way, pull and glue the fabric on the remaining two sides of the stretcher.

Trim off excess fabric around the perimeter of the stretcher. Silk is a fairly transparent material, so decorative paintings look better if a lining is placed under the fabric. The white background of the lining will make the painting more saturated in color. Make sure that the cotton lining is well, without wrinkles, stretched over the stretcher.

Stick the painting over the cotton fabric on the stretcher. To do this, spread the painted silk on a white fabric, aligning the contours of the painting.

Place the stretcher vertically on the edge of the painted surface.

Fabrics, fold over the edge and glue it to the back of the stretcher as you did with the lining.

Flip the stretcher 180 "and, while pulling the silk with a certain amount of force, glue the opposite side with an iron to the back of the stretcher.

Then, in the same way, stretch and glue the painting on the remaining two sides. When stretching the painting, it is necessary to ensure that the image is not deformed. To correct imperfections, you can peel off the fabric and re-fix it with irons.

Gently wrap excess fabric in the corners on the back of the stretcher, iron with a hot iron and secure with a stapler.

sticker on hardboard, cardboard

Cut out a sheet of the required size and shape from hardboard, prime on the smooth side with white water-based paint and let dry completely for 30 minutes.

Then cover the entire primed surface with medium consistency PVA glue and let dry completely for 30 minutes.

Carefully remove the wax from the painted fabric as described above, and spread the painting face up on the prepared hardboard. Painting on cotton, made using the batik technique, is recommended to be fixed on hardboard, because the cotton fabric sags on the stretcher due to changes in humidity and temperature.

Then cover the painting with newsprint and iron it with the most heated iron over the entire plane. Move the iron slowly, carefully, with pressure, ironing the surface so that the fabric adheres over the entire plane.

Cut off the excess fabric along the contour of the orgalite with a decorating knife and insert the finished product into the frame.

The most important. Safety precautions.

During the work related to the preparation of the material for painting and dyeing, it is necessary to follow the safety rules.

Be extremely careful and careful with flammable, poisonous and strong substances and remember that all chemicals and dyes are poisonous.

Only dyes and chemicals necessary for work should be at the workplace. Containers with chemicals and dyes should be tightly closed. It should have these labels with a legible name. It is not recommended to take drugs with your hands, to taste them.

The manufacture of dyeing, chemical solutions must be done with open windows or in rooms with a fume hood.

It is recommended to always work in an apron, better than a polyethylene one, it is easier to wash the dyes from it. In addition, you must wear rubber gloves and goggles to protect against splashes of dyes, acids and alkalis.

In general, rubber gloves should be worn when handling any chemical. This also applies to soda ash, which is a strong alkaline solution, and bleaching solutions if you are using the etch technique.

Powder dyes should also be handled with extreme caution. Avoid inhalation of the powder, wear a face shield when measuring ingredients and when mixing dyes. Always add dry color to water, not vice versa. After the dye is dissolved in water, you can remove the mask. Always label all paint and chemical containers clearly and legibly.

Some substances react with each other when mixed, releasing a large amount of heat, as a result of which a fire is possible.

It is necessary to be very careful with acids and, especially, with their concentrated solutions, as they irritate the mucous membranes and can lead to severe skin burns. They must be stored in a tightly closed glass container, in case of contact with acid on the skin, rinse it immediately first with water, and then with a weak solution of soda. During the preparation of acidic solutions, it must be remembered that the acid must be poured into the water, and not vice versa.

Be very careful when making backup solutions for hot and cold batik. The components of these mixtures (rubber glue, paraffin, not to mention gasoline) are highly flammable and explosive, and paraffin vapors are very harmful. The reserve mixtures must be cooked over a closed fire (in a water bath on a well-regulated electric stove to prevent strong boiling of the reserve composition) in a well-ventilated room, while you should not bend over the dishes, inhale the emitted vapors. If the wax begins to smoke, turn off the heat source and try not to inhale the smoke. If the wax ignites, cover the flame with a heat-resistant lid and turn off the heater. The oxygen under the cover will quickly "burn out" and the flame will go out. Leave the wax pot to cool. Do not pick it up or try to move it. Never extinguish ignited wax with water !!

If a hot drop of wax or paraffin gets into cold water, splashes can burn skin and eyes. If a drop of water gets into the boiling wax, it can lead to an explosion !!!

Work should be done in a protective mask or respirator, especially when preparing reserve mixtures and when evaporating wax with an iron in hot batik. When working with wax, never leave the pot of wax unattended.

When working with paints, you must use them for their intended purpose.

Use reducer and thinner with care

After finishing work, clean your place.

Check the safety of the workplace, if all tools are removed.

Wash your hands with soap and water.

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Batik techniques- one of the main questions for those who once saw a hand-painted scarf or a painting in the batik style.

There are several batik techniques, each different in the degree of complexity, the effect of the resulting image, and the materials and techniques that are used to paint the fabric. The oldest batik technique is

Hot batik

I will mention right away that hot batik is, among other things, one of the most difficult types of fabric painting. But on the other hand, the effect that you get will be extraordinary, memorable, very interesting. That is why, perhaps, they say that if one day you like a hot batik, it is difficult to give it up later.

I myself have not yet decided for myself whether I like working with hot wax and everything else. To be honest, I've tried too little. But what the masters of hot batik do - yes. Very like. So,

The essence of hot batik

So they called him for a reason. The fact is that work here is carried out with wax (most often) melted on fire (and therefore hot in temperature), paraffin, stearin, or their mixture. They are quick (so that they do not have time to freeze during the "journey" they are applied to the fabric using a special bristle brush. Ordinary ones are not suitable here.

There is such a special device for applying a contour of molten wax, it is called. Looks like that:

Places that are covered with wax are not affected by the paint. You can achieve great effects of "sculpting flowers" by combining painted and unpainted areas of the canvas. In addition, some effects are beautifully created, for example, the effect of "crackle" or "craquelure".

After the work is done, the wax is removed from the fabric using a hot iron and a bale of old newspaper. Much simpler -

Cold batik

It was invented much later, with the development of the chemical industry, simplifying the work of those who love batik, but who find it extremely difficult to work with wax, etching it from the finished product and other wisdom.

T-shirts, dresses, tablecloths, napkins look especially beautiful in the technique of knotted batik.

Free painting

This batik technique especially shows the talent of an artist; here you cannot create a drawing according to a ready-made template. The individual uniqueness of the work is created.

Despite all these batik techniques, there are many additional effects that can be used to add expressiveness and originality to the work, for example, "craquelure", the use of urea or the unusual effect of alcohol.

Many creative personalities who have created a lot of masterpieces on canvas, who have blinded countless clay figures, who have created many subject compositions on wooden surfaces are ready to show their gift in other directions. For some will become interesting work in the scrapbooking technique, others will appreciate calligraphy, and still others will be delighted with batik.

What it is?

Batik is a generalized term that implies several ways of hand drawing on different types tissue material. The described technique is based on the principle of redundancy. Speaking in simple words, a pattern is applied to the fabric, the contour of which is covered with a reserve composition that prevents the spreading of dyes over the surface of the base. Thanks to this feature, craftsmen create patterns of any complexity.

As a boundary separator, a special composition of the fixative is used, which is called a reserve in the art world. The main components in its manufacture are gasoline, paraffin and water base.

The batik technique is based on the fact that the components of the reserve, namely paraffin wax, rubber glue, various resins, do not allow the dye composition to pass through. For the work itself, cotton material, silk, woolen and synthetic fabrics are used as the basis of the working cloth. Most often, creative people try to transform clothes, for example, T-shirts or jeans.

For renewing old wardrobe items, kitchen towels and rag accessories, the technique of hand painting on fabric is considered indispensable, while in batik there are several types of performance that allow you to work with different types of fabrics and dyes.

When creating a creative masterpiece, artistic natures are laid out to the maximum. The finished work turns out to be unique, bright and inimitable. It is worth noting that many artists professionally engaged in painting on fabric have managed to create their own clothing line, which is not possible to repeat.

History of origin

The birthplace of hand-painted fabric painting is the island of Java. The very designation "batik" literally means "wax drops". The presented painting technique has been known to the Indonesian people for a long time. Many of them still adorn their clothes, costumes of relatives and fabric household items with unique designs.

In principle, humanity has long been engaged in the creation of images on fabric canvases. Various methods of applying a dyeing material to fabric were known in Sumeria and were used in Japan and Peru. In Sri Lanka and in some parts of the African continent, special attention was paid to the technique of applying dyes to fabrics.

Despite the fact that the technology of drawing images on matter was familiar to different peoples, Indonesian masters were the first to comprehend the many subtleties of technology and reached unprecedented heights in the work of dyeing matter. In a short period of time, they managed to turn ordinary indoor craft into a whole area of ​​art.

The masters spent not a single month on drawing up the image of one canvas. Some rather complex drawings were created by artists for several years. And this has nothing to do with the laziness of the master. Basically, everything is tied to the multi-stage stages of preparing the main material. To begin with, it was necessary to soak it, and then boil it. The snow-white fabric, which was most often used to create masterpieces, needed to be bleached. Then a sketch was applied to the fabric, along the contour of which the wax was processed.

After it had dried, the artist could start creating colorful masterpieces. The last stage of the work was the drying of the canvas. Due to the long and painstaking process of creating drawings, painted clothes were originally worn only by aristocrats and representatives of noble families.

The masters of the island of Java did not want the technique of drawing on fabric to be forgotten after several decades. For this reason, they passed on the secrets of the creative craft to their offspring. Creative Javanese have even experimented with trying to reproduce the same designs on identical types of fabric. Only nothing came of it. The finished works had similarities among themselves, and yet the difference in the execution of the drawing by different people was clearly visible.

In those ancient times, novice batik masters initially used floral ornaments, the execution of which did not require much work. Having gained experience, the task of painting on fabric had to be complicated with images with geometric patterns, and then proceed to the execution of plot lines from mythological stories.

Scientific historians, after familiarizing themselves with and studying the emergence of the batik technique, argue that from the images applied to a person's clothes, it became clear to which class he belongs. At the same time, it was strictly forbidden to redraw the royal patterns.

Even in the dowry of the future bride, there should have been at least one thing decorated using the batik technique. It could be curtains, panels, any wardrobe items. And since then, this rule has not changed much.

Today, hand-painted wardrobe items are especially popular among the Indonesian people. Due to the increased demand, clothing began to be made for sale in order to make a profit. It is important to note that in the 17th century, batik began to be exported from Java to European countries. The Europeans appreciated the method of applying images to the fabric and in order to simplify the work of the craftsmen, they invented a special unit - a batik pin. It helped keep the wax liquid for an extended period of time.

And already in 1801, an automatic device with punched cards was created, thanks to which a person could create canvases with ready-made sketches of images. Such a breakthrough played a significant role in the history of batik, because the technique of execution began to rapidly climb the steps of the craft, and acquired its maximum peak of popularity in the countries of the European continent in the 19th century.

Views

Batik is a general name for the technique of applying various images to fabrics, which implies several methods of execution, on which the objects used and the steps of work depend. The peculiarity of each a separate kind batik lies in the fact that the first method is ideal for working with synthetic fabric, the other is indispensable for creating masterpieces on silk. In order for a novice master to understand the intricacies and nuances of the work, it is proposed to carefully study each individual type of painting technique.

Hot batik

This method uses a wax-based reserve composition. It is applied to the fabric by chanting. It penetrates deep into the fibers of matter and dries quickly, thereby creating a strong border beyond which the coloring composition cannot spread. The wax itself, used for edging the images, is pre-melted. Coloring compositions are applied in several layers so that the color scheme of the picture is bright and saturated.

The last stage of work is the removal of the reserve mass. In most cases, the hot method of drawing a pattern is used for painting cotton fabric.

Cold batik

A suitable method for creating decorative images on silk. For high-quality work, it is necessary to use dyes, made on the basis of aniline. The reserve composition used for the cold process can be thick or liquid.

The thick consistency suggests that its composition is based on rubber elements. In the liquid reserve, the base is the gasoline component. In this case, the thick mass is stored in tubes with a thin spout, through which the substance is applied to the contour of the pattern. The liquid substance is poured onto the fabric using a special glass tube.

It should be noted that cold batik involves the use of not only a colorless reserve composition, but also colored substances. Dyes are applied to the fabric in one layer, which is why the master needs to be as careful as possible in the process.

Free painting

This type of batik is widely used on natural silk and synthetic fiber fabrics. Masters use oil paints or dyes based on aniline as coloring compositions.

Knot batik

Quite an interesting and very common way of performing unusual images on fabric. The fabric is tied in several knots, each of which is sequentially tied with a thread. Dyes are applied on top. After complete drying, the threads are cut and the knots are untied.

Shibori batik

The presented method of performing extraordinary images on fabric can be used by any person, even without an artistic streak, although creative notes are present in each individual personality.

The prepared material is initially crumpled, then twisted, then pulled and unwound. After these manipulations, the canvas is immersed in the dye composition. Having unfolded the fabric after drying, the performer of the work will surely be speechless. In this way, you can dye any fabric materials, clothes, bags and much more.

Tools and materials

Despite the seeming ease of making a pictorial drawing on fabric material, batik involves the use of a variety of tools and materials that must be present in the artist's arsenal.

Base fabric

The material for painting can be very different, although natural fabrics, such as silk, are most preferred. It is better for novice craftsmen to use artificial materials, for example, chiffon or crepe de chine... The canvas chosen for work should first be washed, then fixed to the frame, slightly stretching it.

Thanks to this, the dye composition penetrates deeply into the fibers and dyes the fabric as much as possible.

Stretcher

Unfortunately, this item cannot be dispensed with. After all, the fabric chosen for work should expect to be dyed in a taut state. Batik stretchers in appearance resemble window frames, where there is a bevel on one side of the plane so that the stretched fabric does not touch its base. If there is no subframe, the sliding frame can be used. You can buy it in a specialized boutique.

An important advantage of the extendable subframe is in the ability to change the length and width of the working area. Experienced craftsmen, highly qualified in the batik technique, use the hoop.

Only the tension on them is not as maximum as we would like. In addition, the small size of the hoop significantly narrows the possibilities for the creator of the masterpiece.

Brushes

For performing work in the batik technique, they are considered the most important and basic tools. Therefore, you cannot save on them. And it is undesirable to purchase budget sets of brushes of different sizes. When applying the coloring composition, the tip of the brush should move smoothly and thinly along the base of the canvas, and the irregular shape of the pile can spoil the artistic idea.

The same applies to the hairs emerging from the bundle. Brushes designed for painting on fabric are quite expensive. Only the masters will have to spend money once to complete several hundred works.

Coloring composition

Turning to any art boutique, a novice master will be able to get acquainted with the variety of colors intended for batik. It is only best to purchase acrylic-based paints and water-soluble dyes. Moreover, water-soluble ones are much better suited for subtle types of matter. Acrylic paints resemble gouache in consistency and are used for working with dense fabrics.

Glass tube

A tool used to make a reserve along the contour of a pattern on canvases. When purchasing a glass tube, you need to pay attention to the diameter of the spout. The thinner it is, the narrower the separation between the colors will be.

Paraffin or wax reserve

These materials are used in the performance of hot batik. Some masters prefer to work exclusively with a wax substance, others mix it with paraffin. This is because pure wax is very difficult to clean at the end of the work. It is impossible to say for sure how much reserve will be required for work.

Contours

Typically this material is used for cold batik work. They are purchased in the same place as the coloring compositions. Contours, as a separate material, are offered to masters in various variations of effects and colors.

Professionals advise not to acquire many different types of contours at once. It is better to wait for the muse to come and suggest an idea for creating a masterpiece. The contours lying unnecessarily for a long time, unfortunately, dry up.

Chanting

A tool designed to work with liquid wax.

Buttons

Used to secure the stretched fabric to the frame. You can purchase in any stationery store. They can be oblong in shape or metal with a round head. In this case, you can use any fasteners that are convenient for the master himself.

Various little things

In this case, simple pencils are assumed, a palette that allows you to mix different coloring compositions, tracing paper, an eraser, felt-tip pens, thanks to which it will be possible to circle the pattern of the conceived pattern, twine or ordinary threads that allow you to create knotted batik, alcohol, hair dryer and water, preferably without impurities.

New Craftsmanship

Today, art stores are constantly replenished with various materials and tools that make it easier for the master to work. The presented novelties make it possible to turn the artist's most complex fantasies into reality. One of these innovations is phantom marker... After applying the image to the fabric and processing it with a reserving compound and dyeing elements, the marker evaporates. Durable claws holding the base on stretchers while they do not damage the fabric and do not leave holes.

Technology lovers will appreciate hot batik steam bath for wax with electrical connection... For creative people who are professionally engaged in batik, created airbrush with a number of features, allowing you to spray the dye composition over the fabric surface in large quantities. A distinctive feature of the airbrush is the uniform application of paints to the work surface. After drying, there are no gradient spots and streaks in the finished drawing.

Technique for beginners

Novice craftsmen, as well as those who do not have an art education, but who want to prove themselves in art, will be able to create extraordinary masterpieces by using the most interesting kind of batik technique to decorate linen or clothes.

Moreover, it is not necessary to have a special workshop, it is enough to make a small work area at home, where no one will interfere with you and will not bother you. A few hours of solitude will allow you to create an unusual pattern on the fabric with your own hands.

Cold batik

The presented version of painting on fabric is suitable for people who have patience, since the process of work itself is quite laborious and takes a lot of time. Compounds that should not be heated or melted are used as a reserve.

Before starting work, the wizard needs to create a workspace. The place should be well ventilated, such as a balcony or loggia. And all because of the vapors of the reserve, which have a negative effect on the human body.

• pencil;
• reserve;
• glass tube for applying a reserve;
• columnar brushes;
• buttons with a stretcher;
• fabric (silk will be the most suitable).

Having chosen a suitable drawing, the master needs to transfer it to paper, like a template. The entire contour of the image must be closed. Subsequent application of the reserve must be carried out without delay, but also not in a hurry. To avoid mistakes, it is suggested that you familiarize yourself with the correct sequence of actions.

• Initially, the canvas chosen for work must be washed, pulled onto a stretcher.
• A backing agent is drawn into a glass tube and then applied to the outline of the sketch.
• To increase the number of shades on the palette, you will need to dilute the same color with different amounts of water. You can use small yogurt jars or disposable cups to create large quantities of them.
• When applying paints, it is important to initially apply light colors with a smooth transition to dark shades.
• After applying paints to the surface of the finished image, you need to pour a little salt, let the paints dry, then shake off the salt grains and remove the canvas from the stretcher.
• After finishing the painting work, the rest of the reserve must be removed from the tube, otherwise it will harden.
• After a day, the fabric should be boiled, then washed in warm water.
• When rinsing, add a little vinegar to the water. Then squeeze the material out of the water and iron it.

Hot batik

Painting on everyday clothes looks not only beautiful, but extremely impressive. Artists looking to transform their wardrobe should take a close look at the hot batik technique. This method is very convenient, since it does not require painstaking work with staining individual pieces of the canvas. Many creative personalities, wanting to have unique things that have no analogues, initially buy fabric, then decorate the canvas, and then sew clothes from it.

The only thing to be careful about is working with the melted wax. For the rest, the most standard tools are used. The most suitable fabric for work is cotton, wool or silk.

An important stage in the work is the preparation of tools.

• matter;
• paper stencil;
• paints;
• Cup;
• chanting;
• brushes;
• cellophane and newspapers;
• hairdryer and iron;
• wax.

Before starting to create a masterpiece, the master needs to change into a working uniform.

• First you need to take chanting. It resembles a miniature watering can with a thin spout. Although it is much more convenient to use brushes with a thin bristle, thanks to which it turns out to apply even drops to the canvas. And only after that the coloring composition is used.
• Further paints are applied... If necessary, you can reapply wax on some areas of the work surface and paint with other dyes.
• After the paint has dried, remove the wax. To do this, you need to put the canvas on newsprint and iron it with an iron. Then change the newspaper sheet and iron again.

This procedure must be carried out until the wax reserve is completely eliminated.

Free painting

The most common today is considered to be free painting with soaking in saline. The peculiarity of the technique lies in the fact that the stretched fabric must be saturated with a water-salt liquid, after which a coloring composition is applied to it. Drawing such beauty is a pleasure, since the finished result will appeal to even the most fastidious artists. To understand the intricacies of free painting, it is proposed to study several options for its execution. First you need to prepare working accessories:

• aniline-based dyes;
• salt liquid;
• silk cloth;
• sketch;
• brushes;
• pencil.

First of all, beginners will be going to prepare a saline liquid. To do this, you need to take a few tablespoons of salt and dilute it in a glass of hot water. But here there is an important nuance - the hot liquid must be poured into an enamel container or glassware, so that it is more convenient to stir, and then applied to the fabric. Then, with a pencil, a sketch of the prepared image is made on the canvas.

• In the first case should be familiar with wet painting. Before starting work, the fabric is soaked in salt water, and then, without waiting, until the fabric dries, they start working. By the way, even to dilute the dyes, you must use salt water. When drawing, use a wide brush and make rough strokes with it. Thanks to this, the drawing will receive an unusual design.
• In this case, it is supposed to paint on semi-dry matter. While the silk is still slightly damp, salt crystals appear on it, due to which the applied coloring composition does not spread in different directions, although a bright trace remains from the brush, which after a while creeps a little. This method is ideal for creating an imitation of natural contours.
• The third way is about working with dry matter. After the fabric is dry, the fabric becomes crispy and the coloring matter only slightly spreads over its surface. The drawing procedure should be continued by applying rare strokes.

Original ideas

Today, all handicrafts, such as knitting or embroidery on fabric, are very expensive. The same applies to canvases created using the batik technique. The creator of a colorful masterpiece puts a lot of effort and time into his works of art, whether it is worth talking about materials and tools.

But despite the high cost factor, each person with great pleasure will buy a T-shirt or a scarf with a "hand made" print.

In the first case, it is proposed to consider a finished canvas made using the technique of cold batik. Each brushstroke is accompanied by a smooth transition from dark to light shades. A close examination reveals a clear line of the reserve composition, due to which there are boundaries in each element of the picture. The background part of the scarf is executed in the most unusual and smooth transitions of light colors of the palette, with which the artist worked for more than one hour.

People without art education cannot tell the difference between hot and cold batik techniques. This can only be done by experienced masters of their craft. In this case, it is proposed to consider a variant of the drawing drawn up in the technique of hot batik. Its main distinctive feature lies in the possibility of using the finest lines of wax, which are barely noticeable in the finished painting.

The third version of the work is done in free technique. And this can be seen with the naked eye. Looking at the flower, the silhouette of the artist immediately arises in the thoughts, who, with neat strokes, applies the coloring compositions to the canvas. And the saline solution used in the work only helps to create smooth transitions between colors of similar shades.

Man has always, from the earliest times of his existence, sought to decorate the world around him. Everything that could only slightly change the objects, the situation around him was used. ANDthe batik story tells exactly about this.

Batik - drawing on fabric

A person always learned to paint fabric, as soon as he learned to weave or knit canvases. Of course, batik is an art, not a utilitarian need to diversify everyday life, and it can be very subtle and graceful, requiring a great skill from the master to work in this interesting technique.

Technical features of batik

Despite the development of technologies and materials, the handmade art of batik is still relevant and in demand. It is used as an independent art form and as a way to decorate textile items - clothes, scarves, curtains, theater curtains. The very word "batik" comes from the ancient Indian "drop of wax". And it was wax that was originally used as the basis for partial dyeing of fabrics to obtain patterns and ornaments. Moreover, this material is still used in technology. The very technology of dyeing fabrics in the art of batik has several directions, which are united by one principle - reservation, that is, protection of individual sections of the canvas in order to preserve their color during further dyeing. This principle is implemented in different ways, depending on the batik technique.

In addition to the technical side, batik also has its own artistic features, because its uniqueness is a combination of many. Here you can find elements of graphics, watercolors, pastels, even stained glass and mosaics. The art of batik itself is unique in that it is very easy to master. This is a grateful kind of creativity, because any work in this technique is a unique copy that can be modified, if necessary, with additional decoration techniques up to embroidery or appliqué.

South Asia - the birthplace of batik

According to historians, the art of dyeing fabrics (batik) was born in Indonesia. "Anbatik" in the local dialect means "to paint". Already in those distant times, women sought to decorate clothes. This, of course, pursued its own goals - to emphasize belonging to a certain genus with specific colors and patterns. Although there were few dyes, the art of batik made it possible to create multi-colored painted dense.

In Indonesia batik acquired shades of ocher and indigo color - sandy undertones from thick shadow to ivory were diluted with bright blue spots of the high sky. Each genus carefully kept the secrets of the preparation of coloring solutions, methods of applying paint, as well as a batik pattern. By the dyed patterned clothing, it was possible to say for sure to which genus a particular person belongs. Various drawings were used - abstract, graphic ornaments, plot stories. The latter were mainly used to create canvases for decorating temples.

Indonesia and India, where the art of batik smoothly moved and received the name "bandhana", used cotton fabrics. Hand-woven fabrics were thoroughly bleached and dried so that the pattern lay on them as clearly and evenly as possible. A unique tradition of the peoples of ancient Indonesia and India is cotton fabrics dyed using the technique batik. The history of the emergence of this type of creativity originates in the ancient southeastern states.

Traditions of China and Japan

Everything in the world is interconnected. The arts have traveled difficult paths along different countries, from people to people, absorbing something new, unique and passing the acquisitions further and further. This happened with technology. batik, the history of the emergence and development of which suggests that it has passed a difficult, amazing way... He gradually turned out to be a popular art, and then the finest art of China and Japan. China donated batik natural silk... From that moment on, the dyeing of fabrics acquired an incredible lightness of colors, or rather, even tones and halftones, such a delicate work was subservient to the masters of the countries of the East. The beauty of the Japanese kimono was legendary, but few people thought about how such a beautiful fabric is obtained.

The Japanese introduced into the art of dyeing, in particular, a special technique of the so-called reverse batik, when the fabric was dyed and then bleached in the desired areas with alkali. But the art of hot batik, which protected areas of the fabric during the dyeing process with wax, allowed the craftsmen of Japan and China to make this technique the pinnacle of perfection in the art of painting on fabric. Oriental motifs, bright, saturated colors or light semi-shades of paints delighted everyone who could see them.

Industrial Europe and batik

How did batik from Asia and the East get to Europe? With the help of Dutch travelers who established trade relations with the countries of Southeast Asia. When the Dutch first came to Indonesia, they were amazed at the beauty and uniqueness of the textile decoration of local temples. Merchants were interested in unusual designs on plain cotton fabric. And they brought the batik technique to Holland, from where the whole of Europe learned to dye cotton and silk in such an interesting and unusual technique. But less than a century later, this amazing, but laborious art began to give way to the printing technique invented in England. Machines, machine tools, quickly stamped on stretched canvases, the fabrics came out smart enough and cheap enough that only those who appreciated the singularity of this type of creativity and could afford to pay the master remembered about batik. So it almost ended, if not for the artisanal lonely, who remained faithful to the unique type of decoration of paintings.

Russian batik

The history of batik in Russia has passed a very difficult path due to the isolation of the USSR from most of the world states. And this art appeared in Russia only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Art Nouveau style came into fashion - beautiful painted shawls in oriental motifs, interesting cut women's dresses with drawings on it. In addition, this style took root only in large cities, while in the provinces this novelty was practically unfamiliar. Fabric artists. those who were painting in the batik style did not have the opportunity to learn this skill, but often went by experience, which did not contribute to the development of the popularity of batik as a way to decorate life.

The only thing was that theatrical curtains and curtains were made using this technique, the monumentality of which was saturated with Soviet symbols. For a long time, Batik as an art form could not realize itself in Russia for many reasons. But the middle of the 20th century became the starting point for this fabric in the revival. In a country recovering from a terrible war, workshops were organized, where batik masters and students were invited to create beautiful, worthy things for Soviet people. At first, scarves and shawls for women were painted with batik, and decorative panels were also created for the design of public entertainment and cultural institutions.

Theater arts

The history of the emergence of batik (summarized in the article) suggests that this technique has gone a difficult path. If we reduce it to the appearance, travel around the planet and improvement, then this does not reflect the essence in any way: batik is a multicomponent art that has absorbed all the most significant that countries and nationalities could give it, which fell in love with batik and began to use it to decorate the world. ... For example, in Russia, batik received its theatrical "education" - it was actively used by masters to create wings and stage backdrops for various theatrical performances and ballet performances. A whole galaxy of batik masters has formed in the country, who created unique paintings in the batik technique, filled with a plot, numerous elements, and this is a very delicate, painstaking work.

Kerchief art

Even if the history of batik is briefly stated, the art of creating scarves and shawls using this technique cannot be ignored. In Russia, it originated in the 20s of the last century as a component of a fashionable trend - modernism. NEP demanded brightness and pretentiousness, and batik made it possible to decorate shawls with bright drawings of Japanese motifs, which was then the highest point of conformity with fashion. Over time, as a result of the evolving circumstances, batik has lost all its mass purpose, and the art of scarf has practically disappeared. But the second half of the century revived this art form again, and shawls and shawls again became canvases for artistic experiments and high-quality creative works of batik masters.

Irina Trofimova and others

Cold batik

The history of the origin of the batik technique has developed as a whole over the centuries, but the work itself consists of several directions:

• hot batik;
• cold batik;
• free painting.

Unique and story of cold batik. It was with him that the development of this technique of painting fabric began. In ancient Indonesia, fabrics were first painted in sections, separately from one another, filling in the gaps different colors and shades. They blended to form a new color scheme. It was a very complex art, since a damp cloth absorbs paint well, requiring the utmost accuracy from the master. Then, in order to prevent unnecessary and poor-quality mixing of paint on the fabric, a hot batik - "anbatik" - a drop of wax was invented. But the "cold" technique continued its development. Special adhesives have been developed, so-called reserves, which prevent the penetration of the dye into the fibers of the fabric. This dried adhesive can then be easily removed, leaving unpainted areas of the web.

Hot batik

The art of fabric painting received a temperature characteristic for a reason. Hot wax is the heart of this technique. The history of batik in many nationalities, including the silk Japanese painting "rockety", is the development of the hot batik technique. The heated wax is applied to the fabric, filling in entire areas or only outlining the contours, then the wax is scraped off and reapplied to protect another area from a different color. This is a subtle technique that produces amazing results. This is evidenced by the colorful kimonos of Japanese women, many of whom are still painted using the batik technique.

No bans!

But the history of batik technique is not only the application of boundary compounds to obtain a painted area of ​​the canvas. There is a special technique in batik called free painting. She uses several techniques:

• watercolor technique, paint is applied on a damp cloth with brushes or a spray, spreading and forming color transitions;
• stencil technique uses the application of a pattern on fabrics through stencils using foam sponges with paint;
• free graphics using graphic elements obtained by reserving tissue sections with knots, thread constrictions and saline solution.

Free painting - modern batik art. It is widely used by amateur artisans who try to paint fabric at home without special tools and materials. This technique is simple, but it allows you to decorate primitive clothes - jeans, T-shirts, T-shirts.

Fabric drawing tools

The centuries-old history of batik is the history of the development of materials and tools used in fabric painting. Batik masters have whole arsenals of such means. These are special and glue or wax, various in width and hardness, thin glass tubes for applying a reserve composition, syringes, sponges, molds, frames for fabric, knives, stencils, funnels, plastic or wooden sticks. Tools, if desired, can be purchased at specialized handicraft stores.

Safety is important

Despite the fact that batik is the art of painting on fabric, safety rules must be observed when working. This is due to the tools and materials that are used in the creative process. The hot batik technique involves using an open flame or melting wax. Natural paints are not always used, especially among artisanal lovers of creativity. The use of chemical dyes and solvents can cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes or allergies. Batik does not require a protective suit, but nevertheless, safety measures should be strictly followed. Carefully work with all tools, from knives and scissors to glass tubes for applying a reserve.

The art of batik has not completed its development, new materials and technologies are constantly accompanying the development of all types of creativity, including batik. An amazing art form makes life much more colorful and vivid with the help of ancient methods and modern masters.

Elizaveta Rumyantseva

Nothing is impossible for diligence and art.

Content

There are several ways to decorate the material, one of the most popular is batik. This name means hand-painting on fabric with the use of so-called reserve compounds. Do-it-yourself drawings are not only beautiful, but also spectacular. Plus, it's a great way to take your free time and get carried away with real creativity.

What is batik

The term batik is a generalized name for various methods of hand-painting fabric. This technique is based on the principle of redundancy, i.e. covering with a special composition those places of the material that should remain unpainted in order to end up with the desired pattern. To obtain clear contours (boundaries), a special fixer is used called a reserve, made on the basis of gasoline, paraffin, and a water base.

The technique is based on the fact that rubber glue, paraffin and some types of resins and varnishes, which are applied to the fabric and do not allow the coloring matter to pass through. As for the fabrics, for which the batik technique is used, they are cotton, silk, wool and synthetics. For garments with a painted surface, such as T-shirts, there are several types of batik.

History

The island of Java (Indonesia) is considered the birthplace of hand painting on fabric with the use of a reserve. Translated from the Javanese technique, batik means "a drop of wax". This type of painting has long been known among the peoples of modern Indonesia and India. In general, humanity has been creating patterns on fabrics since time immemorial. Different ways painting of matter was known in Sumer, Japan, Peru, Indochina, Sri Lanka and some African countries.

Despite the fact that the creation of drawings on matter was known in different regions of the world, Java is considered the birthplace of batik in the modern sense of this technique. The craftsmen of this Indonesian island were able to achieve unprecedented heights and sophistication in terms of dyeing fabrics. They succeeded in short term make a whole art out of this craft. It could take months, and even years, to create one canvas for masters. This is due to the multi-stage stage of preparation of the matter: soaking, boiling, bleaching, a long process of dyeing with waxing, painting, drying.

Due to the length of the process, initially the clothes, which were covered with patterns using batik, were worn only by aristocrats. The craftsmen of the island of Java used cotton fabrics, passing on the secrets of the craft from generation to generation. An interesting feature is that the patterns of different families could differ significantly from each other. The designs made had a variety of themes: from floral ornaments and geometric patterns to mythological subjects. Lighter shades are used on the northern coast of the island than in the central part.

It is reliably known that from the drawings on the clothes it was possible to determine which caste a particular person belongs to. It was forbidden to repeat traditional royal designs. Each girl in her dowry must have had things decorated with the batik technique. For example, colorful fabrics, curtains, wall panels, wardrobe items. Even today, among the peoples of Java, clothes made from hand-painted materials are in great demand, often they are made for commercial purposes.

In the 17th century, when Java became a Dutch colony, batik began to arrive in European countries. Later, the Europeans invented an electric batik-pin device, with which it was possible to store wax in a molten state. In 1801, Jose-Marie Jacquard created an automatic machine with special punched cards, thanks to which it became possible to produce canvases with drawings created by artists. Thanks to this, the batik technique has moved to a new level. It gained the greatest popularity in Europe only at the end of the 19th century.

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The fabric painting technique is divided into several types, depending on what materials are used and what stages must be overcome in order to obtain a surface with a spectacular pattern. The peculiarity of this or that type is that one option is ideal for synthetic fibers, the second is for silk decoration, etc. You can familiarize yourself with their differences in more detail below:

• Hot batik. Wax is used as a reserve. To apply it, a special tool called chanting is used. The wax helps to limit the spread of the colorant. does not absorb it. This type of painting is called hot due to the fact that the wax used in it is necessarily melted. The paint is applied in several layers; at the end of the work, the wax is carefully removed. This method is used for painting cotton fabric.
• Cold look. Ideal for decorating artificial materials, silk. The technique uses paints made on the basis of aniline. The reserve is thick if it contains rubber components and thin when gasoline acts as a base. Rubber ones are applied from tubes, and gasoline ones are applied using glass tubes. In addition, both colored and colorless reserves can be used. The cold look implies a single layer of paint, and therefore, the work requires more accuracy from the contractor compared to hot technology.
• Free painting. It is widely used on natural silk and synthetic fiber materials. For her, craftsmen often use oil paints and aniline dyes.
• Folding batik "shibori". The peculiarity of this type is that the master performs the binding of matter in a certain way, and only after that he paints it.
• Nodular view. In this case, many small knots are first made on the fabric to be dyed, tying each of them with a thread. After painting the surface, they are carefully removed.

Execution technique

First of all, paints are applied to the canvas so that clear and clear boundaries are obtained at the junction of different shades. For this purpose, a reserve is used, i.e. special fixer based on gasoline, paraffin, etc. - the composition varies depending on the chosen technique, material, paints. Basically, the following types of techniques are distinguished:

• cold;
• hot;
• free painting;
• free painting using saline solution.

Cold batik

Painting on batik fabric, as a hobby, is suitable mainly for patient people, because this process is laborious and time consuming. One of the popular techniques is cold, which appeared much later than hot, with the development of the chemical industry. Its appearance simplified the work. The role of wax in cold technology is performed by special reserves that do not need to be heated, etched and reapplied.

For work, you will need to create a separate workplace. A well-ventilated area such as a balcony is ideal. This is due to the fact that vapors of the reserve substance do not have a very good effect on health. If you are going to use the painted material for use in the form of a tablecloth, scarf, etc., then keep in mind that you need to fix the paint: baking in the oven, steaming in a water bath without contact with condensate / water, iron. If this is not done, then the first wash will wash off all work. You will need:

• simple pencil;
• reserve (black), glass tube for him;
• calanok brushes, aniline compositions;
• buttons, stretcher;
• natural silk (crepe de Chine).

Decide on the choice of sketch, for it you will need a sheet of thin paper. If you want something spectacular, then give preference to colors. When applying elements to the canvas, try to draw them so that each of them has a closed contour. You need to apply a reserve to the contours without delay, but also without haste. Sequencing:

1. First, wash the fabric, then pull the pre-dried fabric onto a stretcher using the buttons.
2. Take a glass tube, fill it with a reserve. Apply the composition to the contours of the elements.
3. To increase the number of shades, dilute the same paint with different amounts of water. Use yogurt jars, disposable cups.
4. Take care of painting colors (light to dark) and background.
5. Take salt, sprinkle it on the canvas and let it dry. Shake off the salt and, after the cloth is dry, remove it from the stretcher.
6. After 24 hours, boil the cloth (about 3 hours), wash in warm soapy water.
7. Be sure to rinse your creation by adding a little vinegar to the water. Squeeze the garment out gently and iron it while it is damp.
8. After the end of the procedure, blow the reserve back into the container, and rinse the glass tube in gasoline. Otherwise, the remains of the composition will harden, and the tool will become unusable for further use.

Hot

Batik on clothes looks beautiful and impressive. When deciding to join such a hobby, pay attention to the hot method. It is suitable for those who do not like to painstakingly paint over every piece of the canvas, sitting for several hours at this business. Even without great efforts, you can get a canvas from which exclusive skirts, scarves and even costumes are sewn. Work with this technique is carried out with wax, stearin, paraffin or a mixture of them melted over the fire, so be careful. The list of tools that you may need when decorating the canvas:

• natural fabric, for example, cotton, wool, silk;
• cardboard stencil;
• dyes for painting on fabric;
• glass for water;
• wax, chanting;
• brushes, rubber gloves;
• cellophane, newspapers:
• hair dryer or iron.

For work, you'd better wear clothes that you don't mind ruining, because the paint for the fabric is practically not washed off. Alternatively, wear a waterproof apron. Hot batik technology consists of the following:

1. To apply one of the listed solutions to the canvas, use a special tool - chanting. It looks like a watering can with a thin tip. Although, recently, brushes have become widely used, with the help of which strokes and point drops are applied to the fabric. After that, you need to apply a layer of paint on top.
2. Then you can reapply wax and another type of paint to some areas. To keep the patterns organized, use stamps that need to be dipped in melted wax. You can use 2-3 tones or more.
3. Once the paint is dry, remove the wax. To do this, place a newspaper on a cloth and iron it - it should absorb the melted substance. Then put in a new newspaper and repeat the procedure. This should be done until there is absolutely no wax left on the canvas.

Free painting

Thanks to this batik technique, you can show all your abilities in the field of drawing, because here it is impossible to form a picture according to some specific template. With the help of free painting, an individual and unique piece is created. Basically, this type of technique is practiced using oil paints with special solvents or aniline dyes. You can even experiment by adding a salt effect or a reserving agent somewhere, or using alcohol-based substances to moisturize the fabric. Free painting methods in batik:

• paints, thickener from a reserve liquid;
• using paints, saline solution;
• printing inks;
• oil paints;
• on silk, finishing with thickeners.

Free painting using saline solution

The essence of this technique lies in the fact that the fabric stretched over the frame, depending on the specific pattern, is impregnated with an aqueous solution of salt (table salt) and after it has dried, the canvas is painted. In some cases, it is carried out with paints from basic dyes, into which a salt solution has been introduced. This approach helps to limit the spread of ink on the fabric and provides the ability to create designs with free strokes. In this case, you can vary both the shape and the degree of saturation with one color or another.

It should be added that free painting with paints containing a solution of sodium chloride can be successfully combined with ordinary painting with cold batik. For this purpose, some fragments of the drawing are created by free painting with revision with a graphic drawing. In this case, the background overlaps are carried out in areas that are limited by the reserve. Instead of salt, gelatin or starch can be used as a soil. Having decided to delve into this craft and try to create a spectacular drawing in this way, prepare the following tools, materials:

• aniline dyes:
• saline solution;
• a piece of silk fabric stretched over the frame;
• sketch of future work;
• brushes for working with paints of different thicknesses, brushes-flutes for impregnating the material, synthetics;
• a pipette for taking paint, water for washing brushes;
• palette;
• soft pencil 8B.

To prepare the saline solution, take a couple tablespoons of salt in a glass of water. You need to dilute the salt in hot water in an enamel or glass container so that all the crystals dissolve. Depending on the task at hand, apply the preliminary painting with a very soft pencil on the stretched silk. Brine painting consists of three stages:

1. Wet painting. Prepare the desired colors on the palette before saturating the silk with the salt solution. Also, use only saline solution to thin the paints. While the silk is still damp, use broad strokes or brush strokes to apply the paint in place. On a very damp cloth, paint will begin to spread in unexpected shapes.
2. Painting on semi-dry silk and applying spots of the second plan. As long as the silk is wet and salt crystals form on it, you will be able to achieve painterly effects. The paint does not run uncontrollably in all directions, but a trace will remain from the brush, which will subsequently blur a little. This is especially ideal for imitating natural textures.
3. Graphical rendering of details related to the first plan. Once the saline is dry, the fabric will be crispy and the paint will barely spread over it. Continue drawing details by applying short strokes or using different spot sizes.

Batik for beginners

While painting fabric, you will definitely feel your involvement in high art, especially when you start to get spectacular patterns and designs on fabric. Over time, you will be able to develop your own design and style in which different items of your wardrobe will be sustained. For beginners, it is better to stay on the cold batik technique, because the hot option is more difficult, time consuming. Strictly adhere to the technology so that the work done is of the required quality:

• First, you need to pull the fabric over the frame so that it does not sag. Batik craftsmen often stretch wet linen, because after drying, it becomes more elastic.
• Prepare a sketch to be drawn with a pencil on paper.
• Next, the sketch is translated into matter. For this purpose, the paper is fixed under the fabric so that the lines of the pattern can be traced on the canvas with a soft pencil.
• Trace the contours using a redundant compound. To gain a reserve, lower the spout of the glass tube into a container with the contour liquid, and insert a syringe (rubber) into the other end - with its help, the liquid will be sucked into the tube.
• Then check the circuit. After the reserve composition has completely dried, it is necessary to walk with a brush moistened in water over the entire drawing on one side of the contour, and after a while make sure that the water has not crossed the reserve line. If you find places where the contour turns out to be weak, then after complete drying of the matter, go through these zones again with a reserve.
• In the sixth step, paint the painting. Be extremely careful.
• At the end, remove the work from the frame and secure the batik by ironing, baking, or alternatively, you can steam (steam) in a water bath.

What you need to prepare for the first lessons

Before you begin to master one of the batik techniques, prepare the appropriate accessories. In doing so, remember that the success of the fixing of colors depends on the quality of the paints used. In any case, wash clothes with batik in cool water with the addition of a small amount of vinegar. For the first lessons, you will definitely need:

• Hoop or frame. If you plan to paint on a small area, then give preference to an embroidery hoop. If you are going to work with a large format, then prepare a special frame for batik - a regular stretcher will do just fine. You need to attach the fabric to the frame with the hooks that come with it. As for the stretcher, you can fasten the fabric on it with a thread and a needle, and do this so that the fabric does not come into contact with the frame. A simpler option is to secure the fabric with a furniture stapler (not suitable for silk) or buttons.
• Paper. Prepare a sheet (or several) of thin paper to make a preliminary sketch. The size of the sheet should be equal to the area of ​​the drawing on the canvas.
• Textile. Thin natural fabrics such as silk, cambric, two-thread are best suited. Thick material will not work because the reserve composition may not pass through thick fibers, as a result of which an “explosion” of paint will appear - one color will begin to pass to the edges and zone of the other. Novice artists are advised to opt for cambric.
• Materials, tools. In the standard set for batik there is a reserve, a glass tube for it and paints. In some kits, there is a contour liquid, ready to apply - it is poured into a tube with a thin tip. You can cook the reserve yourself, but this activity is not only laborious, but also fire hazardous.

Batik drawings for beginners

A relatively simple option for beginners is drawing in the form of a composition of flowers. It looks great on children's and adult clothes, canvases that decorate rooms. To make a whole bouquet flaunt on matter, follow these steps:

1. draw three ovals of different sizes;
2. in the center of each oval, depict a wavy flower core, and at the bottom - a stem;
3. draw a flower around each core;
4. depict a bud at the top on the right side of the flowers;
5. make more voluminous stems, paint leaves for each of them;
6. draw leaves in and around the flowers;
7. at the end, carefully erase all the construction circles.

Another no less interesting and quick option is a bouquet of roses. To get this sketch, draw several circles on paper, then transform each of them into a full-blown multi-layered bud. Practice on paper so that in the future you can draw roses in reserve on matter the first time. You will have to draw bouquets of flowers on the canvas without any auxiliary lines.

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Batik - what is it, a description of the painting technique on fabric, the necessary materials and tools