Quotes about lifting the blockade of Leningrad. Olga Bergholz - the besieged muse of Leningrad. Nine pages. scary lines
Seventy-one years ago, the blockade of the city of Leningrad ended, Soviet troops broke through the blockade ring of the Nazi troops, and 872 days of blockade ended. January 27 is officially celebrated as the Day of the complete liberation by the Soviet troops of the city of Leningrad from the blockade of its Nazi troops (1944). It is difficult today to understand and imagine what it was then.
A small selection of poems is dedicated to the blockade of Leningrad. The prize of 1000 verse points for the poem "Blockade" and the dedication is transferred to Valery Tairov.
Photo. Residents of besieged Leningrad collect water that appeared after shelling in holes in the asphalt on Nevsky Prospekt, photo by B.P. Kudoyarov, December 1941
Dedicated to the memory of the fallen
Lydia Vogel
It seemed to me,
I remember all this:
forty-one, hot summer,
and boys alive, unharmed,
not returning from the front, darlings.
It seemed to me,
I remember all this:
barking dogs, prisoners, and the ghetto,
dirt barracks, hysterical groans,
and conveyor echelons,
and German swearing and laughter,
and shooting an endless roar,
day and night smoking stoves,
doomed slumped shoulders.
Ice.
And frozen corpses.
Bread on cards.
Occasionally cereals.
Without water, without food and without light,
from dawn and again until dawn
clearly remembering: not a step back,
Leningrad survived as best he could.
And Khatyn burned alive,
tying everyone to the same fate.
And the children screamed in horror,
suffocating in the arms of death.
Twenty-six million dead.
Twenty-six - in five years,
not lived...
and those who did not meet Victory Day.
And on the ninth of May, grandfathers,
heavy footsteps,
put on a jacket with orders,
and go to the veterans' parade.
Victory Day - one
In all countries.
Vladimir Kukhar
To the 69th anniversary of the lifting of the blockade of Leningrad...
Someone remembers this from school,
Someone - from the first steps of kindergarten ...
In the vast country there is, perhaps, no family,
Where they don't know what it means - BLOCCADE...
About devastation and hunger, about life without embellishment,
About saving the Summer Garden...
We breathe like air, true story
On the harsh fate of Leningrad.
From museum archives, from films and books
About blockade days or nights ...
I have never heard about the severity of "verig",
Blood for blood - in a series of dots.
Piskaryovskie slabs - sacred granite
With a million unlived lives...
Names, like a banner on the body, keeps,
As an oath of allegiance to the Fatherland.
Soon - seventy years from that cruel time,
But the wounds won't heal soon...
Every year, releasing balloons into the sky,
I bow to the ground to you, VETERANS!
The story of the blockade
Valery Tairov
The story of the blockade
***************** Olga Bergholz
I am the same age as the blockade,
This means war.
Was born in Leningrad
In the forty-first spring...
Only three months of peace
And the circle went round:
In communal apartments
Hunger, cold and death!
I fought back with a cry
Swaddled to toe...
The German was torn by a blitzkrieg
Take the Neva, Leningrad.
Shells burst in the walls,
Bombs - in a cold river -
And it seemed that near
The enemy was not far...
It's better to think in silence
About the simplest things -
How Chance reigned:
And executed, and forgave!
The front held the line
The house was shaking from the explosions...
And hung in the black sky
Sausage airship...
Kommunalka, Fontanka,
Mother is a doctor in the hospital ...
Life has passed like a tank...
Bread ... Something else - about what?
About unforeseen troubles,
Broken bridges?
Nothing is more important than victory
Conquering fear!
Why are the gods angry?
Or are we that bad?
Again blockade Olga*
I read poetry.
The past is etched into memory
But the issue is not closed
That "Nothing is forgotten,
And no one is forgotten! .. "
Not supposed to cry
Only tired eyes
Retreat by attack
Prepared for us!
……………………….
I lived ... What is the reward?
- Forget about the war?
Forget about the blockade?
Can I do it?!
You need to remember this
To live for joy -
Like a fire in Leningrad
I had to extinguish.
Terrible beat of the metronome:
How can I hear again?
Pulls to leave the house, -
Will they shoot soon?
Was born in Leningrad
In the forty-first spring
I am the same age as the blockade,
It means war...
* - Olga Fedorovna Berggolts - blockade poetess
May 16, 2010 - it was 100 years since the birth of O.F. Bergholz
Valery Tairov
*** To the siege survivors of Leningrad, to my mother, Anna Petrovna Tairova, to my grandmothers, Alexandra Vasilievna and Anisya Fedorovna, who, in besieged Leningrad, saved the life of me, then a child born in March 1941:
To survive is the goal and the usual fate,
To write a story with a pen,
How cowardice died in some,
How conscience awakened in others ...
Only to survive is all that is needed,
Very old, no matter if young...
To them, the blockade. pity Leningrad,
The cold was terrible - internal cold!
Again life here fought with death,
Rising beyond the brink and the threshold of exhaustion
Craving for life whipped like a whip,
Enemies do not beg for indulgence! ...
Died for the motherland companies
And they did not hear reports of laudatory.
Died, crawled to work
For victory and ... bread cards.
Knew the artist, the poet of the gateway
The dark city is not visible from paradise!
On the last of hundreds of canvases
He painted his city, dying ...
The sirens howled with an angry groan -
There are clouds of vultures in the sky again!
How the city was covered with palms
Clouds - as if praying to the cover ...
No water. There will be prayer in the morning
Quiet whisper with dry lips -
Only about the future (every day is a battle)
About the Victory of one's own over enemies.
There is no wine for sad feasts.
Death is habitual. Brutal results -
Life is gone on the Road of their life,
And there is no other way...
On the Fontanka, ice is a frozen crust,
Only black spots in places:
Sledge with a corpse - they are being taken from the morgue
Under bridges blind from grief.
And the blockade press does not know
Who in those sleds is a besieged teenager?
Or maybe the poetess left
Or Master - fell, died just...
No, do not survive, do not dig trenches ...
How many heroes are there in your native land?
Are we victims or are we heroes?
Anyway - everyone is drawn to life! ...
Metronome - the sound of the exact power,
More terrible than heavenly thunder,
And whenever you ask me
Hear, feel the beat of the metronome!
I didn't want to die stupidly
To be killed by a fascist shell...
Bombs fall loudly and blindly -
STILL NEAR IT, I THINK IT'S NEAR...
Don't bomb me! DON'T BOMB!
They say that today is my holiday?!
Lucky ... Here I am - alive, look!
I am called terrible word- BLOCKADE!
Remember the blockade children
Wounded wounds licked their wounds.
So I remember these days -
The shores of the years of the military Fontanka!
How I wanted to remember all this:
The whole blockade, a terrible story,
Where in some the courage woke up,
And conscience woke up in others!
* - fig. [drawing] own
Blockade
Alexander Trubin 148
She carried in a thin hand
A piece of blockade sugar
And you were far away
And nearby - the echo of cannonade.
A little less than a thousand steps
It was to go to the hospital
But each step is like a hundred centuries.
And with each - the power went away.
Seemed like a light coat
It got heavier tenfold.
And no one in the whole world knew
Will the woman come... back.
On the train
Vladimir Sorochkin
A woman in a shabby dress
There are no neighbors left in the compartment.
Reads about besieged Leningrad
And he hugs the girl.
Hiding tears, crying, but, awake
Two fists pulling up
A child wakes up with a smile
And silence flows from under the eyelids.
Leningraders
Mikhail Kalegov
Bounced off with an elastic pea,
rolled on brittle ice
happiness, powdered with gray ashes,
Yes, the clock beats trouble.
The metronome of the eye sockets failed,
a stone guest wanders between the houses.
Only warmth from holey boots
flows out and freezes like a bone.
Kazansky and Isaac will not help,
lonely, frozen pier.
That Neva, who has seen everything,
sadness pours into the soul.
Two hundred grams in a stale brick,
with bran rye flour.
A network of wrinkles on a child's face,
the bony hand is closer.
Burns down with chips inconsolable
a sideboard who still remembered his grandfather.
Hunger aunt very pitch.
Salt and matches are stingy provisions.
Leningrad
Marina Rudaleva
For you, my city, for you,
Without hiding my tears, I whisper a prayer.
You, like a Phoenix, came out of the fire,
Defeated the enemy in a blockade battle.
How many tears do you have to cry
To comfort your sorrow
About those who left in the blockade frost,
And about the survivors on the edge.
How much do you need to hurt the soul
About your broken dreams...
Aren't they every spring
Gray-haired ones bloom on the graves.
Piskarevskaya silence.
Metronome deaf count -
Here lies the war
Didn't break your people.
When will you be at Piskarevsky
Orekhova Galina Grigorievna
When will you be on Piskarevsky,
Walk along the Memory Alley,
Bowing with a carnation cigarette
You will give to my grandfather.
The tank was hit by an enemy shell,
Turning history so milestones.
It burned down then near Leningrad-
Pyotr Nikonorovich Orekhov.
Out of competition
blockade gift
Larisa Semikolenova
Let the house be clean and bright.
And let the love of the heart protect.
And bread and salt at the festive table
They rightfully take their place.
And that people will be respected
Who kept the age-old recipes,
And let the churek, he bakes a cake
Or take a hot loaf out of the oven.
Rich, varied, many-sided
The world of bread on the counter in the store.
Who is used to black Borodino,
Or maybe others will choose Riga.
It happens that we don’t finish a piece
And we will send crumbs to feed the pigeons.
But hunger only once survived,
Again the blockade will be remembered, as if on purpose.
One moved me to tears
History in besieged Leningrad:
Two girls once had a chance
Bring invaluable joy to mom.
Not roses, not perfume, not chocolate -
But this gift was more important than all:
From a meager ration for three days in a row
They managed to separate a piece of mother.
And, hiding from themselves upstairs,
Even though they wanted to eat it to shiver,
Your love on International Day
Raised in small hands...
May there never be more wars!
May hunger not come to your villages!
Let there be bread! He is more expensive than anything.
And before him I bow my knees.
Reviews
Yesterday I managed to get to the creative evening of Alexander Gorodnitsky, who is already 84 years old, but he perfectly performed his songs and read his poems for more than two and a half hours.
I cannot but add his poem about the siege of Leningrad, because the poem is real, not invented.
Alexander Gorodnitsky
POEMS TO THE UNKNOWN DRIVER
I could not see him, looking out of the body.
He was inconspicuous, like hundreds of others in Leningrad, -
Ushanka and padded jacket, which is firmly attached to the body.
The driver who drove me through Ladoga,
With other children who have exhausted this winter.
Not a single sign remains of him.
He is tall or not, curly or blond.
I can't bind fragments from those films
What my eight-year-old heart held in memory.
Deprived of heat, tarpaulin hardened by the wind,
Three-ton shabby wide open door.
The world of blockade poetry is complex, diverse and contradictory. Trying to understand it, we are faced with the need to organize it in order to understand why these literary testimonies are so strikingly different from each other. Sometimes it's hard to believe that they describe a common historical situation, written by people experiencing the same catastrophe.
First of all, among these texts there are poems that were created with an orientation towards the “state order”. For such poets as Nikolai Tikhonov, Olga Bergholz, Vera Inber, the first task was to create such a statement about the blockade experience that would fully coincide with the needs of Soviet military propaganda. In their texts, the blockade is portrayed as a test that is necessary and possible to overcome by the method of collective effort, the collective effort of the collective will, - this is how the allegorical extra-individual body of the city-front arises, suffering, but mainly fighting wrestling and overcoming.
It was this blockade that appeared in the publication - be it a newspaper, a pamphlet, a postcard, or, say, a blockade vaudeville. Gradually, individual suffering was generally ousted. So, even the desire to depict the blockade experience as a tragedy (of course, optimistic) did not coincide with the vision of the authorities: they abandoned his version of the script for the most important documentary film " Leningrad in the fight”(1942), in which, as a result, it was primarily about overcoming and triumphing of the Leningrad will.
Blockade poets associated with the search for OBERIU OBERIU ("Association of Real Art")- a literary and theatrical group that existed from 1927 to the early 1930s in Leningrad. It included Konstantin Vaginov, Alexander Vvedensky, Daniil Kharms, Nikolai Zabolotsky and others., - Gennady Gor, Pavel Zaltsman, Dmitry Maksimov, - as well as the authors who followed other stylistic traditions - Tatyana Gnedich, Natalya Krandievskaya, Daniil Andreev, considered the blockade primarily as a humanitarian collapse, a catastrophe an individual person who has fallen into the grip of an aggressive inhuman statehood. In these verses, a blockade man is shown - helpless, disoriented, but until the last he does not want to give up his "I", from his language.
In order to convey such a degree of historical pain that surpasses the possibilities of language, techniques and views were needed that reconsidered the very foundations of the relationship of the subject, poetic language and reflected reality. In pre-war Leningrad, there was a category of authors who were inclined and daring to think about this issue - this is the circle of OBERIU, which is why the poetic testimonies of Gore, Saltsman and Maksimov make such a powerful and painful impression: the poets of this direction have the tools to show the totality of decay to which the blockade is subjected. However, seemingly more traditional in their style, Natalya Krandiyevskaya and Tatyana Gnedich, with their efforts to protect the private and aesthetic space from intrusion, also produce poignant, strange texts of inconsistency, where in hell, in emptiness and darkness, heartbreaking attempts are made to establish their own separate world: to read Dickens with a beetle, to discuss Rembrandt with a rat.
The next structure-forming category can be considered a temporal perspective: poems written during the blockade are strikingly different from poems written after, from memory or even from the memory of the Other, as is the case in poems that are written about the blockade now.
Post-blockade poetry sets itself the task of reconstruction and restoration, and both blockade memory and blockade personality are reconstructed. The most striking example here again is the poetic work of Bergholz, whose creative identity is so connected with the blockade that oblivion is perceived by her as a transgression, as a betrayal, and not as a forced anesthesia.
In the post-siege poems by Gleb Semenov and Vadim Shefner, we observe an analysis of youthful trauma: the blockade does not let go, but does not betray itself, its terrible meanings. This may be partly related to the later opuses of Gore and Chefner in the field of fantasy, where allegorization and abstraction become the main devices for not naming the horror experienced. Thus, the dream ruins of the brilliant besieged artist and poet Pavel Zaltsman become more and more abstract over the years.
The tasks of the poets who reproduce the catastrophe in the mode of post-memory, of course, are completely different from how eyewitnesses and survivors worked. The purpose of these recent texts is to restore, manifest and renew the voices of the blockade, various ways building dialogic bridges between the modern audience and a layer of history separated from us by decades of ideological censorship and self-censorship of witnesses crushed by the nightmare of memory. While attempts to scientifically comprehend this material appear too slowly (but still), contemporary art has eschewed the blockade archive until recently. Devilish difference between scientific work and artistic text lies in the inevitability author's position: addressing the historical material today, the artist must be visible, while remaining transparent. The literary experiments of Elena Schwartz, Vitaly Pukhanov, Igor Vishnevetsky, Sergey Zavyalov are attempts to embody, and with the similarity of texture and point of view, the genre frameworks are completely different.
75 years ago, on September 8, 1941, an almost 900-day terrible blockade Leningrad. The generation of front-line soldiers is leaving, the blockade survivors are leaving, but falsifiers of history appear, composing poisonous myths about this great and terrible time. Mikhail Ivanovich Frolov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, who fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, and Deacon Vladimir Vasilik, Associate Professor at St. Petersburg State University and the Sretensky Theological Seminary, analyze the three most common myths regarding the blockade of the city on the Neva.
Myth one:
Hitler did not want to take Leningrad
and did not even want to destroy it
Leningrad, as one of the main goals of the war, is defined in the plan "Barbarossa" at the insistence of Hitler. The Fuhrer has repeatedly stressed the need to take Leningrad in the first place. The minutes of the meeting of the High Command of the Wehrmacht on February 3, 1941 regarding the plan "Barbarossa" states: "The Führer in general agrees with the operations. When developing in detail, keep in mind the main goal: to master the Baltic states and Leningrad. On June 14, 1941, that is, immediately before the attack on the USSR, Hitler again called the capture of Leningrad "one of the decisive operational goals of the war." Field Marshal Paulus later wrote: “Special importance in the plans of the OKW was attached to the capture of Moscow. However, the capture of Moscow was to be preceded by the capture of Leningrad. The capture of Leningrad pursued several military goals: the elimination of the main bases of the Russian Baltic Fleet, the disabling of the military industry of this city and the elimination of Leningrad as a point of concentration for a counteroffensive against the German troops advancing on Moscow.
However, there was another reason. Hitler mortally hated Leningrad, as the former St. Petersburg - the capital of Russian tsars and the nest of Russian imperialism.
Initially, after the rapid capture of the Baltic states and access to Pskov, euphoria reigned in the German troops. On July 10, the offensive of both corps of the 4th Panzer Group under the command of Leeb began. It was decided to overcome the distance from Pskov to Leningrad in about 4 days. It was the so-called "raid" about 300 km, crashed. The enemy ran into the impenetrable Luga line and, in addition, fell under the flank attack of the Soviet troops near Soltsy. As the military historian of the FRG, General of the Wehrmacht B. Müller-Hillebrant, noted, “the enemy went over to a stubborn defense”, which fundamentally changed not only the position of the warring parties, but also the balance of forces.
On August 18, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Field Marshal W. von Brauchitsch, presented Hitler with a memorandum in which he substantiated the urgency of the task of attacking Moscow. “The effect was like an explosion,” W. Shired quotes the words of General Halder. Enraged Hitler on August 21 issues a directive in which he indicates that the most important task before the onset of winter in the north is the encirclement of Leningrad and the connection with the Finnish troops. And on August 22, that is, the next day, he clarifies in a letter to the military leadership that "the conquest of Leningrad ..., as well as the mastery of the industrial regions of Ukraine, is considered as the central part of the war." Much more evidence can be cited to show that Hitler's plans ultimately boiled down to an invariable desire to take control of Leningrad in one way or another.
At the end of August, the German offensive against Leningrad was resumed, which did not achieve its goals as a result of the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops. The battles on the distant and near approaches to Leningrad in the July-August days are full of examples of mass heroism, courage and bravery of Soviet soldiers. German troops paid heavy losses for every inch of Leningrad land captured. On August 24, von Leeb wrote in the combat log: "It is noticeable that the divisions have lost their best forces." Indeed, according to German data, only the 18th Army lost 2035 officers and 56700 soldiers and non-commissioned officers, having received only 304 officers and 25578 non-commissioned officers and soldiers for replenishment. Its personnel decreased by 32853 people. The strength of the resistance of our troops continuously increased. If until July 10 the average daily rate of advance of enemy formations was 25 km, then later it decreased to 5 km, in August it fell to 2.2 km, and in September to 1.25 km.
The Barbarossa plan was bursting at the seams. Before the German command loomed the threat of a winter campaign, for which the Wehrmacht was poorly prepared. Hitler, as evidenced by the memoirs of the leaders of the Third Reich from his entourage, was terribly afraid of the “Napoleon winter”. The Fuhrer, becoming more and more convinced of the unattainability of capturing Leningrad, yielded to the pressure of the command of the ground forces (OKN) and ordered Directive No. 35 of September 6, 1941 to begin preparing an attack on Moscow, confining himself to the encirclement of Leningrad. Army Group North was ordered to transfer combat mobile formations to Army Group Center. Hitler considered it expedient to take possession of the city by implementing a barbaric plan of starvation.
As you can see, the statement about Hitler's unwillingness to take possession of Leningrad and his order not to take the city is completely groundless.
It is not superfluous to cite the statements of Hitler's generals on this subject. “The fighting around Leningrad continued with exceptional ferocity. German troops reached the southern suburbs of the city, but due to the stubborn resistance of the defending troops, reinforced by fanatical Leningrad workers, there was no expected success, ”this is a characteristic confession of General K. Tippelskirch, one of Hitler’s close associates. In other words, success was expected by the German army, but, fortunately, it was never achieved. This is far from the only confession. On September 7, 1941, General Schmidt, commander of the 39th mechanized corps, reported to the Führer that "the Bolshevik resistance, with its fury and bitterness, far exceeded the highest expectations." Another Wehrmacht general, von Butlar, admitted that the troops of the 18th Army failed to break the resistance of the city's defenders, who defended every meter of land with fantastic tenacity.
There is more truth in these confessions than in the statements of the myth-makers about Hitler's unwillingness to take Leningrad. Let us make only one clarification: it is not fanaticism that explains the selflessness of the Soviet people, but their devotion to their homeland, love for their native city of Leningrad.
Myth two:
Stalin did not want to liberate Leningrad
and made no effort to free him
Throughout the winter of 1941-1942. the Soviet army near Leningrad continuously counterattacked, trying to break through the suffocating blockade, as a result of which about 800 thousand Leningraders died of starvation. The first Sinyavino operation took place in September 1941, during the German offensive against Leningrad. Unfortunately, she was not successful. The second Sinyavin operation did not bring success because of the German offensive that had begun near Tikhvin, and then our counter-offensive, which ended with the liberation of Tikhvin, but required significant resources. The Luban operation developed initially successfully and almost led to the de-siege of Leningrad, but ended tragically - the encirclement and partial capture of the Second Shock Army.
In the summer of 1942, in August, heavy fighting took place near Leningrad, aimed at deblocking Leningrad. They did not achieve their goal, but diverted significant forces and means of the Germans from Stalingrad. And only the operation "Iskra" in January 1943 led to the breakthrough of the enemy blockade and the liberation of Shlisselburg. A railway line was laid through a narrow corridor, which was constantly shot through by the Germans. It is no coincidence that he received the name "Road of Death". But, nevertheless, the railway connection with the mainland, restored on February 1, brought abundant fruit.
A total of at least half a million fighters of the Soviet army and navy fell near Leningrad
Statements about the unwillingness of the Soviet command to liberate the city on the Neva are blasphemous also because a total of at least half a million soldiers of the Soviet army and navy fell near Leningrad.
According to the memoirs of the now deceased Stepan Semenovich Semenets, out of 2000 graduates of the school of border guards, after a week of fighting on the Luga line, only 50 people remained in the ranks. A little more - 62 - survived from 2000 sailors who defended the Pulkovo Heights in September 1941. This is on the defensive. But even more died during the offensives aimed at breaking the blockade. Their memory is sacred to us.
All this refutes the myth of unwillingness to save Leningrad.
Myth three:
Good Finnish General Mannerheim,
remembering my service in the old tsarist army,
forbade Finnish troops to take Leningrad
and even bomb and shell it from the north
Mannerheim was well aware of the intention of the Germans to capture Leningrad, but not only did not object to these plans, but also agreed to participate in the attack on Leningrad by the Finnish troops. When, in May 1941, operational plans for joint German-Finnish actions to capture Leningrad were being developed in Salzburg and Zossen, the Chief of the Finnish General Staff carried out specific instructions given to him by Mannerheim.
Mannerheim, like other leaders of Finland, did not object to the destruction of Leningrad by the Nazis. In particular, on June 24, 1941, the Finnish envoy in Berlin, Kivimäki, reported in Helsinki: “We can now take whatever we want, also St. Petersburg, which, like Moscow, is better to destroy ... Russia must be divided into small states.”
In turn, Finnish President Ryti informed the German envoy in Helsinki: "If St. Petersburg no longer exists as a large city, then the Neva would be the best border on the Karelian Isthmus ... Leningrad must be liquidated as a large city."
The Finnish press has also openly declared this. So, on October 28, 1941, the Pyakke newspaper, which represented the influential Agrarian Union party, wrote: “Petersburg and Moscow will be destroyed even before they are taken. Prepared actions have already begun.” On October 21, in the front-line newspaper Pohyan, the words about the need to liquidate Leningrad were highlighted in large print: “Its destruction will mean a decisive historical turn in the life of the Finnish people.”
This is also confirmed by German documents. In particular, the well-known decision of the OKW Headquarters of September 8 says: “The Fuhrer decided to wipe the city of St. Petersburg from the face of the earth. Finnish side declared its disinterest in the preservation of this city (hereinafter highlighted by the authors)».
According to the diary of Hitler's adjutant, it was Mannerheim who proposed "wiping Leningrad off the face of the earth"
Moreover, according to the Estonian historian Waynu Herbert, according to the diary of Hitler's adjutant, Major Engel, published in 1974, it was Mannerheim who suggested to Hitler that he "wipe Leningrad off the face of the earth".
In this regard, it is high time to disavow the myth that Mannerheim allegedly "pitied Leningrad" and therefore did not storm it. The facts say otherwise: the Finns were stopped not by Mannerheim's generosity, but by the heroism of the 7th Army and the defenders of the Karelian fortified area. Already on August 27, 1941, in response to persistent requests Commander of Army Group North von Leeb about the offensive, Mannerheim informed him that the Finnish army was no longer able to advance, let alone take Leningrad from the north. Indeed, on September 4, the troops of the 7th Army drove the Germans out of Beloostrov and stopped them on the border of the USSR and Finland in 1939.
Now about the possibilities of the Finns to shell and bomb Leningrad.
The Finns, unlike the Germans, were at a distance of 30-40 kilometers from the border of Leningrad and they had practically no long-range siege artillery, comparable to the German "Dora" and "Big Berta". Here are just two facts.
As early as October 2, 1941, Leeb sent an inquiry to the Chief of Staff of the Finnish Army, General Hanell, regarding Finnish artillery and air strikes on Leningrad. From the answer to Leeb, prepared at Mannerheim's headquarters, it is clear that it was impossible to strike at Leningrad and its environs from long-range guns.
The Finns did not shell Leningrad, not because they did not want to, but because they could not
There is another document signed on May 25, 1945 by General V. Nenonen, then commander of the artillery of the Finnish army. According to him, the Finnish artillery did not have the opportunity to fire at the blockaded Leningrad. This document contains specific data on the firing positions of all artillery batteries that were then located on the Karelian Isthmus, and a diagram is attached, from which the inaccessibility of fire from all long-range guns for Leningrad and its environs is clearly visible. In other words, the Finns did not shell Leningrad from the north, not because they did not want to, but because they could not.
As for von Leeb's wish for Finnish aviation to bomb Leningrad, the response to Army Group North from the Finnish Headquarters says: “Due to the lack of bombers, it is difficult to use them against targets on the Karelian Isthmus. A small number of bombers should be assigned to other tasks.
In general, the Finnish army participated in the blockade of the city along with the German one, diverting two Soviet armies to resist it: the 23rd and 7th, which were so necessary to complete the tasks of breaking the blockade of Leningrad. And there is no doubt that its commander-in-chief, Marshal K. G. Mannerheim, is responsible for the suffering and torment of Leningraders, for the victims of the civilian population of the city during the blockade.
BLOKADE LENINGRAD
(On the day the blockade was lifted)
Exhibition type- thematic, intralibrary.
Reader appointment- for all groups of readers.
Special purpose- to acquaint readers of the library with the publications that the MCB has, telling about those difficult 900 days of the siege of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War.
Exhibition location- MCB subscription.
Framed: January 20, 2010
Exhibition setup: book, title, quotes, magazine clippings, rubric.
Quotes:
Glory to you and the great city,
Merged front and rear,
In unprecedented difficulties
Survived, fought, won
Vera Inber, 1944.
The field is pitted with bombs,
Corpses on chilly ground
Someone's fate is cut short
In this military cauldron.
I. Petrukhin
Exhibition efficiency- the exhibition was shown for 10 days. Interested by all categories of readers.
Literature:
1. O. F. Berggolts, Daytime Stars. Leningrad speaks [Text] / O. F. Berggolts. - M.: Pravda, 1990. - 480 p.
2. The Great Patriotic War ... [Text]: (A brief illustrated history of the Great Patriotic War for youth) / ed. N. Eroshin, V. Taborko. - M.: Young Guard, 1975. - 572 p.
3. Wreath of glory. Anthology of fiction about the Great Patriotic War: in 12 volumes. T. 3: The feat of Leningrad [Text] / comp. P. Karelin. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 606 p.
4. Second World War: photo album / comp. and ed. text by T. S. Bushev. - M.: Planeta, 1989. - 414 p.
5. Where the Neva wave splashes: an album / B. B. Fabritsky, I. P. Shmelev. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1989. - 272 p.
6. Hero cities of the Great Patriotic War [Text]: atlas / answer. ed. E. K. Galshullina, E. V. Akulova. - M .: Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Sov. Min. USSR, 1985. - 86 p.
7. Granite city [Text]: literary and artistic collection / comp., entry. Art. and approx. M. Kralin. - L .: Det. lit., 1988. - 231 p.
8. Kardashov, V. I. Closest to Leningrad: North-Eastern regions Leningrad region 1941-1944 [Text] / V. I. Kardashov. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 136 p.
9. The world was defended - the world was saved [Text]: album / comp. S. N. Levandovsky. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1986. - 207 p.
10. About your feat, Leningrad [Text]: album / ed. E. Ya. Zazersky. - M.: Fine Arts, 1970. - 272 p.
11. Pavlov, D. V. Leningrad in the blockade [Text] / D. V. Pavlov. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1958. - 161 p.
12. Feat of the people: monuments of the Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945 [Text] / comp. and general ed. V. A. Golikova. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Politizdat, 1984. - 341 p.
13. Feat of the people: monuments of the Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945 [Text] / comp. and general ed. V. A. Golikova. - M .: Politizdat, 1980. - 318 p.
14. Feat 40 years [Text]: album / ed.-comp. E. N. Pugacheva. - M.: Soviet artist, 1985. - 276 p.
15. St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad in Russian poetry [Text]: an anthology. - St. Petersburg: Limbus Press, 1999. - 672 p.
* 07 * 08 * 09 * 10 * 11 * 12
2002: *02*03*04*05*06*07*08*09*10*11*12
2001: *02*03*04*05*06*07*08*09*10*11*12
2000: *02*03*04*05*06*07*08*09*10*11*12
New items appear in separate issues, and are marked with the new icon on the site pages.
№269 (27.01.2005)
From September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad continued for about 900 days. On August 20, 1941, Nazi troops occupied the city of Chudovo, cutting off the Leningrad-Moscow railway. By August 21, the enemy reached the Krasnogvardeisky fortified area in the south, on the same day, Finnish troops captured the city of Kexholm (now Priozersk) on the western shore of Lake Ladoga. On August 30, at the Mga station, the last Railway connecting Leningrad with the country. On September 8, 1941, the enemy captured the city of Shlisselburg, land communication with Leningrad was completely stopped. The blockade of the city began, the communication of which with the country was maintained only by air and along Lake Ladoga. In the south-west, the front was located 6 km from the Kirov Plant. 2 million 887 thousand civilians remained in the besieged city, including about 400 thousand children. From September 4, shelling of Leningrad began, from September 8 - massive air raids: in September, October, November 1941, air raids were announced 251 times, sometimes for 8-9 hours a day; up to 1500 fascist planes participated in the raids during this period; during shelling, about 350 shells hit the city every day. In the autumn of 1941, famine began in Leningrad. The norms for issuing bread were repeatedly reduced and on November 20, 1941, the minimum norm for issuing bread was established: workers - 375 grams of bread per day, dependents and children - 125 grams of bread per day. In December alone, 53,000 people died of dystrophy; in January-February 1942, about 200,000 Leningraders died of starvation. On the night of November 22, 1941, the Road of Life ice track was opened: the first 60 one and a half ton cars passed on the ice of Lake Ladoga. In December 1941, Leningrad received electricity almost 7 times less than in July. Most of the factories stopped working, the supply of electricity to residential buildings was cut off. In January 1942, due to severe frosts exceeding 30 degrees, the central heating, water supply and sewerage networks failed. Residents went for water to the Neva and other rivers of the city. Temporary potbelly stoves were installed in residential buildings. The dismantling of wooden buildings for fuel was organized. In the winter of 1941-42, about 270 factories and plants were mothballed. Of the 68 leading enterprises of the defense, shipbuilding and machine-building industries in January 1942, only 18 operated at full capacity. In January 1943, the blockade of Leningrad was broken, along the southern shore of Lake Ladoga, a railway was built through Shlisselburg - the "Road of Victory". During the blockade in Leningrad, according to official data alone, 641 thousand inhabitants died of starvation (according to historians, at least 800 thousand), about 17 thousand people died from bombing and shelling and about 34 thousand were injured. By the end of 1943, about 620 thousand people remained in Leningrad, of which 80% worked. During the blockade, 840 buildings were put out of action. industrial enterprises, about 5 million m² of living space was damaged (including 2.8 million m² completely destroyed), 500 schools, 170 medical institutions. As a result of the destruction and evacuation of enterprises in Leningrad, only 25% of the equipment that Leningrad industry had before the war remained. Despite the inhuman conditions of "life" in besieged Leningrad, from the beginning of the war to the end of the blockade, Leningraders manufactured and repaired 2 thousand tanks, 1.5 thousand aircraft, thousands of field and naval guns, 12 thousand mortars, 225 thousand machine guns, about 10 million shells and mines, the shipyards completed and built 407 ships of various classes. Even in the most difficult times, life did not stop in besieged Leningrad: during the years of the Great Patriotic War, Lengosestrada gave over 12,180 concerts; the main theaters of the city were evacuated inland, but the Theater of Musical Comedy remained in Leningrad, which worked constantly (the theater did not work only in January-February 1942 due to lack of light), a military theater was created at the House of the Red Army, an opera and ballet theater; On January 2, 1942, the first exhibition of artists from besieged Leningrad was opened in unheated exhibition halls; On August 9, 1942, the premiere of D. Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony, written in besieged Leningrad, took place at the Philharmonic in a crowded hall, the employees of the Public Library did not stop working for a single day - despite the shelling, the cold (in the winter of 1941-1942 the temperature in the rooms dropped to -10- 15°) and famine, they provided readers with literature; one of the cultural centers of the besieged city was the Hermitage, where exhibitions were held, lectures were given, anniversaries were celebrated (for example, in October 1941, the 800th anniversary of Nizami was celebrated, and in November 1941, the 500th anniversary of Alisher Navoi). All the days of the siege of Leningrad, a radio committee worked in the city; with the help of the All-Union Radio Committee, transmissions from Leningrad were carried out throughout the country. From the first days of the war, the poetess Olga Berggolts worked on the radio. (based on: N.D. Shumilov "In the days of the blockade", ed. "Thought", M. 1977; Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg") On the next anniversary of the lifting of the blockade of Leningrad - quotes from the works of Olga Berggolts, whose voice during the days of the blockade for all of Russia was the "voice" of Leningrad, and pages of the biography of Olga Fedorovna Berggolts.
Quotes from the poems of Olga Bergholz
I saw the boy in the hospital. Under him, a shell killed his sister and mother. He had his arm torn off at the elbow. The boy was five at the time. He studied music, he tried. He liked to catch a green round ball ... And so he lay - and was afraid to moan. He knew already: crying is shameful in battle. He lay quietly on a soldier's bunk, stretching out the stumps of his arms along his body ... Oh, unthinkable childish stamina! Damn the warmongers! Damn those who are there, across the ocean, behind the bomber, are building a bomber, and waiting for unshed children's tears, and again preparing wounds for the children of the world. Oh, how many of them, legless and armless! How hollowly in the stale crust of the earth, unlike all earthly sounds, short crutches knock. And I want that, without forgiving insults, wherever people defend the world, little invalids appear as equals with the bravest people. Let the veteran, who is twelve years old, when they freeze around, for a lasting peace, for the happiness of the peoples, raise up the stumps of children's hands. Let him convict the tormented childhood of those who are preparing the war - forever, so that they have nowhere else to go from our coming judgment. ("Let the Children Vote", 1949)
And the city was covered in dense frost. County snowdrifts, silence ... You can’t find tram lines in the snow, you can only hear the complaint from the skids. Skids creak, creak along the Nevsky. On children's sleds, narrow, funny, they carry blue water in saucepans, firewood and belongings, the dead and the sick ... So since December, the townspeople have been wandering for many miles, in thick foggy darkness, in the wilderness of blind, icy buildings, looking for a warmer corner.
Here is a woman leading her husband somewhere. A gray-haired half-mask on his face, in his hands a can - this is soup for dinner. Shells are whistling, the cold is raging... "Comrades, we are in the ring of fire." And a girl with a frosty face, stubbornly clenching her blackened mouth, is carrying a body wrapped in a blanket to the Okhta cemetery. Lucky, swaying, - to get there by evening ... Eyes look impassively into the darkness. Take off your hat, citizen! They transport a Leningrader who died at a military post. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
Skids creak in the city, creak ... How many we already miss! But we don't cry: it's true what they say, that the tears of the people of Leningrad are frozen. No, we don't cry. There are few tears for the heart. Hate does not let us cry. For us, hatred has become a pledge of life: it unites, warms and leads. About not forgiving, not sparing, to take revenge, take revenge, take revenge, as I can, the mass grave on Okhtinsky, on the right bank, calls to me. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
There is no measure, no name, no comparison for our sufferings. But we are at the end of a thorny path and we know that the day of liberation is near. Probably, this day will be formidable with a long-forgotten joy marked: probably, fire will be given everywhere, in all houses, for the whole evening. We now live a double life: in the ring, in darkness, in hunger, in sadness, we breathe tomorrow, a free, generous day, we have already conquered this day. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
Enemies broke into our free city - the stones of the city gates crumbled ... But the International Armed Working People came out onto the avenue. He walked with an immortal cry in his chest: "We will die, but we will not surrender Red Peter! .." The Red Guards, remembering the past, formed new detachments, and collected bottles from every house and built their own barricade. And for this, the enemy tortured us with iron and fire for long nights ... "You will surrender, you will be afraid," the bombs shouted at us, "you will hide in the ground, you will fall prone. Trembling, they will ask for captivity, as mercy, not only people - the stones of Leningrad!" But we stood on high roofs with our heads thrown up to the sky, we did not leave our fragile towers, clutching the shovel with a numb hand. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
I have never been a hero, I did not crave either glory or reward. Breathing in the same breath with Leningrad, I did not act like a hero, but lived. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
In the dirt, in the darkness, in hunger, in sadness, where death like a shadow trailed on our heels, we were so happy, we breathed such stormy freedom that our grandchildren would envy us. Oh yes, we discovered a terrible happiness - not worthily sung yet - when we shared the last crust, the last pinch of tobacco; when we had midnight conversations by a poor and smoky fire, how we will live when victory comes, appreciating our whole life in a new way. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
Long live, may the simple human joy always reign, the basis of defense and labor, the immortality and strength of Leningrad! Long live the stern and calm one, who looked death in the very face, who suffocatingly bore the ring like a Man, like a Worker, like a Warrior! ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
We now live a double life: in the ring and cold, in hunger, in sadness, we breathe tomorrow, a happy, generous day - we ourselves won this day. And whether it will be night, morning or evening, but on this day we will get up and go to meet the warrior-army in our liberated city. We will go out without flowers, in crumpled helmets, in heavy quilted jackets, in frozen half-masks, as equal welcoming troops. And, spreading its xiphoid wings, bronze Glory will rise above us, holding a wreath in charred hands. ("February Diary", poem, January-February 1942)
