Introduction of a system for assessing agricultural work in workdays. Workdays: what was the most useless "currency" in the USSR. There would be popular capitalism ...
A workday is a form of labor accounting on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966. The legal basis for the introduction of this form was the following regulations: "Approximate Charter of an agricultural artel", approved by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of April 13, 1930 and the resolution of the USSR Kolkhoz Center of June 7, 1930, which introduced the workday as a single measure of accounting for the labor of collective farmers and the distribution of income. It was according to the accrued workdays that collective farmers could receive payment for their labor from the collective farm in cash and in kind. However, they might not have received a significant part, having worked all year.
Let's immediately deal with several of the most popular myths and misconceptions about workdays. There is a common expression about work on collective farms: "they worked for sticks," which means work without pay at all. Of course, this is not the case, the notorious "sticks" are just a measure of accounting. However, the expression is not devoid of meaning, since the collective farmers had the right not to pay for the accrued workdays.
Move on. A workday is not a calendar day. For work on a certain calendar day, a collective farmer could receive 1.5 or even 2 workdays; it depended on the complexity and labor intensity of the work. In total, there were at first 5, and then 7 price groups.
Here is an example of a collective farmer's record book, where 297 workdays worked out are recorded
The collective farmer was paid in advance during the year, and at the end of the year they were paid in full. From the "Model Charter of an Agricultural Artel": "Payment for the work of the members of the artel is made in the following order: during the financial year, for food and other needs of the members of the artel, no more than 50 percent of the amount due for work is paid in advance (in kind, or in money). At the end of the financial year, the final payment of wages is made. . "
Full payment was made only if the collective farm paid the state in full on all points of the plan issued by the district committee. If the collective farm did not fulfill the plan, full settlement with the collective farmers was prohibited by law. Such cases were not at all uncommon in the Stalinist USSR, but rather a common occurrence.
And one more thing: the collective farm gave out both money and natural products for workdays. However, as already mentioned, if they were issued in principle. Many collective farms did not give out cash for workdays at all, and not only in crisis cases. A similar thing happened on some collective farms in fertile agricultural regions, even after the bountiful harvest of 1937. In 1940, for example, 12% of all Soviet collective farms did not give out cash for workdays. In the Tambov region, this figure was 26%, in the Ryazan region - 41%.
The difference in the income of collective farmers in the USSR, depending on the region and the specific collective farm, was significant, and sometimes huge. The collective farmers of the Central Asian and Caucasian republics earned much more than the collective farmers of the RSFSR. Let's get acquainted with a curious Soviet propaganda poster, which reflects the difference in income and for some reason this is presented as a great achievement of the Stalinist USSR! 
Let's add one more statistical summary with the size of payments per workday by region, in it the situation is even clearer 
As you can see, the Russian collective farmer from the Kaluga region received "only" 147 times less than the Turkmen collective farmer.
As a rule, the largest number of workdays was accrued to the collective farm administration: a chairman's working day cost much more than a simple collective farmer's working day (1.75-2.00 versus 1.3 workdays). In addition, the chairman was considered to work all days of the year, while field workers were only paid for the days they actually went out into the field. In 1937, the average collective farmer (both man and woman) was paid for 19 days of work in January and 20 days in July, while the chairman invariably received 30-31 days a month.
In May 1939, "to strengthen labor discipline»The obligatory minimum of workdays for able-bodied collective farmers was established - 100, 80 and 60 workdays per year (depending on the territories and regions). Those who did not work out a minimum of workdays during the year without significant reasons were to be excluded from the collective farm, deprived of personal plots and the advantages established for collective farmers.
Another curious table on the monetary income of collective farmers in 1951 
Judging by these data, the Karelian collective farmers received 83.3 rubles a month, while the Central Asian ones - 841.66 rubles. The average wage in industry in 1951 was 740 rubles per month. One can only envy the Asian collective farmers!
Now for payment in kind, which was given out for workdays along with cash. Let's take for the main analysis a very good year in terms of grain collection and payments for workdays in 1937. This year the output in kind has increased and 50.6% of collective farms have given out less than 3 kg per workday; 26.4% gave out from 3 to 5 kg. According to statistics, the average collective farmer in 1937 earned 197 workdays and received 376 rubles for them. Divide into months, it turns out 31.33 rubles. per month. Grain turned out to be 60-70 kg per month. Plus a number of others natural products... For comparison: wages in industry in 1937 were 231 rubles / month.
In general, we sorted out with earnings on collective farms. Now let's see - what did such scanty earnings of collective farmers lead to?
1. Some of the collective farmers abandoned the farm, by hook or by crook received a certificate from the board allowing them to leave the collective farm, or simply fled to cities and construction sites, of which there were many in the USSR and accepted those who wanted there without much preference.
2. All the collective farmers paid the main attention to their household plots, because they knew that there was no hope for the collective farm. And on the collective farm they worked, as they say, "carelessly", if only they put a "stick". The Bolsheviks forgot that the slave system was the most unproductive.
3. The collective farmers compensated for the beggarly "wages" by mass theft, one of the popular sayings of those times: "Everything around is collective farm, everything around is mine."
4. The shortage of workers led to the fact that, for example, one collective farm in the Leningrad region spent 4500 rubles in 1936, hiring outsiders to work in the field. Another collective farm hired workers for 6 rubles. per day, not counting decent payments in kind, while its own members received only 60 kopecks. for a workday. On the collective farm "Pyatiletka" in the Kalinin region, they often resorted to hiring labor, because half of their collective farmers worked at local factories. The countless detachments of schoolchildren, students, military men and even proletarians, cut off from factory labor to help collective farms, also remember everything, right?
Another table in which everything is clear and understandable 
Just in case, we recall that the collective farmer was obliged to pay state taxes (for non-payment - criminal liability):
a) monetary agricultural tax, which depended on the area of the personal plot, the presence of livestock and agricultural plants on the farm;
b) tax in kind, which was fixed for each region.
For example, in 1948 the average profitability of 1 cow in the RSFSR was set by the state at 2540 rubles per year, in Komi - 1800 rubles. The Komi collective farmer gave the Stalinist state a tax of 198 rubles for it. Was it a lot? The average cash income from workdays in the republic per farm in the same year was 373.59 rubles. Thus, the peasant paid from his average collective farm "pay" up to 53% only for a cow.
In 1940, the collective farm yard was obliged to hand over 32-45 kilograms of meat per year (individual farmers - from 62 to 90 kilograms), in 1948 - already 40-60 kilograms of meat. For milk, the obligatory deliveries have grown from an average of 180-200 liters to 280-300 liters per year. In 1948, the collective farm yard was also obliged to donate annually from 30 to 150 chicken eggs. Corvée and rent, everything is like serfdom.
The history of Soviet workdays ended in May 1966, when the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 18, 1966 "On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development social production»Instead of workdays, a guaranteed wage was introduced for collective farmers, including the right to additional wages and bonuses. In addition to the USSR, workdays were used to record the labor of peasants only in Maoist China.
Sources:
Economy of the Stalinist village
Examples of mentions:
“The life of the peasants depended on the number of“ sticks-workdays ”in the brigadier's journal. One "workday" did not correspond to either the number of days or the amount of work. It was a conventional designation. "
“The peasants in the countryside did not have the right to have their own farm, for work on collective farms they received not money, but“ workdays ”, which were recorded in the books of the collective farmer, based on the results of work, in exchange for workdays, it was possible to receive food and other goods. At the same time, it was practically impossible to leave for the city, since, in addition to everything else, the peasants were not supposed to have passports. "
“Where they will send, what they will force, I did everything. For work we wrote sticks - workdays. And we got a fig for these workdays. "
However, it [education fees] turned out to be unbearable for many, which made it impossible for many to continue their education after the 7th grade. By the way, the collective farmers did not receive any salaries at that time - they worked for their workdays, surviving at the expense of their personal plots.
What are these terrible workdays? How many of them had to be worked out? Wikipedia says the following:
"To strengthen labor discipline, the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of May 27, 1939" On measures to protect public lands of collective farms from squandering "established a mandatory minimum of workdays for able-bodied collective farmers - 100, 80 and 60 workdays per year (depending on the regions and areas). "
That is, you have worked 100 workdays, and you can sit in the market for months, being considered a full-fledged builder of communism. Is 100 workdays a lot or a little? This will be answered by "Komsomolskaya Pravda" dated 08/15/1941 (see clipping)
Yes, a Stakhanovka, but a leader. But the annual rate is 1 (one) day. In general, we draw conclusions ourselves, as always.
But how much did this workday cost in payment? You can listen to anti-advisers:
"Until 1965, collective farmers had only" sticks "(the so-called" workdays "were marked in the work-book as a" tick "or, most often, a vertical bar - a" stick "), for which they actually did not receive anything, or received 10 -15 kopecks "
"For work on the collective farm named after May 1, they received workdays: I worked one day from dawn to dawn - one stick (as they called the workday), worked really hard - one and a half sticks. At the end of the year, the collective farm board decided how much grain to give per workday - 200 or 600 grams. They gave it grain, which still had to be ground into flour ... From the mid-fifties, to the delight of the villagers, they began to pay extra money for workdays. "
"What a workday is - not everyone remembers. It was a form of remuneration for work on collective farms. Actually, a workday is one way out to work, for which the accountant of the collective farm office wrote down a" stick. "If the work was considered hard, one and a half or two workdays were counted. , in a year, theoretically it was possible to earn up to 700 sticks.
“They didn’t pay for them monthly, but at the end of the year - after the collective farm“ handed over the plan. ”That is, part of the harvest was given to the state. Another part remained in the seed fund. kg of grain per workday, but when the harvest is poor, it could be 200 g each. " http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/history-newspaper/_trudo .. (alas, the Ukrainian resource does not open anymore)
"They began to put workdays for work -" sticks ", they did not pay either money or in kind."
I will give numbers by Chelyabinsk region- areas where agriculture is conducted in much more difficult conditions than in Ukraine. (see clipping 1) The first thing that catches your eye is that money was added to the workdays. And then, as always, draw your own conclusions.
How long did the collective farmer work?
How many working days (not workdays. A workday - the volume of the task) did the peasant have per year?
In 1940, the country was on a war footing. That year, the industry was switched to a six-day work week with one day off. As a result, it turned out about 300 working days per year.
Anti-Soviet people talk about that time like this:
"... the peasants worked from dawn to dawn. They were given workdays for their work."
"Our grandmothers and grandfathers worked from dawn to dawn on the collective farm for ordinary work-day sticks, and at night they were summoned to the village council and demanded to sign up for a loan and were not released until the person agreed. And in the morning, again, at sunrise, to work."
But this is all done with only one purpose - to intimidate the layman, and it is rude and clumsy ... This lie is exposed in three minutes.
Here is a clipping from the article "In the Ukrainian village" (Izvestia, No. 88, 15.04.41) (see clipping)
Those. in 1940, with 300 working days in the city, peasants worked three times less on the collective farm.
The accrual of workdays to tractor operators on plowing and on all other types of field tractor work (except for combine harvesting and threshing) shall be made for the fulfillment of the shift rate of output in the amount of four and a half workdays on wheeled tractors and five workdays on tracked tractors. For tractor drivers of the 1st category who have worked in the MTS for at least one year and have passed the test for a tractor driver of the 1st category, the prices are increased for all types of work by 10%.
To establish a progressive payment for all types of tractor work for overfulfillment of the shift norm in the following order: for overfulfillment by 25% of the established norm, overfulfilled work is paid for 25% higher than the usual prices; for overfulfillment of norms from 25 to 50% is paid in one and a half amount and for overfulfillment of norms over 50% - in double amount.
Allow the directors of MTS to avoid forced downtime tractors, in exceptional cases, allow extra-shift work of tractor drivers on tractors, for which payment is made in the amount of one and a half, without leaving the limits of the funds allocated by MTS for tractor work.
For each hectare (in translation of all work on plowing soft lands), performed in excess of the seasonal production rate, with good quality of work, tractor drivers working on wheeled tractors are additionally charged 1/2 workday, and tractor drivers working on tracked tractors - 1 / 5 workdays. The accrual of additional workdays is made by the MTS and each collective farm on the fields of which the tractor driver worked, in accordance with the work performed during the entire season of field work.
When all STZ and KhTZ wheeled tractors of the tractor brigade fulfill the annual production rate, an additional 50 workdays is charged at the end of the year to the foreman and the assistant foreman of the MTS tractor team.
The directors of the MTS are obliged to establish a certain number of hectares of autumn plow for each tractor working in the plowing of the plow, to be carried out during the autumn period. Tractor drivers who have completed the established seasonal task on tractors are charged a surcharge of 20% to the workdays they have earned on plowing the fall, and for overfulfilled hectares in excess of the established number of fall, workdays are charged at 1.5 times.
Workdays for a tractor driver are credited only for actually completed tractor work. The work done by the tractor drivers is of poor quality, is rejected and the payment is not fooled. Acceptance of work from the tractor driver in terms of quality is carried out daily by the foreman of the field-crop brigade in the presence of the foreman and the accountant of the tractor brigade. Daily information compiled by the accountant on the development of tractor drivers and the accrual of workdays is signed by the foreman of the tractor brigade and certified by the foreman of the field brigade.
No payment is made for idle time of tractors for any reason, field repairs, relocation of tractors and delivery of machines from the MTS estate to the place of work and back.
From the tractor drivers who have violated the established plowing depth, 50% is withheld, and from the foreman of the tractor brigade - 10% of the cost of fuel spent on rejected work.
For the first two days of work in early spring harrowing, for the first six days in spring cultivation and spring sowing, the accrual of workdays to tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades, their assistants, tankers and trailer operators is doubled.
For workdays accrued to tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants, MTS, in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of January 13, 1939, a monthly cash guarantee minimum of 2 rubles is paid. 50 kopecks. for a workday. In addition to the indicated monetary payment from the MTS to tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants, the collective farms in whose fields they worked, give out products for the workdays they earned for tractor work on an equal basis with all collective farmers, but not less than three kilograms of grain food crops per workday, as well as the difference between guaranteed cash and in-kind payment and the actual value of the cash and in-kind part of the workday on the collective farm in cases where this value is higher than the guaranteed minimum.
Collective farms are obliged to deliver all products for workdays earned to tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades, their assistants and refueling clerks at home with their own transportation means and at their own expense according to MTS certificates on the number of accrued workdays, at the same time as the products are issued to collective farmers.
Suburban fruit and vegetable collective farms, as well as special cultural collective farms of the Transcaucasus, Crimea and other regions, territories and republics can give out to tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants. Instead of the natural guaranteed minimum of grain - at least 2 rubles. 50 k. Per workday.
Tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants working in cotton-growing collective farms are paid from MTS funds in the following amount: in the Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Kirghiz SSR, in the South Kazakhstan region of the Kazakh SSR - 5 rubles. for a workday; in the Azerbaijan, Armenian, Georgian SSR - 7 rubles. for a workday.
In addition, tractor drivers, foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants receive from the collective farms for the workdays they earn, all products on an equal basis with all collective farmers and the difference between the meleda in the guaranteed cash payment received from the MTS and the actual cost of the monetary part of the workday in cases where this cost is higher than the guaranteed minimum ...
The foremen of tractor brigades should be charged 30 percent more work days, and the assistants of the foreman - 20 percent higher than the total average earnings of a tractor driver of the brigade. The determination of the average earnings of a tractor driver is made for all tractor drivers of the brigade, regardless of the idle time of the tractors, with the exception of those tractor drivers whose tractors are delivered for scheduled repair.
Set the foremen of tractor brigades and their assistants VA good quality work monthly premium from MTS funds; to the foreman - in the amount of 75 kopecks. for each workday worked out by him, and to the assistant foreman - in the amount of 50 kopecks.
Tractor brigade tankers are charged with workdays by the collective farms in the fields of which the tractor brigade works, in the amount of two workdays per working day, with the extension to them of the guaranteed minimum payment in kind established for tractor drivers in the amount of three kilograms per workday.
To work on tractor trailed machines and implements, the collective farm, in the fields of which the tractor brigade works, allocates permanent, fully trained collective farmers. The accrual of workdays to collective farmers working on tractor trailed machines and implements is carried out in half the total output of the tractor driver with whom the trailer operator worked.
The collective farm, in the fields of which the work is taking place, organizes food for the period of field work for tractor drivers, tractor foremen and their assistants at prices not exceeding the prices of cooperation and state trade, with the exception of grain, which is subject to withholding from tractor drivers in kind during the final settlement of workdays, and provides food collective farmers working on trailed implements at prices set by the collective farms.
[From the resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated March 8, 1939 "On the production rates and wages of tractor drivers in machine-tractor stations"; January 17, 1940 "On the poor use of wheeled tractors in MTS and state farms and measures to increase their productivity"; dated September 3, 1940 "On the plowing of the plow in the collective and state farms."]
P.S.
What is the bottom line? Hard work is not a horror story, but simply piece-rate system wages.
1. On collective farms, basic and additional wages are distinguished. The measure of basic wages is the workday. Additional payment is issued for overfulfillment of the plan for yields and livestock productivity in excess of income for workdays.
All types of collective farm labor, depending on their difficulty and complexity, are evaluated according to a nine-digit grid. The first category includes the lightest and least qualified jobs - they are estimated at half a day; according to the ninth category, the most difficult and requiring high qualifications are assessed - 2.5 workdays are established for them.
The cost of a workday is determined after the collective farm fulfills its obligations to the state, the formation of public funds and the allocation of products due in the form of additional payment for increased productivity of agricultural crops and increased productivity of animal husbandry. The products and monetary incomes remaining after this and subject to distribution among the collective farmers determine, depending on the workdays expended by the collective farm, the natural and monetary value of one workday. Thus, the cost of a workday is a variable value: it is determined by the profitability of a given collective farm in a given agricultural year.
A workday is the best form of combining the personal interests of the collective farmer with the interests of the development of the collective farm's social economy.
The workday is not a measure of the working time spent by an individual collective farmer during the working day. A workday is a measure of the quantity and quality of labor invested by each member of the collective farm in the social production of the collective farm. A collective farmer who performs skilled work during a working day (for example, a tractor driver) can work out four or more workdays per day, and an unskilled worker (for example, a watchman) can receive only half a workday for a full day.
The workday determines the right of the collective farmer to collective farm income: the more and better the collective farmer works, the more workdays are accrued to him. The workday, being a measure of labor on a collective farm, at the same time serves as a measure of remuneration.
By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, approximate production rates on collective farms and the cost of work in workdays were approved. The resolution obliged the councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics, regional executive committees and regional executive committees to organize, on the basis of approximate production standards and uniform prices for agricultural work in workdays, a revision of the norms for the development and prices of work in workdays, taking into account the characteristics of individual collective farms and ensuring higher wages for major works and lower wages for non-essential jobs.
The rates of production and the cost of work in workdays are approved at general meetings of collective farmers.
For those types of work for which there are no approved approximate production rates, the regional executive committees are allowed to develop additional approximate production rates.
The regional departments of agriculture and the machine and tractor stations are obliged to help the collective farms in the development of production standards and their mastering in production.
2. The planning of labor and the proper organization of its accounting is one of the necessary conditions for the correct organization of collective farm production.
Typical form production plan the collective farm establishes the procedure for planning labor and expenditure of workdays. The production plan of a collective farm should provide for how many workdays are supposed to be spent on each crop in each branch of the collective farm, as well as how many workdays will be spent on paying administrative and service personnel.
The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 recommended that collective farm boards “simultaneously with drawing up the annual production plan and income and expenditure estimates, draw up a plan for the expenditures of workdays for the branches of the economy, for each crop or group of homogeneous crops - for each brigade, for the types of livestock - for for each livestock farm, for each subsidiary enterprise, for the construction of each facility, as well as for on-farm work and remuneration of administrative and service personnel. "
When drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays, the collective farm board is obliged to take into account the level of mechanization of work by individual brigades, the difference and contamination of soils and the varietal characteristics of the crops sown. Brigadiers and foremost collective farmers should be involved in drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays on collective farms.
3. All agricultural work on collective farms is carried out on a piecework basis. Time-based wages are allowed only in relation to the administrative and service personnel of collective farms (chairman, accountant, cleaner, watchman, etc.).
There are individual piecework and small-group piecework.
In case of individual piecework, workdays are credited to each collective farmer for work performed personally by him. In the case of small-group piecework, workdays are accrued to a group of collective farmers engaged in the same work, with the subsequent distribution of workdays between individual collective farmers of this group.
In some jobs, the use of individual piecework is not dictated by the conditions of production and leads to a diffusion of forces and resources. So, for example, demanding the use of individual piecework in threshing grain would mean refusing to work on a complex threshing machine and switching to threshing in a primitive way - with flails.
4. The account of the workdays worked out by each member of the collective farm is kept by the brigadier (Article 15 of the Model Charter).
Each member of the collective farm is issued a work record book of the established sample. At least once a week, the collective farmer is obliged to present his work book the foreman to record the work performed and the number of workdays worked out.
The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 suggested that the collective farm boards strictly observe the procedure for daily accounting by the brigade leaders of the work performed by each collective farmer, to establish control over the timely entry in the collective farmer's work book of the number of workdays he worked out.
At the end of each month, the collective farm board is obliged to hang out in a conspicuous place a list of collective farm members indicating the workdays they have worked out during the month. At the end of the year, no later than two weeks before the general meeting convened to discuss the results of work and the distribution of income, the annual summary of the work of each collective farmer, certified by the foreman, accountant and chairman of the artel, is posted.
Accounting for workdays and harvests for each brigade in the areas assigned to them should be carried out separately.
5. Labor days, as a rule, are credited only to members of the collective farm and only for their work in the public economy of the collective farm. By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of September 19, 1946, the practice of calculating workdays for work not related to collective farm production was strongly condemned.
The charter does not provide for the accrual of workdays to members of the artel who were released from work on the collective farm due to illness or other reasons (holiday work, study at courses, etc.).
There are some exceptions to this rule. Thus, workdays are credited to collective-farm letter carriers and mail carriers; during the time that collective farmers are distracted for military training camps, they are charged half of the average number of workdays, which is charged during the same time to other collective farmers of the same specialty and qualifications; it is recommended that students of two-year public schools for the training of collective farm management cadres who have dependent family members who are unable to work should be charged 15-20 workdays per month; for the chairmen of collective farms, sent on a six-month course for retraining of chairmen, the workdays for their position are fully retained. As noted above, the Charter of the Agricultural Artel stipulates that pregnant women collective farmers are released from work a month before childbirth and for a month after childbirth, while maintaining their pay for these two months at half the size of their average workday.
6. Along with the basic wages in labor days, since 1941, additional payments have been introduced on collective farms for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.
For the first time, additional wages were introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of December 31, 1940 in the collective farms of the Ukrainian SSR. Subsequently, this system of remuneration was extended to all other republics, territories and regions.
In order to increase yields and raise the productivity of animal husbandry, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) recommended that collective farms give collective farmers brigades additionally, in excess of the established payment for workdays, in kind, or pay in cash part of the products they received in excess of the plan. For individual republics, territories and regions, different amounts of additional payment for overfulfillment of the plan have been established. So, for example, in the Ukrainian SSR collective farmers of a brigade that have exceeded the plan for grain yields are given 25% of the grain harvested by the brigade in excess of the planned harvest; for a sunflower, a third of the seeds collected above the plan are given; for sugar beets and cotton, collective farmers in the Ukrainian SSR receive additional payment in money at the rate of 50% of the average cost of one centner of beets and cotton surrendered to the state in excess of the plan, etc.
The additional payment due to collective farmers for exceeding the yield plans is distributed among the members of the brigade in proportion to the workdays worked out by each of them at the work, as a result of which the above-planned production was obtained.
Additional wages are paid only to those collective farmers who earn the established annual minimum of workdays. Tractor drivers receive additional wages on a par with the collective farmers of the field-cultivation brigades, in the areas of which they worked. The foreman of the tractor brigade is given 50%, and his assistant is 30% more than the additional payment on average for one tractor driver of the brigade. The tractor crew meter-tanker receives an additional payment in the amount of the average additional payment per one tractor operator of the brigade.
Collective farmers engaged in animal husbandry receive additional payment for overfulfilling planned targets for milk yield, preserving young stock, fattening cattle, shearing wool, etc. a forage cow is given 15% of the milk milked in excess of the plan, with a milk yield of 1500 to 2000 liters, 20% of the milk milked in excess of the plan is given, etc.
The rates of additional remuneration for collective farmers for overfulfilling the tasks for raising young animals, preserving adult livestock and increasing the productivity of livestock raising are different in different republics, territories, and regions. Additional payment is made only after the collective farm fulfills the plan to increase the number of livestock for the farm and brigade.
The Council of Ministers of the USSR, in its resolution of April 19, 1948, proposed to the regional executive committees to establish strict control over the timely issuance of additional payments due to collective farmers.
By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 10, 1950, the party and Soviet bodies were asked to ensure the correct organization and accounting of labor in harvesting work, to establish strict control over the timely and correct calculation of workdays to collective farmers in accordance with the volume and quality of the work performed, to organize separate accounting of the harvest by production teams, and by crops assigned to the units - by units, in order to ensure that the collective farmers and tractor operators of the MTS receive additional wages for increasing the yield of agricultural crops.
7. As the practice of collective farm construction has shown, the accrual of workdays to collective farmers for work performed without taking into account the results of work created some elements of equalization in wages and disadvantaged those who worked well, did not stimulate the struggle to increase labor productivity on collective farms. Therefore, the development of legislation on wages in collective farms went in the direction of increasing the material interest of collective farmers in raising labor productivity. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the introduction of the aforementioned additional wages for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity, and on the other hand, in the additional calculation of workdays for high yields and writing off workdays for low yields.
The February Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1947) recognized it necessary to eliminate the shortcomings in the remuneration of collective farmers, which hindered the further rise in labor productivity. The plenary session considered it necessary to work out more correct methods of remuneration and encouragement of well-working collective farmers.
In accordance with the instructions of the Plenum, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted on April 19, 1948 a resolution "On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages in collective farms." This decree established new provisions on the procedure for calculating workdays, taking into account the results of the work of individual teams.
By decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the board may establish one of the three methods recommended by the Government for calculating and distributing workdays.
The first method of calculating workdays is that collective farmers are credited with workdays in proportion to the fulfillment of the yield plan established for each brigade.
The second method differs from the first in that the calculation of workdays is based on the average yield plan for the collective farm, and not from the plan established by the brigade.
And, finally, the third method consists in the fact that the calculation of workdays is allowed to be produced for each centner of the crop actually harvested by the collective farmers.
The accrual and distribution of workdays by brigades, depending on the fulfillment of the harvest plans established by them (the first method), is carried out as follows:
a) a brigade that has overfulfilled the harvest plan established by it is charged an additional 1% of workdays for each percentage of overfulfillment of the harvest plan, based on the number of workdays spent by the brigade on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops;
b) from the brigade that has not fulfilled the harvest plan established for it for the assigned crops, 1% is written off for each percentage of the failure to fulfill the plan, but not more than 25% of the workdays of the number of workdays it spent on this crop or group of homogeneous crops;
c) the brigade that has fulfilled the harvest plan established by it, is charged the entire number of workdays spent on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops.
The second method of calculating workdays consists, as already indicated, in the distribution of workdays among the brigades, depending on the percentage of fulfillment of the harvest plan on average for the collective farm.
With this method, the brigade is additionally charged or written off workdays by as many percent as the percentage of fulfillment of the harvest plan for a given crop (or a group of homogeneous crops) in the brigade is more (less) than the percentage of fulfillment of the yield plan for this crop on average for the collective farm.
The number of workdays that must be written off from the collective farmers of the brigade, with this method, should also not exceed 25% of the workdays worked out by them on fixed crops. Workdays are not written off from a brigade that has fulfilled or overfulfilled the yield plan established for it, although at a lower percentage than the collective farm average, but it is left with the entire number of accrued and accepted workdays after checking the fulfillment of the workday cost plan.
The third method of calculating workdays is as follows: according to the decision of the general meeting, the calculation of workdays for collective farmers in brigades and units for vegetable and row crops is allowed to be made for each centner of the harvested crop at prices in workdays. Prices per centner of the crop are set based on the harvest plan approved for the brigade or link, the accepted production rates and work rates, as well as the cost of workdays required to grow the planned harvest. If necessary, these prices at the end of the year are subject to revision based on the actual work performed.
To apply this third method of calculating workdays, the collective farm board at the beginning of the year develops prices in workdays per centner of each crop. Prices for a centner of a crop are set as follows: the sum of the planned costs of workdays per hectare is divided by the planned yield per hectare. On crops for which the specified rates are established, workdays for collective farmers during the year are charged in the usual manner according to production rates and rates. At the end of the harvest at the end of the year, workdays are recalculated according to the approved prices per centner of the crop. In cases where the collective farmers of a brigade or link for a given crop are credited with less workdays during the year than are due for the harvested crop at prices per centner, they are additionally credited with workdays. If the collective farmers of the brigade or link are credited with more workdays for a given crop during the year than are due at prices per centner of the crop, they are written off.
The resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 stipulates that the additional accrual or write-off of workdays to collective farmers for the harvest is made in proportion to the total number of workdays worked out by each collective farmer on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops.
For collective farmers who, without good reason, have not worked out the mandatory minimum of workdays during the year, additional workdays are not calculated for overfulfillment of the harvest plan, and workdays are not written off from disabled collective farmers and adolescents under 16 years of age.
By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 10, 1950 "On harvesting and storing agricultural products" in order to encourage collective farmers for overfulfilling the plans for harvesting hay and laying silage, collective farms are recommended for the work performed by collective farmers in harvesting hay and ensiling fodder in excess of the established production rates to produce accruals of workdays in double the amount.
Collective farmers working on livestock farms are credited with workdays depending on the quantity and quality of the products received - meat, milk, etc., as well as depending on the preservation of young animals.
8. The boards and audit commissions of collective farms are obliged to monitor the correctness of spending workdays on teams and farms and at least once a quarter, as well as at the end of the year, before distributing income, to verify the number of accrued workdays with the number of workdays provided for by the plan for the amount of work performed and for payment of administrative and service personnel. When checking the accrual of workdays, the board and the audit commission must identify persons. those guilty of both overspending of workdays and non-fulfillment of the measures provided for in the plan to ensure the quality of the work performed, and report the results to the general meeting of collective farmers.
If foremen and farm managers find incorrect workdays as a result of unauthorized lowering of production rates, overpricing, incorrect measurements and inaccurate accounting of work performed, as well as accrual of workdays for work performed poorly and subject to alteration, collective farm boards are advised to write off incorrectly accrued workdays from those collective farmers to whom they are illegally credited, and, in addition, write off, by decision of the collective farm board, up to five workdays from the foreman or farm manager who incorrectly accrued workdays.
The collective farm chairman has the right to authorize the performance of work not provided for by the plan for the expenditure of workdays, if these work will contribute to increasing or preserving the harvest and the development of animal husbandry. The number of workdays spent on the implementation of such additional work, subject to subsequent approval general meeting collective farmers.
9.A decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated April 19, 1948 established new order remuneration of collective farm chairmen. Until 1948, this payment was determined depending on the size of the sown area of collective farms and their cash income. The state of animal husbandry on the collective farm was not taken into account.
According to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, workdays for the chairman of the collective farm should be accrued in direct proportion not only to the size of the sown area, but also to the availability of livestock on collective farm farms. If the collective farm does not meet the new minimum number of productive livestock and poultry established by the state, the chairman's pay is reduced by 10% of the number of workdays accrued for each type of livestock and poultry.
The collective farm chairman, in addition to his work days, has been assigned a monthly monetary supplement from the funds of the collective farm, the amount of which is determined depending on the size of the collective farm's annual monetary income. For example, if the total annual income of the collective farm is from 50 to 100 thousand rubles. the chairman is issued monthly in excess of payment for workdays 125 rubles.
Until the final amount of the annual monetary income is clarified, the amount of the additional payment to the chairman is set based on the income for the previous year, while he is paid only 70% of the established additional payment, and the final payment is made at the end of the year - after the approval of the annual report by the general meeting of collective farmers and consideration of the annual report by the regional executive committee. For overfulfilment by the collective farm of the harvest plan and the productivity of animal husbandry, the chairman of the collective farm is charged an additional 10 to 25% of the workdays, and in monetary terms, an additional payment of 15 to 40% is given. This additional payment is subject to the fulfillment of the sowing plan for all crops.
If the harvest plan on average for all crops or the plan for the development of public livestock breeding is not fulfilled, one percent of the workdays is written off from the chairman of the collective farm for each percentage of the failure to fulfill the plan, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to him for the year on the basic payment.
Collective farm chairmen are charged percentage allowances for work experience, namely: when working on a collective farm for the third year - 5%, in the fourth and fifth years - 10%, and when working for more than five years - 15% of the monthly calculation of workdays.
10. Attaching great importance to the selection of managerial personnel for enlarged collective farms, it is recommended to elect persons with higher or secondary agricultural education as chairmen of enlarged collective farms, as well as practitioners who know agriculture and have extensive experience in managerial and organizational work. Specialists and other persons elected as chairmen of collective farms must become members of the artel.
The remuneration of the collective farm chairman is made up of the actual cost of the workday and the monetary supplement to the collective farm chairman in accordance with the existing situation.
If the collective farm does not fulfill the production plan for both field cultivation and livestock raising, obligations to the state for the delivery of agricultural products, backfilling of seed and fodder funds, as well as a plan for issuing food and money to collective farmers for workdays and income and expense estimates, - payment to the chairman of the collective farm, at the discretion of the general meeting of collective farmers, it can be reduced, but not more than by 10 percent.
In large collective farms, by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, it is recommended to introduce the post of the vacated deputy chairman of the collective farm. By the decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the remuneration of the dismissed deputy chairman of the collective farm is set at 80-90 percent of the pay accrued to the chairman in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948.
The deputy chairman of the collective farm, like the chairman of the collective farm, is credited with additional workdays for overfulfilling the collective farm plan for harvesting crops and livestock productivity, or writing off workdays for failing to fulfill the plan for harvesting and developing the community livestock for each type of livestock and the milk yield plan.
The order of additional accrual of workdays, depending on the length of service, applies to the deputy chairman of the collective farm; The length of service includes the time spent by the chairmen of collective farms before consolidation.
11. The remuneration for the work of an accountant or a collective farm accountant shall be established by the board. It is recommended to set the accounting clerk's salary in the amount of 60-80% of the chairman's salary in workdays and in monetary terms. In addition, for a good setting of accounting, the accountant is given 50% of the additional payment received by the chairman of the collective farm for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.
The accountant is also credited with workdays for continuous work experience on a given collective farm - from 5 to 15% of the workdays of his basic pay. In the event of unsatisfactory accounting and for an unfair attitude to the preparation of the annual report, the general meeting of the collective farm can reduce the pay of the accountant to 10% of the number of workdays accrued to him for the year.
12. Workdays for foremen of field-cultivation brigades are accrued depending on the size of the sown areas assigned to them, namely: with a sown area of up to 100 hectares, the foreman is charged monthly up to 30 workdays in grain collective farms, and up to 35 workdays in collective farms with crops of grain and industrial crops; with a sown area of over 700 hectares - respectively, up to 50 or 55 workdays per month are charged.
Foremen, subject to the fulfillment of the sowing plan, receive increments in workdays for each percentage of overfulfillment of the harvest plan in the amount of one percent; if the plan is not fulfilled, one percent is debited from them, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to them for the year on the basic payment.
Brigadiers are given bonuses for work experience from 5 to 15% of the number of monthly workdays accrued to them.
Seniority allowances to chairmen, bookkeepers and foremen are paid only when they work in a given position in the same collective farm. When moving from one collective farm to another or during a break in work, the right to receive a bonus for seniority is lost.
13. Heads of specialized livestock collective farm farms are appointed in cases where the collective farms have a livestock population not lower than that specified in the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 No.
On a collective farm, the livestock of which is less than the specified standards, instead of farm managers, a livestock manager is appointed, who is charged from 10 to 15 workdays per month for managing the work of the farms.
Collective farm managers are paid according to the size of the farm. If there are 35 to 50 cows on the farm, the manager of a dairy farm is charged up to 40 workdays per month, and if there are more than 80 cows on the farm - 50 workdays per month.
In addition, farm managers are entitled to a seniority bonus in the amount of 5 to 15% of the number of workdays accrued to them for their work.
On large dairy and pig-breeding collective farm farms, by decision of the general meeting, a team leader may be appointed for every 100 cows and 30 sows.
Workdays for the foremen of livestock farms are charged at the rates established for collective farmers, and for the leadership of the brigade they are charged an additional 5 to 10 workdays per month.
The heads of livestock farms are charged or written off workdays, depending on the fulfillment of the plan for the growth of livestock and its productivity in the same manner as for the foremen of field-breeding brigades.
14. A special procedure for remuneration has been established for collective farmers working on tractors and other complex agricultural machines owned by the MTS serving the collective farms.
Collective farmers working on MTS tractors, foremen of tractor brigades, tractor drivers, etc., are credited with workdays by those collective farms in which they performed work. Remuneration for the labor of tractor drivers is made in workdays in direct piecework in accordance with the quantity, quality, timing of the work performed and the yield obtained in the cultivated areas.
Tractor drivers are charged daily workdays at established rates, depending on the implementation of shift production rates. In addition, they are paid allowances in workdays for fulfilling the established task for spring work, for inter-row cultivation of row crops, for raising and processing fallow, for plowing the plow, if these works are completed within the timeframes stipulated by the contracts of MTS with collective farms, and subject to agrotechnical requirements by quality. At the end of the year, tractor drivers are additionally credited with workdays for overfulfillment of the yield plan, but not more than 100%, and if the yield plan is not fulfilled, workdays are written off within no more than 10% of workdays accrued for work in the corresponding areas.
Workdays for tractor drivers are credited only for the work performed that meets the requirements of agricultural technology and is accepted by the foreman of the field brigades. Workdays are not credited at all for the idle time of tractors for any reason, for moving tractors from site to site, for delivering machines from the MTS estate to the place of work and back, for unscheduled and emergency repairs during field work.
Tractor drivers are subject to the general rules for calculating and distributing workdays: for overfulfillment of the harvest plan on the plots cultivated by tractors, tractor drivers are additionally charged for workdays, and if the yield plan is not fulfilled, workdays are written off.
For tractor drivers and other employees of tractor brigades (metering tankers) there is a guaranteed minimum payment for a workday in kind and in monetary terms (for more details, see Chapter IV).
15. In order to attract all able-bodied collective farmers to work directly in production and in order to avoid the need to involve outsiders labor force, foremen, farm managers and other persons of administrative and service personnel, with the exception of the collective farm chairman, accountant and specialists, are obliged to work out at collective farm work in the field and on farms at least 25% of the minimum workdays established for collective farmers.
Collective farms are recommended to approve at general meetings of collective farmers the staffing of administrative and service personnel and the cost of workdays for their payment, as well as establish the number of workdays that each employee of the administrative and service personnel must work out directly in the field and on farms. For the assumption of an overspending of workdays for the payment of administrative and service personnel, up to 10% of the workdays accrued to them for their work during the year is debited from the chairman, accountant and each of the members of the collective farm board, by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers.
Workday- a measure of assessment and a form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor of a collective farmer in collective farm production (1930-1966). Accounting and evaluation of the collective farmer's labor in workdays follows from the peculiarities of the socio-economic nature of collective farm production. While the income of state enterprises is wholly owned by the state and workers of enterprises receive wages in collective farms, there is no salary and all income after fulfilling obligations to the state (obligatory deliveries and payment in kind to the MTS) goes to the complete disposal of the collective farm and collective farmers, and each collective farmer receives for his work is a share of the collective farm income in accordance with the workdays worked out by him.
For the first time, accounting and evaluation of work in workdays began to be used in individual collective farms in 1930. On June 7, 1930, by a decree of the Collective Farm Center of the USSR, a workday was introduced as a single measure of accounting for the labor of collective farmers and the distribution of income, which more clearly clarified the very concept mentioned in the Model Charter of an agricultural artel, approved by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 13, 1930 Recommendations and clarifications on the order workday accruals were published by the USSR Kolkhoz Center in the publication "Organization and remuneration of labor on collective farms" M. 1930. The introduction of the workday was supposed to allow the equalization in the distribution of income, which took place taking into account and evaluating labor in monetary terms. In fact, this change did not occur in most collective farms. So incorrect rationing and incorrect pricing of individual works led in a number of collective farms to the fact that collective farmers directly engaged in production (field cultivation, animal husbandry) generated significantly less workdays than collective farmers employed in administrative, economic and auxiliary work.
In addition, there was a practice of arbitrary accrual of workdays without taking into account the quality of work performed, as well as the distribution of income "by eaters", which to some extent contributed to the crisis of collective farm production in 1931-1932, which led to the famine of 1933. In 1933, the marriage system was introduced ( - in order to increase the piecework output of field workers, a revision of prices was carried out and instead of the previously existing 5 groups, 7 groups of prices were introduced. The work of the highest 7th group was estimated at 2 workdays. And the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture proposed to the collective farms “to prohibit the foremen from accepting and counting workdays for work done poorly. In case of insufficiently satisfactory work, the collective farm board makes a discount on the total number of workdays worked out by the brigade, incl. and a foreman, up to 10%. "
Nevertheless, the workday, being a measure of labor, still had the significant disadvantage that, in the conditions of agricultural production, it did not always take into account the final results of labor. The number of accrued workdays to the members of the brigade or link was not made dependent on the yield or the profitability of animal husbandry. As a result, payment for workdays without the necessary clarifications and additions to the workday led to leveling. To eliminate this deficiency, distribution on collective farms had to be established in direct proportion to the results of labor.
Another result of the introduction of the work day was that women in the village received the same opportunity as men to receive remuneration for their work.
The collective farm introduced a workday. What is a workday? Before a workday, everyone is equal - both men and women. Whoever has worked out more workdays earned more; Here, neither the father nor the husband can reproach the woman that he is feeding her. Now a woman, if she works and has work days, she is her own mistress. Through work, the collective farm freed the woman and made her independent. She no longer works for her father while she is in girls, not for her husband when she is married, but above all works for herself. This is what the emancipation of the peasant woman means, this also means the collective farm system, which makes a working woman equal to every working man. I. Stalin's speech on November 10, 1935 at a meeting with five hundred women (collective farmers who have achieved the collection of 500 centners of beetroot per hectare).
1935-1941
To eliminate egalitarianism in Art. 15 of the Approximate Charter of an Agricultural Artel in 1935, a second section was introduced, recommending that collective farms distribute income depending on the results of labor. This order was more regressive in relation to the order that existed according to the Model Charter of 1930, however, it did not completely eliminate the elements of equalizing pay.
On the basis of these changes in each collective farm, the board is developed and approved by the general meeting of collective farmers for all agricultural. work output rates and rates of each work in workdays. Evaluation of work in workdays is carried out depending on the required qualifications of the employee, the complexity, difficulty and importance of the work for the collective farm.
At least once a week, all the work that the collective farmer has done is calculated and the number of workdays worked out by him is recorded in the collective farmer's work book, in accordance with the established rates. The issuance of advances and the final distribution of income among collective farmers is carried out exclusively according to the number of workdays worked out.
If in 1936 the average output per collective farm household was 393 workdays, then in 1939 this output increased to 488 workdays.
In 1936, 88.1% of collective farms gave out up to 3 kg of grain per workday, 8.0% from 3.1 to 5.0 kg, 2.4% from 5.1 to 7 kg. and only 1.5% - over 7 kg. In the yield of 1937 less than 3 kg - 50.6%, from 3.1 to 5.0 kg - 26.4%, from 5.1 to 7 kg - 12.8% and about 10% produced more than 7 kilograms. In 1939 (lean) less than 1 kg (over 700g) - 35.9%, from 1 to 3 kg - 47.4%, from 3.1 to 5 kg - 9.4% and only 4.4% gave out more than 5 kilogram, in 4.4% of collective farms the issue was not made.
Due to the lag regulatory framework According to the rationing of the workday, a zonal tendency to the size of payments for workdays has developed - in collective farms engaged in industrial crops (cotton growing), payments, including monetary payments, significantly exceeded those in the middle zone of the RSFSR - for example, in 1935 in Tajikistan, in the collective farm "Bolshevik", each family received on average 10 thousand rubles of income and the family of Salikhan Dadaev, who worked out 1,593 workdays, received 22,303 rubles. income.
Having achieved relative success in matters of the natural value of the workday as a whole across the country, by 1937 there was still a large gap between the in kind and the monetary component of the workday. In order to eliminate this practice, the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of April 19, 1938 "On the wrong distribution of income in collective farms and the resolution of December 4, 1938" On the distribution of cash income in collective farms "were adopted, which changed the practice of distribution of cash income of collective farms. Great hopes for an increase in the cash income of collective farms were associated with the development of commercialized socialized livestock in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 8, 1939. Nevertheless, in comparison with the first five-year period, the monetary income accrued by workdays, on average, increased 4.5 times.
To strengthen labor discipline, the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU / b / and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated May 27, 1939 "On measures to protect public lands of collective farms from squandering" established a mandatory minimum of workdays for able-bodied collective farmers - 100, 80 and 60 workdays per year (depending on the regions and areas). Those who did not work out (without significant circumstances) during the year a minimum of workdays were to be expelled from the collective farm, deprived of personal plots and the advantages established for collective farmers. At the beginning of 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) recognized it necessary, in order to increase labor productivity, to establish additional payments to collective farmers for increasing crop yields and livestock productivity.
1941-1947
With the outbreak of war, the country's agriculture was also put under martial law. The reduction of sown land and resources for their cultivation led to the need to maximize the withdrawal of grain from collective farms, which was reflected in the minimization and in a greater volume of the cessation of food payments for workdays, especially in 1941-42.
Despite this, in the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party / b / of April 13, 1942, "On increasing the mandatory minimum workdays for collective farmers," it is noted that in agricultural cartels this minimum was met and exceeded. But in the conditions of war, it was already insufficient. Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party / b / increased the mandatory annual minimum for the duration of the war. It became for various regions and regions (in groups) in 100, 120 and 150 workdays. The decree of April 13, 1942 not only increased the annual minimum of workdays, but, in the interests of ensuring the performance of various agricultural work, established a certain minimum of workdays for collective farmers for each period of agricultural work. For example, in the collective farms of the first group with a minimum of 150 workdays per year, it was necessary to work out at least 30 workdays before May 15, from May 15 to September 1 - 45, from September 1 to November 1 - 45. The rest 30 - after November 1. There were few people in the village. I had to set a minimum for teenagers as well. The decree provided that adolescents, members of the families of collective farmers, aged 12 to 16, had to work out at least 50 workdays a year, but without breakdown by periods. This promoted the labor education of adolescents, allowed them to combine work with study at school and reduced the likelihood of adolescents committing crimes. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 15, 1942 provided that persons guilty of failing to work out the mandatory minimum of workdays for periods are punished with corrective labor on a collective farm for up to 6 months with a deduction from payment of up to 25 percent of workdays. But the decree suggested that this retention be made not in favor of the state, but in favor of the collective farm. This decision contributed to the interest of the collective farm in the fact that this crime was not concealed, and allowed it to better provide withholding funds to those in need. Within the meaning of the Decree, only able-bodied persons could be criminally liable for failing to work out the mandatory minimum of workdays. And in order to avoid mistakes here, the People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR issued an order dated July 4, 1942. The order forbade the courts to accept for consideration cases of criminal liability for failure to comply with the mandatory minimum workdays, if it was about collective farmers over 60 years old, collective farmers over 55 years old and teenagers under the age of 16. Consequently, adolescents from 12 to 16 years old are members of the families of collective farmers, although they were supposed to work out at least 50 workdays a year, they did not bear criminal responsibility for failure to comply with such a minimum.
In 1943, the average distribution of grain to collective farmers by workdays in the USSR was 0.7 kg (1940-1.6), 1944 - 0.8 kg.
During the first years of the restoration of the national economy, including due to drought and a general drop in yields, as well as the increased need of the state for grain, the output of grain and legumes for workdays on collective farms decreased even more: In 1945: up to 100 grams per workday gave 8 , 8% of collective farms; from 100 to 300 - 28.4%; from 300 to 500 - 20.6%; from 500 to 700 - 12.2%; from 700g to 1 kg - 10.6%; from 1 kg to 2 kg - 10.4%; more than 2 kg - 3.6%; without issue for workdays 5.4 In 1946 - up to 100 grams per workday was given out by 14.1% of collective farms; from 100 to 300 - 30.8%; from 300 to 500 - 17.7%; from 500 to 700 - 9.4%; from 700g to 1 kg - 7.7%; from 1 kg to 2 kg - 6.7%; more than 2 kg - 3.0%; without issue for workdays 10.6%, which led to famine in the winter of 1946/47.
1948-1966
In order to assist collective farms in introducing more progressive forms of payment, free from elements of equalization, the Council of Ministers of the USSR in its Resolution of April 19, 1948 "On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages in collective farms" recommended that collective farms distribute income taking into account the harvest collected by the brigade, and in the brigades - by units, so that the collective farmers of the brigades and units that received higher yields would receive a correspondingly higher pay. To this end, the Council of Ministers of the USSR proposes three methods for additional accrual or write-off of workdays.
The procedure for the distribution of income, recommended by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, contributed to the introduction of a more progressive system of remuneration. However, this system also has a number of disadvantages that were identified in the process of its application in practice.
The search for new forms of remuneration in collective farms became especially widespread after the publication of a decree of March 6, 1956. By this resolution, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR called on collective farmers to broaden the initiative and creativity of the collective farm masses in improving all production processes, organization and management of collective farm affairs. In many collective farms such forms of remuneration have been developed and implemented, which differ significantly from those recommended by the decree of April 19, 1948 No.
In 1959, a decision was made to introduce a new wage system on collective farms. Began to introduce a man-koden with monetary wages. Collective farmers employed in agriculture, instead of calculating workdays, a guaranteed minimum wage is issued, and part of it was issued as a monthly advance, and at the end of the year the final settlement was made.
The existence of a workday was officially interrupted by the introduction of guaranteed wages introduced in accordance with the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 18, 1966 "On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development of social production" according to which the Councils of Ministers of the Union republics in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Agriculture and The State Committee for work and social issues approve Recommendations on wages in collective farms. These acts of the union republics also bind the right of collective farm members to additional pay and bonuses not only with respect to labor discipline, but also with the quality of work.
Workday and modernity
Introduced under N.S. Khrushchev, the axiom that "a workday cannot be recognized as a correct, objective measure of labor costs for the production of products" from the mid-eighties and received its further development- there were many publications and interviews in which the workday was exclusively a "stick" in the office book and was identified with unpaid labor on collective farms for almost the entire time of their existence.
We worked for workdays. I think you have heard more than once that in Soviet collective farms, people were not paid wages, but instead put sticks in office books, which later may be will be exchanged for food or other products of the collective farm. Fans of the USSR like to say that this is all a lie, that all this did not exist at all, and if it did, it was only for the benefit, and in general the great knows better.
In fact, the workday system was the actual legalization of slave labor in the USSR, and its direct consequence was the abolition of passports from collective farmers (because they fled to the city, and somehow it was necessary to keep them in the countryside) - which, of course, brought the Soviet system to real serfdom.
How it all started.
In 1917, it happened in the Russian Empire, during which the Bolsheviks - great demagogues and populists - came to power under the leadership. At first, they adopted several seemingly reasonable laws ("decree on land", "decree on peace"), later NEP was announced at all - but at the same time it became clear that free and hard-working people, in general, do not care about the Bolsheviks. and in free and fair elections the demagogues of the Bolsheviks will never win.
Around the same years, it began to become clear that the "people's Soviet power" was not really popular at all, and even in some sense it was not "Soviet" - no one consulted with anyone, at factories the trade unions were no longer engaged in the protection of workers' rights (and only informed them of the "decisions of the party and government"), and in the countryside, the Bolsheviks failed in all respects - wealthy and hard-working peasants rolled the Bolsheviks in local elections, exposing their demagogy to ridicule and voting for intelligent managers.
As a result - the Bolsheviks began to spin the flywheel of repression against all those who disagreed - they were basically unable to do anything else. All other parties were declared "enemies" and destroyed, the rich and independent peasants were declared "kulaks" and began to be expelled, and those workers who wanted real "Soviet" control in the factories were quickly taken to the OGPU and accused of "counterrevolution".
In the USSR, they never wrote about it - but by 1930, a dictatorship and lack of freedom ten times more powerful than the tsarist one had been established in the country. If in the period 1905-1917 the workers could get together, create strike committees, even publish their own newspapers and protest in some other way, now any protests were extinguished in the bud, the "ringleaders" were expelled or shot, and real serfdom returned to the collective farms.
Workdays and Soviet serfdom.
The "workday" system was introduced in 1930, during the early Stalinist period, and worked right up to 1966 - affecting the reign of three general secretaries and several generations of peasants. This system consisted in the fact that the collective farmers stopped paying salaries instead, charging the so-called "workdays", the system was extremely brutal and somewhat reminiscent of the accounting system in concentration camps. A person worked hard physical labor on a collective farm, and instead of being paid for his labor, he received a "stick" in the collective farm register. Later, these "sticks" could be exchanged for food, or they might not, part of the "workdays" could be crossed out for some minor offenses and so on - for example, for "failure to comply with norms" (extremely high), a whole worm was kept from people workdays.
What was the monetary equivalent of the "workday"? In the 1930s, in poor collective farms, one workday was estimated at 30 kopecks - for this amount, according to the results of the work, the collective farmer could be given, for example, bread, grain or wool. As a result, all this led to massive hunger and incredible poverty among the peasants. Moreover, if under the tsar people could somehow survive, having income from their own allotment, then in the USSR exorbitant taxes were introduced on personal farming - which further ruined the peasants.
Of course, all this only led to the fact that the peasants fled en masse to the cities - they fled from this slavery, hunger and despair. The Bolsheviks decided that it would not go on like this, and since 1932 actually legalized slavery- The peasants were no longer issued passports, and they were deprived of exactly the same rights that they were deprived of under serfdom - they could not move freely, choose the type of activity, and so on.
The collective farm chairman became an analogue of the "master" in the new Soviet serfdom - now he issued permission for the peasant to leave his village somewhere, permission to study in one or another educational institution- in general, they completely disposed of the fate of the peasants and their children. Young people tried with all their might to escape from collective farm slavery (for example, few returned to their native collective farm from the army), but not everyone succeeded.
What is also interesting is that due to general poverty, the collective farms did not actually pay pensions to the elderly. Formally, it was - but often it was only 2 rubles a month.
How did it end?
And it all ended a little predictably: first, in 1959, a "guaranteed minimum wage" was introduced - so that people on collective farms would not die of hunger at all (as often happened in the late 1940s), then in May 1966 it was decided to cancel workdays - by introducing a guaranteed right to remuneration. In the same year, collective farmers began to receive passports - after almost 50 years of "workers' and peasants' power", the communists finally recognized the peasants' right to call themselves people.
During the years of Perestroika, many Soviet publications began to write the truth that workdays were just sticks in office books and were identified with unpaid, slave labor, this system began to be called a "mistake." As a result of this "mistake", several generations of peasants lived in de facto slavery, lack of rights and often died of hunger ...
However, in some places workdays have survived even now - in the unrecognized "LPR" in eastern Ukraine, accounting of work in agriculture is carried out in the very workdays that later may be will be exchanged for food packages. So this is a very good place for all fans - you can move there and enjoy "that greatness". And there must be some very tasty ice cream.
So it goes.
Write in the comments what you think about all this, interesting.
