Library for reading magazine. Reading library (magazine) Prerequisites for creating a magazine Reading library

The magazine was founded by the publisher and bookseller A.F.Smirdin. Professor of St. Petersburg University and writer O. I. Senkovsky was invited as the editor of the journal, who was assigned an unusually large salary for that time of 15 thousand rubles (not counting the payment for cooperation). The division of functions between publisher and editor was an innovation in Russian journalism. Smirdin also for the first time in the Russian press introduced a solid author's fee - 200 rubles per page, for famous writers up to 1000 rubles and more. The title page contained a list of about sixty authors whose scholars and literary works were supposed to be included in the journal. Smirdin also paid for the consent of famous writers to indicate their name in the list of employees.

The Journal of Literature, Sciences, Arts, Industry, News and Fashion was published with exceptional accuracy on the 1st of every month. Each book was 25-30 printed sheets. The permanent departments were "Russian Literature", "Foreign Literature", "Science and Art", "Industry and Agriculture"," Criticism "," Literary Chronicle "," Mix "; each issue also contained a description of fashionable toilets with a picture of fashion.

In the second year of publication, the magazine had five thousand subscribers, two years later, their number grew to seven thousand. The large circulation allowed keeping a relatively low subscription fee - 50 rubles per year.

Literature

• The history of Russian journalism in the 18th-19th centuries. Moscow: Higher school, 1966.P. 169 - 174, 295.

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• Hirschbach (Lower Austria)
• Stetten (Lower Austria)

See what "Library for reading (magazine)" is in other dictionaries:

LIBRARY TO READ (magazine)- "LIBRARY FOR READING", monthly magazine, 1834 1865, St. Petersburg. One of the first Russian mass publications. Polemized with "Contemporary (see CONTEMPORARY (name of journals))" by A. Pushkin, with V. G. Belinsky, N. V. Gogol and natural ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Library for reading- "LIBRARY FOR READING" magazine of literature, sciences, arts, criticism, news and fashion. Began to be published in 1834 by the bookseller A.F.Smirdin (see) under the editorship of N.I. Grech (see) and OI Senkovsky (see). The first thick magazine in Russia, ... ... Literary encyclopedia

Library for reading- "Library for reading" Cover of the first volume of the magazine, 1834 ... Wikipedia

"Library for reading"- "LIBRARY FOR READING", every month. magazine "literature, sciences, arts. industry, news and fashion ", ed. Petersburg in 1834 65; founded by A.F.Smirdin (until 1848). In 1834 48 (nominally until 1856) the editor O.I. Senkovsky. The magazine published ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

"Library for reading"- "Library for Reading", a monthly magazine for "literature, sciences, art industry, news and fashion." It came out in 1834-65. First publisher A. F. Smirdin; editor O. I. Senkovsky (1834-56, before 1836 - together with ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

Library for reading- a monthly magazine for "literature, sciences, art industry, news and fashion." Published in 1834 65. First publisher AF Smirdin; editor O. I. Senkovsky (1834 56, before 1836 together with N. I. Grech), A. V. Starchevsky (1849 56), A. ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)

LIBRARY TO READ- monthly magazine, 1834 65, St. Petersburg. One of the first Russian mass publications. Polemized with the Contemporary of A.S. Pushkin, with V.G.Belinsky, N.V. Gogol and the natural school. Editor (until 1856) O. I. Senkovsky ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

"Library for reading"- a monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1834 65 The title page of the magazine "Library for Reading". 1834 Under the editor O. I. Senkovsky (until 1856) he became known as the first commercial magazine in Russia: with a high circulation and ... ... Literary encyclopedia

Library for reading- ("Library for reading",) monthly magazine "literature, sciences, art industry, news and fashion", published in St. Petersburg in 1834 65. Publisher AF Smirdin. Editor O. I. Senkovsky (until 1856; the first 2 years together with N. ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Library for reading- See also (1834 1865). A monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg by A.F.Smirdin, since 1849 by V.P. Pechatkin and in 1863 passed into the ownership of P.D.Boborykin. B.'s editors for reading were: O. I. Senkovsky, later A. V. Druzhinin, ... ... Dictionary of literary types

Books

• Lifetime publication of A. Pushkin. Library for Reading magazine. Volume 6, 1834,. Rarity! Edition with the first publication of Alexander Pushkin's poem "Elegy" ("Crazy years, extinct fun ..."). St. Petersburg, 1834. Publication of the bookseller A. Smirdin. ...

Another interesting and important cultural initiative of A.F. Smirdin, which also had a commercial success, was the publication of the magazine "Library for Reading" (Fig. 1). The first book of the new magazine was published in January 1834. It was the first Russian thick encyclopedic magazine, recognized as a literary fact. The magazine was criticized for its "variegation" of content, but many liked it for its variegation - the number of subscribers quickly reached five thousand.

Rice. 1. Title page of the first issue of the journal "Library for Reading"

Its various sections were invariably present in all issues (from time to time only "Fashion" was added with colored pictures depicting the latest fashions. Usually they were borrowed from Parisian magazines. The volume also increased: from 18 to 24 printed sheets).

After the example of "Library" and "Otechestvennye zapiski", Pushkin's and Nekrasov's "Sovremennik" and our "thick" magazines were also published.

The journal's specific literary attitude was syncretism of the materials from which it was composed. In contrast to modern journals, for the most part pursuing the principle of thematic differentiation (literary, sports, medical journals, etc.), "Library for Reading" strove for universalism, for encyclopedia. It was a magazine for "literature, arts, industry, sciences, news and fashion."

It was composed of the following sections: 1. Russian literature. Poems. Prose. 2. Foreign literature. 3. Science and arts. 4. Industry and agriculture. 5. Criticism. 6. Literary chronicle. 7. Mix.

Contemporaries assess this Smirdin initiative very differently. Here are some estimates.

“Everyone is expecting,” wrote Prince PA Vyazemsky to II Dmitriev on August 14, 1833, “for the coming of Smirdin’s new magazine ... On the prospect, in the windows of Smirdin’s bookstore, an announcement about him stung the eyes of all passers-by in semi-archetypal letters. The program of the new magazine is good. The very title is absurdity. "Library for reading"! But what is the library for? Nashchekin says: "After that, we can say - a carriage for a ride."

And here is how the magazine "Moskovskie vedomosti" responded, which wrote in No. 5 for 1834: “Finally, the first issue of the magazine published by AF Smirdin," Library for Reading ", was received and read in Moscow. Who will not rejoice at this and say with patriotic pride: and we are not lagging behind foreigners in the field of enlightenment! And we have our own magazine, our own literature ... "

Shevyrev quite objectively wrote about the "Library for Reading": "It is a huge pulse of our literature, twenty times a year with a thick volume hitting the attention of readers, and if criticism, this physician of literature, wanted to know about the health of our Russian word, for the Library it should take and judge the state of our literature by the movement of this pulse ... "Library for reading" is just a bunch of banknotes turned into articles, extremely diverse, beautiful, but worse, rarely entertaining and often boring. "

Gogol, like the entire literary group that later joined Sovremennik and was sharply hostile to Biblioteka, writes to his mother: “I would send you Smirdin’s magazine now, but it’s so fat that you have to pay more for sending it,” than he himself stands; besides, he is very stupid. All decent people and great writers refuse it; in the highest circle no one reads it. Only in the provinces are there people who read it and admire the rubbish. "

Later, the success of the "Library" was recognized by both its supporters and opponents. I. Panaev writes: “The Tolstoy magazine published by Smirdin and edited by Sinkovsky was a tremendous success for that time. Five thousand subscribers is a nice number. There were exaggerated, almost fabulous rumors about the luxury with which the editor of the "Library" lived ... "

“The success of Mr. Smirdin’s Library for Reading,” wrote the Pchela editorial board, “has aroused fears in some writers and booksellers about the decline of other literary journals. We don't believe this. Is it really so crowded in Russia that only one magazine can go without hurting others? good magazine very useful. "

It is important to note that both supporters and opponents of "Library ..." were well aware that the new edition, in contrast to the previous magazines circulating mainly on a metropolitan scale, switched to a new reader, expanded the circle, heading for the provinces and thus played an important role in the development of culture, in the approval of the ideas of enlightenment in Russia.

publishing smirdin magazine library

Chapter 1. O.I. Senkovsky: becoming a journalist.

Chapter 2. The journalistic method of O.I. Senkovsky.

Chapter 3. "Library for reading" - commercial magazine

1st half of the 19th century.

Dissertation introduction 2007, abstract on philology, Tabakar, Yulia Ivanovna

This work will focus on the "Library for Reading", the most popular periodical in the 30s of the XIX century. The object of the research is the journal "Library for Reading" for 1834-1848. - the period when it was edited by Osip Ivanovich Senkovsky.

O.I. Senkovsky's contemporaries evoked very contradictory responses from her contemporaries: from positive to very harsh, and there are much more of the latter in articles and memoirs. In particular, the writer S. Moravsky, with whom Senkovsky studied at Vilnius University, wrote: “If we assume that God can create a person so that he does evil out of love for evil, so that his movements, actions, thoughts are always permeated with bile so that every evil done would bring him joy and with all that deeply educated and ingeniously witty - then Joseph Senkovsky would have won the palm throughout Europe ”1.

At the same time, the writer and translator E.H. Akhmatova, who collaborated for quite a long time at the Library, the woman with whom Senkovsky confidentially discussed editorial problems, recalled after his death: extensive erudition. And all this was combined with childish kindness, with a wonderful, even character, with the absence of any selfishness, with a complete readiness to render a service. "

Herzen's words, expressed in the article "Library" - Senkovsky's daughter ", very clearly characterize the attitude of the revolutionary Moravsky S. Senkovsky // Athenaeum. - 1858. -№1. - S. 32.

2 Akhmatova E.H. Osip Ivanovich Senkovsky II Russian antiquity. - 1889. - No. 8. - P. 329. of the writers of that time inclined towards the journalist: "Senkovsky also belongs to the Nikolaev time, like the chief of the gendarme corps., Like the unpretentious" Bee "who found honey even in the Nikolaev reign." More than 150 years have passed since the publication of the above-mentioned article, and in the history of journalism Senkovsky is considered to this day, first of all, a member of the so-called "journal triumvirate", which also included N.I. Grech and F.V. Bulgarin. The editor of the Library for Reading was initially contrasted by researchers with journalists such as Polevoy and Nadezhdin, journalists who held clear public positions. This approach, of course, could not but affect the assessments of his activities.

Senkovsky's journal was assessed by both contemporaries and researchers mainly emotionally. Meanwhile, it was successful commercial enterprise, and Senkovsky in his journal publications was looking for new genres, trying to find his own way in journalism. The experience of the Library for Reading is also interesting for contemporary Russian journalism. This explains the relevance of the study.

The Library for Reading magazine has never been studied comprehensively; this edition was not considered frontally, for all the years of the editorial activity of O.I. Senkovsky, in relation to his own journalistic and artistic creation, as well as with the historical and cultural context of the era. Most assessments of the place of this journal in the historical process are based not on real facts, but on the often subjective opinions of contemporaries about the editor of this publication. That is why the role of "Libraries for Reading" in shaping

3 Herzen A.I. "Library" - the daughter of Senkovsky // Herzen A.I. Sobr. op. in 30 volumes - M., 1956. -T.N.-S. 266. Public opinion in the first quarter of the 19th century can be considered underestimated: at that time it was the most popular periodical in Russia, which, of course, may indicate a certain influence of the magazine on society.

The novelty of this topic lies in the fact that the work undertaken complex research the magazine "Library for Reading" is held for the first time. The novelty is also connected with the fact that the work attempts to move away from the generally accepted ideas about Senkovsky and to explore the "Library for Reading" as a special phenomenon in Russian journalism of the 19th century.

The chronological framework of the work: 1834 - 1848, the time when O.I. Senkovsky was at the head of this magazine.

The purpose of the dissertation is to identify the role of the "Library for Reading" in the history of Russian journalism. To achieve this goal, the author sets himself the following tasks:

Identify the factors that contributed to the formation and development of the personality of O.I. Senkovsky, as well as to comprehend the goals of his activities as a journalist and editor of the Library for Reading;

Define and systematize the principles of journalistic activity of O.I. Senkovsky; his creative manner is called the "method of negation" by the author of this work;

Analyze the factors that determined the commercial success of "Library for Reading", describe and rethink the relationship of O.I. Senkovsky with leading writers and journalists of the 1st half of the 19th century (N.V. Gogol, F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech, N.A. Polev, etc.).

The methodological basis of the research is the historical-descriptive and historical-systemic approaches, which allow working with a large amount of information.

The sources of this work can be roughly divided into three groups.

The first group includes periodicals of the first half of the 19th century.

Among them, the main place is occupied, of course, by the magazine "Library for Reading" for 1834 - 1848. - the time when it was led by O.I. Senkovsky. The study of this source makes it possible to reveal the journalistic method of work of the editor of the publication and to reveal his relationship with the leading writers and journalists of the period under study.

In addition, the work analyzed many materials from competing editions of the Library for Reading. Much attention is paid to periodicals published by Senkovsky's closest circle ("Son of the Fatherland" by NI Grech and "Northern Bee" by FV Bulgarin). From this point of view, the numbers of the "Northern Bee" for the years 1834-1838 are most important. Almost every issue contains attacks against Senkovsky, which makes it possible to rethink the phenomenon of the "journal triumvirate".

The sources of this work were also some articles of the magazines "Moscow Observer", "Sovremennik" and "Telescope". They contain direct negative statements about the publication of O.I. Senkovsky. Analysis of such materials makes it possible to judge the place of the considered periodicals in the context of journalism of this period. The author also analyzed the large-scale campaign of the Moscow Observer against the Library. The articles "Brambeus and Young Literature" 4 N. Pavlishcheva and "Literature and Trade" 5 S. Shevyrev are most characteristic of this polemic.

The editor of the magazine "Telescope" N.I. Nadezhdin also saw his competitor in the "Library for reading" and constantly tried to "neutralize" him. This purpose, in particular, is served by the article "Common Sense and Baron Brambeus" 6. Pushkin's Sovremennik, published since 1836, also begins to attack the Library for Reading 7: in an article by N.V. Gogol's "On the movement of journal literature in 1834 and 1835" critically evaluates the activities of the editor of the "Library". However, here the author's disagreement with Senkovsky's approach to journalism is subtly intertwined with commercial interests. The assessment of the place of the "Library for Reading" in the context of journalism of the period under review was voiced in the articles by V.G. Belinsky different years: "Literary Dreams" - first published in the weekly "Rumor" (1834, No. 51); "Nothing about nothing" - there in 1836; "Literary conversation overheard in a bookstore" - "Notes of the Fatherland", 1842, No. 9.

However, criticism of the Library for Reading must be approached given the nature of the era. Then, for many writers and journalists, publishing a magazine in order to obtain financial gain was considered very reprehensible. That is why initially they could not evaluate the "Library for Reading" positively. It is very important to keep this in mind when studying the sources.

4 Pavlishchev N. Brambeus and young literature. // Moscow observer. - M., 1835 .-- T. 4. - S. 7-167; Baron Brambeus is the famous pseudonym of O.I. Senkovsky, with which he signed his literary works and articles in the "Library for Reading".

5 Shevyrev S.P. Literature and trade. // Moscow observer. - M., 1835 .-- T. 1. - S. 4-65.

6 Nadezhdin N.I. Common Sense and Baron Brambeus. // Telescope. -1834. - T. 21 .-- S. 4-51.

7 Gogol N.V. On the movement of journal literature in 1834 and 1835. // Contemporary. - 1836. -No. 1. - S. 4-34.

8 Belinsky V.G. Literary dreams // Belinsky V.G. Poly. collection Op. - M., 1953 .-- T. 1. -S. 87-103; Belinsky V.G. Literary conversation overheard in a bookstore. // Ibid. - T. 6. -C. 134-211; Belinsky V.G. Nothing about nothing // Ibid. - T. 2. - S. 268-383.

The second group is epistolary and memoir sources. A large amount of information about the reasons for the events and actions of journalists was gleaned from the correspondence of both Senkovsky himself and his contemporaries. Unfortunately, the editor of the Library for Reading burned his archive long before his death, so only a small part of his correspondence has come down to us. The correspondence with Joachim Lelevel9, his teacher at the University of Vilnius, helps to restore a number of biographical data of the editor of the studied journal himself.

The extensive correspondence of N.V. Gogol is important in analyzing his relationship with O.I. Senkovsky. The most important here are the letters of N.V. Gogol to his mother, V.A. Zhukovsky and M.P. Pogodinu 10. I.S. Aksakov in letters to relatives for

1844-1849 ". Letters from H.A. Polevoy to E.A. Bestuzheva, brother of K.S.

Polevoy, as well as Senkovsky himself, are helped to understand and analyze the significance of the activities of H.A. Polevoy for the "Library for Reading", his relationship with Senkovsky, and also to understand the reasons for the enmity of the two journalists. KS "Notes" also help to shed light on this issue. Field 13.

Correspondence of I.I. Dmitriev and Prince P.A. Vyazemsky provides very significant information about how O.I. Senkovsky prepared the public before the publication of "Libraries for Reading" and for what methods (not always

9 Alieva L.G., Demidchik V.P. Letters from O.I. Senkovsky from the East // East and Literature Interaction. - Dushanbe, 1987 .-- S. 36-54.

10 Gogol N.V. Letter to V.A. Zhukovsky // Letters to N.V. Gogol. - SPb., 1901. - T. 2. - S. 26-29; Gogol N.V. Letter from M.P. Pogodinu // Ibid. - T. 1. - S. 246-252; Gogol N.V. Letter to mother dated July 10, 1834 // Gogol N.V. Poly. collection Op. -M., 1952.-T. 1.- S. 312 -315. Aksakov I.S. Letters to relatives. 1844-1849. - M „1988.-S. 326-389.

12 Field H.A. Letter to E.A. Bestuzheva // Field H.A. Selected works and letters. -L., 1986. - S. 512; Field H.A. Letter to K.S. Polevoy // Polevoy H.A. Selected works and letters. - L., 1986. - S. 523-527; Field H.A. Letter to O.I. Senkovsky // Polevoy H.A. Selected works and letters. - L., 1986 .-- S. 519.

13 Field K. A. Notes. - SPb, 1888. honest) he resorted to. In addition, these letters are important as documentary evidence that the magazine was perceived in journalistic and aristocratic circles very negatively. Also of interest are Senkovsky's letters to Druzhinin14.

Contemporaries assessed differently the activities of the editor of the "Library for Reading" and his human qualities. Herzen saw in him a Mephistophelean beginning, a true representative of Nicholas Russia: "Senkovsky was a very witty writer, a great hard worker, but a completely unprincipled person, if only one does not regard as principles a deep contempt for people and events, for beliefs and theories." Be that as it may, it was Herzen who saw behind the "heartless sentences and jokes" and "soulless witticisms" the awareness of their emptiness of the surrounding reality, not a position, but a mask. In Senkovsky, according to Herzen, the spiritual makeup that society has represented since 1825 found its true representative: “A brilliant but cold gloss, a contemptuous smile, often hiding remorse, a thirst for pleasure, intensified by everyone’s uncertainty in their own destiny, mocking and yet unhappy materialism, forced jokes of a man sitting behind a prison bars ”15.

Druzhinin, who worked under the leadership of Senkovsky, considered him the best journalist of his time16. Chernyshevsky cites Senkovsky as an example as a person who "had many talents", but "wasted them completely in vain, without any benefit for

14 Letter to O.I. Senkovsky A.B. Druzhinin // RGALI. - F. 167. - Op. 3. - D. 222.

15 Herzen A.I. "Library" is Senkovsky's daughter. - S. 271.

16 Druzhinin A.B. O.I. Senkovsky // Druzhinin A.B. Sobr. op. - SPb, 1953 .-- T. 7. - S. 766-784. literature ". S.S. Dudyshkin in the article “Senkovsky - an amateur of Russian

18 Literature "also significantly downplayed the role of the editor of the" Library for Reading "in the development of Russian journalism in the first half of the 19th century.

The memoirs of S. Barkhattsev19 are interesting, shedding light on the beginning academic activity O.I. Senkovsky, as well as the memoirs of A.P.

Milyukov, telling about the inner life of the editorial board of the "Library for Reading". Many aspects are shed by the "Literary

21 Memories ”I. Panaev.

Memories of A.A. Senkovskaya, the journalist's wife, paint, perhaps, an overly idealized image of O.I. Senkovsky. Her view of events is naive: for example, she believed that her husband could not get along with N.I. We only buckwheat because the mail took a long time to deliver their letters to each other. However, these memoirs shed light on a number of interesting questions and can be used as an additional source.

Censor A.B. Nikitenko in his "Diary" gives very valuable information about the methods of work of O.I. Senkovsky, his personal qualities, talks about how the Library for Reading was published and about the obvious and underwater barriers its editor faced.

17 Chernyshevsky H. G. Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature. - M., 1953 .-- S. 52.

18 Dudyshkin S.S. Senkovsky - a dilettante of Russian literature // Otechestvennye zapiski. - 1858 .-- T. SHP. - No. 2. - Dept. I. - S. 451-485.

19 Barkhattsev S. From the history of the Vilnius educational district // Russian archive. - 1874. - Book. 1.

20 Milyukov A.P. O.I. Senkovsky. My acquaintance with him // Historical Bulletin. - 1880. - No. 1. -WITH. 14-30.

21 Panaev I.I. Literary memoirs. // Panaev I.I. Full collection op. - SPb., 1888 .-- T. 6.

22 Senkovskaya A.A. O.I. Senkovsky: Biographical notes of his wife. - SPb, 1858.

23 Nikitenko A.B. Diary.-L., 1855.-T. 1.

P. Savelyev evaluates the activities of the editor of the Library for Reading quite objectively, without trying to tie it to any political camp. By the way, it was Savelyev, at the request of A.A. Senkovskaya collected her husband's works together and published them in 1858 - and they were never published again.

One of the last memoirs about Senkovsky was materials by E.H.

Akhmatova, who collaborated in the "Library" and spoke positively about the editor of this publication. However, these warm words about him were lost amid irreconcilable criticism of his activities.

In 1891, the memoirs of A.B. Starchevsky, where he does not act as a fan of Senkovsky, but notes the unheard-of diligence of the former editor of the Library for Reading: “The most diligent workers do not spend as much time at their desk and as many sleepless nights as Senkovsky spent them. Not a single article escaped his hands. He selected articles for translation from foreign journals; then looked through, supplemented. and with all that, he found time to write articles for all departments of the journal: in the first year of the Library for Reading, they occupied more than 60 printed pages. ”26.

The third group of sources was the works of O.I. Senkovsky, and, above all, those of them that were published in his journal. Without their analysis, it is impossible to form a complete picture of the artistic method of the future editor of the Library for Reading. The most significant in this case are two famous feuilletons

24 Saveliev P. About the life and works of O.I. Senkovsky. // Senkovsky O. I. Collected works. -SPb, 1858.- T. 1.-S. 11-115.

25 Akhmatova E.H. Decree. op. - S. 329-423.

26 Starchevsky A.B. Memoirs of an Old Writer. // Historical Bulletin. - 1891. -No.8.

Senkovsky: "Satan's Great Way Out" 27 and "The Stranger" 28, where he outlined the real program of his future activity, which was not noticed by his contemporaries. To analyze the journalistic method, O.I. Senkovsky, especially significant is the story "A scientific journey on

Bear Island ".

The degree of scientific development of the problem is low, despite the fact that the assessment of his contribution to Russian journalism began almost immediately after his death. Thus, in the obituary for Senkovsky, published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, S.S. Dudyshkin wrote: “. he was an amateur in Russian science and Russian literature. while the East was delivering new and pleasant food, he occupied himself with it with enthusiasm, and abandoned it when he extracted from it the pleasures of novelty. What does it matter to him that, studying the East, he could benefit Russian history. This work is boring

30 is unprofitable, out of sight, and indeed labor. " The words about Senkovsky's amateurism in science are unfair and are caused only by the fact that Senkovsky left his university activity in the 1830s and took up journalism, which attracted him from a young age. Such harsh assessments come, rather, from a misunderstanding of the goals of the editor of the "Library", a shallow analysis of his activities.

The first analytical assessments of the activities of Senkovsky as a journalist are quite critical. Younger contemporaries severely judged Senkovsky for making the magazine an exclusively commercial publication, seemingly not pursuing any good goal. Chernyshevsky, who later showed with his utopian novel What Is to Be Done? That art can

27 Senkovsky O.I. Satan has a big way out. // Senkovsky O.I. The writings of Baron Brambeus. -M „1989. - S. 231-257.

28 Senkovsky O.I. Stranger. - In the same place. - S. 257-273.

29 Senkovsky O.I. Scientific trip to Bear Island. - In the same place. - S. 63-139.

30 Dudyshkin S.S. Senkovsky - a dilettante of Russian literature // Otechestvennye zapiski. - SPb., 1858 .-- T. SHP. -№2. - Dept. I. - S. 451-485. to bring concrete benefits in solving socially significant problems, he believed that Senkovsky did not bring any benefit to literature. Chernyshevsky appreciates Senkovsky's remarkable intelligence, and in his articles an excellent style: “Baron Brambeus had almost all the qualities necessary to play an important and fruitful role in literature, especially in journalism. He was one of the best Orientalists in Europe, but. chose wit as his specialty ”31.

From this point of view, Senkovsky's journalistic activities did not stand up to criticism: his magazine did not put forward political appeals, did not declare high social and political ideas. In 1865 A.P. Pyatkovsky, a Pole by birth, negatively related to the work of Senkovsky, was used to this day the phrase "journal triumvirate" 32, which for many years united O.I. Senkovsky, N.I. Grech and F.V. Bulgarin into a single group. This definition still passes from one textbook to another, but clearly requires rethinking.

As the years passed, some pre-revolutionary historians began to understand that assessments of Senkovsky's work could not be unambiguous, since this work requires a personal approach. Researcher S. Stavrin wrote in 1874: “His literary and social activity can only be understood by getting to know his personal life and character ”33.

But gradually they forgot about Senkovsky and closer to the beginning of the 20th century they wrote quite a bit about him. There are rare articles (in particular, Vl.

31 Ibid. - p. 53-55.

32 Pyatkovsky A.P. Essays on the history of journalism in the thirties. // Contemporary. -1865. -T. SUP-№3. Dept. 1.- S. 89-96.

33 Stavrin S.O.I. Senkovsky // Case. - 1874. - No. 6. - Dept. 2. - S. 1-37.

Botsyanovsky34 from 1898), timed to coincide with various memorable dates and sharply negative in tone.

After the October Revolution, there was no radical change in the attitude of researchers towards Senkovsky. His journal also remained unexplored for many years. This problem was outlined in 1928 by V.B. Shklovsky: “Russian journalists like Senkovsky, with 3500 copies of circulation, still remain incomprehensible, since they are read outside their magazine.

Instead of studying the magazine form, we only assert, as something solid, the reviews that journalists gave to each other in the course of their work.

Therefore, it is completely unsurprising that we despise Senkovsky

It is only surprising that we do not consider Orlov a classic: after all, Pushkin praised him.

Library for reading "- not yet described Russian classic" 35. In the same year, T. Grits's scientific materials appeared, in which positive responses were heard about the "innovation" and the importance of the appearance of the "first thick encyclopedic journal" 36, and in 1929 for the first time

37, the book "Literature and Commerce" is published, now reprinted. In these works, for the first time, the question of the "Library for Reading" is raised as a commercial publication. The publication of the book "Literature and Commerce" renewed research interest in Senkovsky's journal.

This renewed interest paved the way for the first and currently only fundamental monograph,

34 Botsyanovsky Vl. O.I. Senkovsky (to the 40th anniversary of his death). // New time. - 28 Feb. 1898.

- No. 7904. - P. 10.

35 Shklovsky V.B. Journal as a literary form // Shklovsky V.B. Hamburg account. -Leningrad, 1928.-S. 114.

36 Grits T. Journal of Baron Brambeus. // New Lef. - 1928. - No. 11. - S. 20-26.

37 Grits T., Trenin V., Nikitin M. Literature and Commerce. - M., 1929. dedicated to O.I. Senkovsky, under the title “Baron Brambeus. The story of Osip Senkovsky, journalist, editor of the Library for Reading (1929). Its author is the famous writer V.A. Kaverin. This work carefully analyzes many aspects of his life and work, relations with writers and publishers of the same period. “Ready-made inferences, preconceived formulas have largely obscured the true idea of ​​Senkovsky as a subtle critic and an essayist,” the researcher writes. - So the fact that it was he was almost unnoticed. appreciated Pushkin's prose as the beginning of a new era in Russian literature. Research recent years showed that "Woe from Wit", which had been on the lists for many years, found a consistent defender in Senkovsky, who ardently insisted on publishing the brilliant

10 Comedy ". The monograph turned out to be so unbiased and positively disposed towards Senkovsky that Kaverin was even accused of apologetic attitude towards the "reactionary" writer.

However, it should be noted that Kaverin gives the image of Senkovsky some "political" - and was it possible otherwise in 1929? V.A. Kaverin tried to classify the editor of the "Library" almost to the camp of the Decembrists. The researcher referred to Senkovsky's friendship with Lelevel, reported (without giving any evidence) that Senkovsky participated "in the St. Petersburg Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, which was one of the branches of the Union of Welfare" 39. It is not entirely clear what the researcher had in mind, since no "St. Petersburg Society of Lovers of Russian Literature" was a member of the Union of Welfare, as is known. Ideologically connected with the Decembrist organization

38 Kaverin V.A. Baron Brambeus. The story of Osip Senkovsky, journalist, editor of the Library for Reading. - M., 1966 .-- P. 6.

39 Ibid. - S. 7. was the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature40, and the St. Petersburg Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts, about which, perhaps, we are talking, was very far from the Decembrist movement. In any case, it is impossible to trace Senkovsky's clear connections with the radical political camp.

After the publication of Kaverin's book, Senkovsky and his journal were again forgotten. During the period of "perestroika" and in the post-Soviet era, the personality of Senkovsky was of little interest to researchers. A rare exception is the article by V. Koshelev and A. Novikov “.

41 taunts. " (1989) and a biographical sketch of E.A. Solovyov on Senkovsky (1997). In the first work, Senkovsky is considered as a writer, creator of the literary mask "Baron Brambeus" and such a phenomenon as "Brambeusiana". The second reveals the ambiguity and complexity of the personality of O.I. Senkovsky, tracing the stages of its formation in different periods of life.

However, in modern textbooks on journalism and literature, the figure of Senkovsky is still interpreted extremely negatively and sometimes unfairly: while the Bolsheviks were in power, the habit of judging historical figures by their belonging to the political camp was strengthened. Until now, Senkovsky is actively ranked among the "magazine triumvirate" and, along with Grech and Bulgarin, is considered an ardent reactionary. And this is understandable: today there is simply no research that would objectively illuminate the concept of "Library for reading", as well as Senkovsky in general.

40 See about this: V.A. Bazanov. Scientific republic. M, - L., 1964.

41 Koshelev V., Novikov A. ". Biting the bit of mockery "// Senkovsky O.I. The writings of Baron Brambeus. - M., 1989.

42 Soloviev E.A. Osip Senkovsky // Lomonosov. Griboyedov. Senkovsky. Herzen. Pisemsky: Biographical Narratives. - Chelyabinsk, 1997.

Thus, the words of V.B. Shklovsky that "Library for Reading" is not a described classic, is still true and relevant.

The structure of the thesis. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of used sources and literature.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "The Library for Reading Journal" by O. I. Senkovsky in the context of Russian journalism of the 1st half of the 19th century "

CONCLUSION

Summing up the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

On the formation and formation of the personality of O.I. Senkovsky was largely influenced by his broad and versatile education and long travel in the East. By 1834, O.I. Senkovsky came up as an experienced scientist, journalist and writer with formed ideas about society, the state, the book trade and its development and unrealized ambitions. The publication of the magazine "Library for Reading" pursued the following goals: firstly, it had to be commercially successful, secondly, durable (therefore Senkovsky demonstratively did not participate in polemics), thirdly, it had to be satirical in nature, and, finally fourthly, it is intended to shake the foundations of literature, science, economy and other spheres of life.

At the beginning of his journalistic career, Senkovsky developed his own journalistic method, which consisted in denying even the most simple and understandable things, which could not but play a role (largely due to the emergence of mass literature) in shaking the existing system structure of the state and society.

The commercial success of the "Library for Reading" was due to the unusually wide coverage of information from various spheres of life, the correct understanding of the needs of the audience, as well as the stylistic originality of the "Library for Reading".

Relations with writers and journalists of the first half of the 19th century (N.V. Gogol, F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech, N.I. with commercial interests, as well as misunderstanding of the positions of O.I. Senkovsky and his journalistic method. In general, we can say that the "Library for Reading" contributed to the formation of public opinion and developed readers' interest.

And, finally, the main conclusion that can be drawn from this work is that with a modern rethinking of the work of O.I. Senkovsky, the role of the "Library for Reading" in the history of Russian journalism in the first half of the 19th century becomes clearer: firstly, the readers' circle was formed; secondly, forcing the reader to laugh at everything in the world, the "Library" formed in society a skeptical attitude towards the surrounding reality in general and towards the socio-political structure of the country in particular.

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The journal of literature, sciences, arts, criticism, news and fashion. This is the first Russian "thick" magazine of the type we are accustomed to at present. It was conceived by O. I. Senkovsky together with the famous bookseller A. F. Smirdin. In undertaking the publication, Senkovsky had in mind the "Bibliothèque Universelle" published in Paris, and on this basis he wanted to give Russian readers a large encyclopedic magazine that would destroy the old ephemeral journalism and become the cornerstone of a new magazine era. Of course, one could not even think of publishing a magazine in Russia in the same direction as "Bibliothèque Universelle"; Senkovsky borrowed only the volume and versatility of the Parisian magazine. The predecessor of the new enterprise was in 1833 the almanac "Novoselye", named after the transfer of Smirkhin's bookstore to Nevsky Prospect. Then, at the end of the year, a new magazine was announced. The editors at first were N.I. Grech and I.A.Krylov. But the real editor from the very beginning of the publication, that is, from 1834, was Senkovsky. At first they did not dare to declare him the official editor, because at that time the Polish uprising had just ended and he, as a Pole, was an unreliable person, despite the fact that he was a professor and even a censor. This situation did not last long. The first to leave was Krylov, who was tired of reading proofs (Senkovsky accepted the manuscripts) and did not like the real editor. - "Why don't you love him, IA? - asked the fabulist. - Senkovsky is a smart man." - "He's smart, he's smart; but his mind is stupid!" - answered Krylov. Then, towards the end of 1836, Grech was also fused, about which Senkovsky wrote a caustic note in the magazine's August book, which said: for them in front of the public, and are too noble to demand praise for themselves for merits in which they had no part. were communicated to them in advance. " But, in addition to these editors for hire, the same employees from the then luminaries, whose names were listed on the folded corner of the magazine cover, were also invited. Smirdin paid them 1000 rubles. a year, and between them you can specify Pushkin, Vol. Vyazemsky, Odoevsky and others; however, this was only the first two years. In general, B. d. Ch. Announced a long list of employees; these were: K. I. Arseniev, E. A. Baratynsky, Baron Brambeus, F. V. Bulgarin, A. O. Voeikov, Prince. P. A. Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, N. I. Grech, V. I. Grigorovich, D. V. Davydov, V. A. Zhukovsky, M. N. Zagoskin, I. T. Kalashnikov, M. T. Kachenovsky, I. V. Kireevsky, Cossack Lugansky (Dal), I. I. Kozlov, I. A. Krylov, N. V. Kukolnik, M. E. Lobanov, A. M. Maksimovich, A. P. Maksimovich, Marlinsky (A. A. Bestuzhev), K. P. Masalsky, A. I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, A. S. Norov, Prince. V. F. Odoevsky, A. N. Ochkin, V. I. Panaev, P. A. Pletnev, A. S. Pushkin, S. E. Raich, Rotchev, Rudy Panko (Gogol), P. P. Svinin, O. I. Senkovsky, N. P. Skobelev, I. M. Snegirev, N. G. Ustryalov, V. A. Ushakov, B. M. Fedorov, gr. D.I. Khvostov, A.S. Khomyakov, Vol. A. A. Shakhovskoy, S. P. Shevyrev, A. V. Shidlovsky, A. S. Shishkov, D. I. and N. M. Yazykov, P. L. Yakovlev, I. M. Yastrebtsov, G. M Yatsenkov and others.

This list already shows that all these persons of different generations and trends could not simultaneously participate in the magazine. Indeed, some of them did not appear at all on the pages of B. d. Ch., While others occasionally placed poems and novellas. The main employee was OI Senkovsky himself, signed by Baron Brambeus. The program of the journal consisted of 7 sections: Russian literature, foreign literature, sciences and arts, industry and agriculture, criticism, literary chronicle and mixture. In the first section, the vast majority of articles were written by the editor himself. Foreign literature consisted of translations or, rather, of alterations of foreign novels, which was done, mainly under the supervision of Senkovsky, his editorial assistants: first Volkov, then V.A. V. Deriker, who started his career as a simple typesetter. Criticism and literary chronicle, again, belonged entirely to the pen of the editor and contributed most to the success of the journal. It was a rather strange, but funny joke of literary phenomena, and sometimes the author seemed to want to appear serious, so that the reader was very often mystified and did not know whether to take the chronicler's narratives for a joke or seriously. The constant desire to amuse the reader, which often reached the point of outright buffoonery, forced Senkovsky to deal mainly with books that would provide him with as much material as possible. The rest of the sections mostly consisted of compilations of foreign works. The mixture represented news summaries of the English and French literature with bibliographic lists of new books. As for the direction, it is, of course, difficult to discern in a journal without a political department; moreover, at the beginning of the publication, it was announced that the journal would remain outside all parties and outside controversy. However, from the fact that the literary youth, who created a real school, did not take part in the magazine, one can see that the editors held conservative views. One can also see some propaganda of English traditions in the mass of rework of English novelists; the editorial board had a negative attitude towards German philosophy and showed a desire to disseminate positive and experienced knowledge to the public. Speaking about Senkovsky's editorial board, it should be noted that he understood the editor's appointment too broadly, why not a single article escaped his corrections or alterations. This was applied both to foreign works and to original ones, which is why the editor often had to quarrel with the authors, especially since the revised work was sometimes, as it were, a completely new work; this was the case, for example, with Pogodin.

We turn to the history of the magazine. The affairs of the first publisher, Smirdin, were very upset, and he often needed money. In one of these critical minutes, Smirdin, instead of sending out the January issue to subscribers, pledged it for 2,000 rubles. When Senkovsky found out about this, he bought out the books, sent them to subscribers and announced to Smirdin that it was impossible to conduct business in this way. He gave him an obligation to pay 3000 rubles annually, which, in fact, removed him from publication. When Smirdin finally went bankrupt, he sold this commitment to the bookseller Olkhin with the consent of Senkovsky for 24,000 rubles. ser., and from the latter it passed for a debt of 30,000 rubles. to the paper manufacturer P. A. Pechatkin. But then a trial arose, since Smirdin received from Olkhin not money, but promissory notes, on which he turned out to be insolvent. As a result, the Deanery Board awarded Senkovsky to pay 3000 rubles annually. Pechatkin, and since the affairs of "B. d. Ch" were already in such a situation that there was nothing to pay, the magazine became the property of Pechatkin. The fall of "B. d. Ch." began in the mid-40s, when Senkovsky began to frequently leave Petersburg, moreover, he became colder about his work, and in 1848, in August, he fell ill with cholera, and the magazine stopped. Other reasons for the decline of "B. d. Ch." and, of course, more serious ones need to be looked for in the appearance of such magazines as Otechestvennye zapiski and Sovremennik, which entered the literary arena with young, but strong and ardent talents who foresaw a new era in Russian life. Summing up the first period of "B. d. Ch.", One should point out her merit in the fact that she inspired the Russian public to read, especially the provincial, that she, so to speak, created the reader. No publication before had such a number of subscribers as "B. d. Ch." in the late 30s and early 40s; there were up to 7000 of them at that time. When Senkovsky fell ill, V.P. Pechatkin, the son of P. A. Pechatkin, who was in charge of the publication "B. d. Ch." , and at the direction of KK Krai, in whose printing house the magazine was published recently, invited A. V. Starchevsky, who was editing the "Reference Encyclopedic Dictionary" at that time. The new editor began compiling the book, which appeared in December 1848. Thus, the journal was resumed. The books for 1848 were soon completed, so the magazine became normal. Senkovsky retained the departments of criticism and literary annals, and he did not interfere in the rest; however, Starchevsky was also in charge of the critical section at that time. The latter, having taken over the management of the magazine, tried to recruit the young forces of the literary world of that time; but this was extremely difficult to do, because Senkovsky's critics often frightened those with whom Starchevsky had already managed to get along. In addition, Pechatkin positively refused to help the magazine with money, so it was necessary to do the turnover with what was obtained from the subscription, and to improve the case, of course, costs were needed. The brothers M.S. and S.S.Kutorgi, N.G. Ustryalov, E.P. Kovalevsky, G.P. Nebolsin, M. Mikhailov, S. Cherepanov, V.D. Yakovlev, V. S. Mamyshev, V. Stoyunin and others. Articles by Barbot-de Maria, Bratchikov came across by chance. L.A. Mey and others; B. Damke wrote about music. According to fiction, most often appeared: gr. E. P. Rostopchina, Evgeniya Tur (Salias), A. Ya. Marchenko (T. Ch.), M. A. Liventsov and E. H. Akhmatova (Leila); the latter also did a lot of translations for the magazine. Less prominent participation was attended by: G. P. Danilevsky, A. V. Druzhinin, V. R. Zotov, P. Karatygin, V. A. Vonlyarlyarsky, E. Moller, etc. In 1856 Starchevsky founded his own newspaper "Son of the Fatherland "and for some time edited two editions, but, getting bored with the work, which apparently fell from day to day, left" B. d. Ch. " The latter began its activity in a new role in September 1856. Senkovsky, of course, disappeared from "B. d. Ch" completely, and new employees appeared in the journal, the same persons who took part in "Otech. Zap." and "Let's lie." and in "Moskvit." The main collaborators of Druzhinin, who led the criticism, were V.I.Vodovozov, M.V. Avdeev, and since 1859, when A.F. Pisemsky, E.N. Edelson joined the editorial board. The scientific department published articles by N. Ya. Aristov, P. L. Lavrov, N. V. Berg, A. Zernin, U. N. Zheleznov, I. Gorlov, F. G. Turner, A. K. Nikitin, P. N. Tkacheva and others. From fiction writers began to participate: S. D. Khvoshchinskaya (Veseniev), N. Kokhanovskaya, A. N. Ostrovsky, A. N. Pleshcheev, A. A. Potekhin, P. D. Boborykin, I. S. Gensler, MM Voronov, AI Levitov, NA Leikin and others. LN Tolstoy, ME Saltykov, IS Turgenev also took a fleeting part. From 1858 the journal was allowed to publish articles on the peasant question, and from 1859 to introduce a political department. From the 2nd volume, the title has changed as follows: B. d. Ch., Journal of Literature, Sciences and Politics, with an epigraph from Goethe: "Ohne Hast, Ohne Rast". But nothing helped: "B. d. Ch. "eked out a very sad existence. She still did not acquire any definite shade, except for Druzhinin's Anglomania. Moreover, the cooperation of the above persons had a kind of accidental character; none of them completely indulged in the magazine. , contributed to his severe financial disorder, which did not allow him to compete with such publishers as, for example, A.A. The magazine stopped at No. 8, becoming completely redundant due to two other successful magazines - "Sovrem." and "Rus. the words ". Pointers to" B. d. Ch. ": 1) Analytical register for the first three years", I-XIX vols. SPb. 1837; 2) The same, XX-XXXVII vols., St. Petersburg, 1840; 3) General table of contents for 16 years in app. to No. 1 of the magazine of 1850; 4) Index to articles of serious content, ed. N. Benardaki and Y. Bogushevich, St. Petersburg, 1858.

• - "LIBRARY FOR READING", every month. magazine "literature, sciences, arts. industry, news and fashion ", ed. in St. Petersburg in 1834-65; founded by A.F.Smirdin. In 1834-48 the editor was O.I. Senkovsky ...

  Lermontov Encyclopedia

• - - a set of skills in working with a book, including a conscious choice of topics, systematic and consistent reading, as well as the ability to find the necessary literature using bibliographic aids, ...

  Pedagogical terminological dictionary

• - successive stages of discussion of a draft law in parliament or its chamber. In different parliaments, the number of readings ranges from one to four ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - Journal of literature, sciences, arts, criticism, news and fashion. This is the first Russian "thick" magazine of the type that we are accustomed to at present ...
• - published by Pl. Smirnovsky, in St. Petersburg, in 1849-50 ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg in 1871 by S. S. Okreits; renamed to "Library cheap and public" ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - published by K.V. Trubnikov in St. Petersburg. from 1866 to 1869, monthly, filled mainly with translated articles ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a collection of mystical content, organ of the Moscow Martinists. "Library" was filled with the main. image. translated articles; so, here was a translation ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - I term N. reading defies precise definition ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a monthly magazine "literature, sciences, art industry, news and fashion", published in St. Petersburg in 1834-65. Publisher - A.F.Smirdin ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - "" - monthly magazine, 1834-65, St. Petersburg. One of the first Russian mass publications. Polemized with A. Pushkin's Sovremennik, with V. G. Belinsky, N. V. Gogol and the natural school ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

• - ...
• - ...

  Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

• - reading plural 1. Meeting at which a cycle of reports is heard. 2. Meeting with Readers Speaking ...

  Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary

• - Lomonos "Osovskie Thu" ...

  Russian spelling dictionary

• - adj., number of synonyms: 2 obscure unreadable ...

  Synonym dictionary

"Library for reading" in books

Library