Presentation on various architectural styles. Architecture and architectural styles. Styles in art and architecture

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Rococo Rococo, a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. Distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate and flirtatious character. Replacing the heavy baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the baroque style by striving for completeness of forms, but if the baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of the Baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo is mainly ornamental; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: "baroque" and "rocaille" (ornamental motif, intricate decorative trim with pebbles and shells of grottoes and fountains). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and further development he got into the work of artists such as Boucher and Fragonard. The most striking representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although reliefs and statues designed to decorate interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta, predominated in his work. By the way, Falcone himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (Factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetric carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively strict appearance buildings, for example the Little Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Born in France, the Rococo style spread rapidly to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad, as well as publications of designs by French architects. Outside France Rococo the greatest prosperity reached in Germany and Austria, where he absorbed the traditional elements of the Baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures, the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating an impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. Rococo's supporter in Italy - the architect Tiepolo - contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, on the inlay of furniture and the production of silver products, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic manner of writing fully corresponds to the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries, interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism.

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BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (in some countries - up to the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is how Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the works of the German scientist Wölflin. If in the Renaissance, art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts on the disunity of people. That's why main task art has become a reflection of the inner world of a person, the disclosure of his feelings, experiences. This is how the main features of bourgeoisie were defined — dramatic pathos, a tendency toward sharpened contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency toward pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. Buildings were necessarily decorated with bizarre facades, the shape of which was hidden behind decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired various forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, molding, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and murals expanded the true dimensions of the premises, and colorful plafonds created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B.'s architects drew attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of an ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked with squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes the dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, elliptical surfaces appear.

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GOTICA From the Italian gotico - gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic art developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses transferring the pressure of the vault to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

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ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was also facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch.

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Organics The use of organics in architecture is, at first, puzzling. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building usually consists of complete blocks, a building designed on the basis of organic architecture consists of many different blocks, which are only completed as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies the rejection of strict geometric forms. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building, everything is subject to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at first glance. If you want to understand what the difference is between organic architecture and any other, just compare the usual multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although it only uses the external design. Organic architecture ideas have found tremendous popularity lately. Partly due to the availability of new materials of construction, allowing for the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the sense of unity with nature that such a building gives.

Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some "eternal" values, opposing them to an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they made quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries... So, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon at Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Anges Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. Houses and private estates were built in accordance with these ideas. For public buildings, neoclassicism was practically not used. The most famous English neoclassical architects were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. For a long time, the ideas of neoclassicism influenced various countries, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc.

Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings in the early 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality and a Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudi stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and so organically fit into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if it was nature that created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned facing of the facades of buildings, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. Summer cottages, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are being built and decorated in the Art Nouveau style.

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Presentation - Types of Architecture

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Topic: Types of architecture
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school, branch of the village of Lozovoe, Amur region, Tambov district, village of Lozovoe
MHC. Grade 9 Compiled by the teacher of the Russian language and literature Efimova N.V.

Homework check. What do we mean by the word "style"? Why is architecture called the stone chronicle of the world? In each of the styles, the struggle between the spiritual and the material is expressed. Which styles are spiritually inherent, and which are material? Which style do you like the most?

Perhaps the most difficult and at the same time obligatory in architectural creativity is simplicity. Alexey Shchusev
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Russia. 1165 BC

Architecture, or architecture, is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people. These are separate buildings and their ensembles, squares and avenues, parks and stadiums, villages and entire cities.

Each of the structures has a specific purpose: for life or work, recreation or study, trade or transport, etc. These structures and buildings also have other important properties: beauty, the ability to evoke certain feelings and moods in the audience.

Great civilizations are remembered not only by wars or trade, but, above all, by the architectural monuments left by it.

Architecture organizes space. Architects create buildings, structures, entire villages and cities that are purposeful, comfortable for life and beautiful and emotionally affecting a person. In other words, functional, constructive and aesthetic qualities (usefulness, strength and beauty) in architecture are interconnected.

Types of architecture

landscape architecture
Urban planning
Industrial
There are three main types of architecture.
Small forms
Residential
Public
Garden and park

The architecture of volumetric structures
Public architecture. Temples, palaces, castles, administrative buildings. Spectacular and exhibition facilities. Stadiums and sports complexes. Shops and supermarkets. Railway stations and airports.
Massandra Palace
Soldiers Field Olympic Stadium
Greenhouse of the Moscow Zoo

Railway station Blagoveshchensk
Shop "Nadezhda" in the village of Lozovoy

Residential architecture. The most ancient houses of man Dwelling houses of various peoples of the world. Modern dwellings of humanity
Houses of the people of ancient Greece
Insuls - the first multi-storey buildings in the architecture of Ancient Rome
Houses of the peoples of Africa

Modern dwellings of humanity
Bill Gates' home, 21st century dwelling
Casa Batlló. Arch. A. Gaudí
High-rise buildings in Chicago

Bridge in Vladivostok on Russky Island
Refinery
Automobile tunnel in Crimea
Industrial architecture. Plants, factories, power plants; Bridges, tunnels.
Confectionery factory "Dominik"

Landscape architecture is associated with the organization of garden and park space. These are city squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains, stairs.
Landscape and park architecture.

Gardening art Gardens, boulevards and squares Parks of big cities
Central Park New York
Gardens of China
Parks of Versailles in France

Small-scale architecture - pavilions, gazebos, fountains, bridges, grottoes

Urban development encompasses the creation of new cities and towns and the reconstruction of old urban areas.
Urban planning

The urban planner must choose the territory, outline where the residential, public and industrial zones and the transport routes connecting them will be located, provide for the possibility of expanding the city. I must think about the beauty of the future city, about the preservation of monuments, about the place of new urban ensembles.

Cities - museums
Suzdal
Venice
Paris

The largest megacities in the world
Moscow
Sao Paulo
Tokyo

Cities - ensembles
Jaipur. India

Reconstruction of old districts and cities
Excavation and restoration of ancient Pompeii. Italy
Reconstruction of Moscow

"Life is short - art is eternal." On a par with the greatest books and paintings, statues and symphonies, architectural structures have risen. Architecture has taken this position in the world of art thanks to the harmony and musical coherence of the parts.

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STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE
Purpose of the work: - acquaintance with the architectural styles that existed in Russia in the period from X to XX centuries; revealing characteristic features every architectural style; preparation for GIA and USE.
The presentation was prepared by Olga Ulyeva, teacher of history and social studies, secondary school № 1353

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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE - a set of characteristic features and signs of architecture.
The characteristic features of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of the functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, Construction Materials and constructions, techniques of architectural composition), form an architectural style. The development of architectural styles depends on climatic, technical, religious and cultural factors. Although the development of architecture directly depends on time, styles do not always replace each other consistently, the simultaneous coexistence of styles as alternatives to each other is known (for example: baroque and classicism, modern and eclecticism, functionalism, constructivism and art deco).

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BASIC STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE:
STYLE NAME EXISTENCE
Byzantine (cross-domed) con. X - XV centuries
Tent XVI - XVII centuries
Russian (marvelous) pattern of the 17th century.
Baroque con. XVI century - end. XVIII century
Rococo XVIII century
Classicism ser. XVIII - XIX centuries
Pseudo-Russian and pseudo-Byzantine ser. XIX - early. XX century
Modern con. XIX - early. XX century

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BYZANTINE STYLE late 10th - 15th centuries Style features: Along with the Christian faith, Russia also adopted the image of a temple with a highly developed theological symbolism from Byzantium. Traditionally, the architecture of Kievan Rus is referred to this style, however, such temples were built much later. All ancient Russian churches are based on the Byzantine cross-domed model, but in Russia this model quickly began to acquire its own national features.

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BYZANTINE STYLE
CHURCH OF THE MOTHER OF GOD (TIRES) (991 - 996) Greek (Byzantine) masters. The first Russian stone church. Built by order of Prince Vladimir. It has not survived to this day.

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SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN KIEV (XI century) Greek (Byzantine) masters. Built by order of Yaroslav the Wise. It has survived to this day in a heavily rebuilt form.
BYZANTINE STYLE

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NOTE! Unlike Western Europe, where the BASILICS were more popular, in Russia they built a FOUR- AND SIX-PILLARED CROSS-DOMESTIC temple, where the dome becomes the most important element.
BASILICA
CROSS-DOMESTIC TEMPLE

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DETERMINE WHERE IS THE BASILICA, AND WHERE IS THE CROSS-DOMESTIC TEMPLE?
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BASILICA

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CROSS-DOMESTIC TEMPLE

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CROSS-DOME MODEL OF THE TEMPLE
NOTE! Having adopted the cross-domed type of temples from Byzantium, Russian masters begin to add their own original interpretations to the buildings (Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Moscow schools).

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BYZANTINE STYLE (cross-domed model of the temple)
NOTE! Over the course of time (XII-XV centuries), the Russian cross-domed church took on distinctive features and was not a direct copy of the Byzantine originals. Therefore, many researchers distinguish the ANCIENT RUSSIAN STYLE from the Byzantine and mention its various schools: Novgorod, Pskov, Vladimir-Suzdal, Early Moscow, Godunov style, etc.

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TENTED STYLE end of the 16th - 17th centuries Style features: Instead of a dome, the building of the hip-roofed temple ends with a hipped roof. Hipped temples are made of wood and stone. Stone hipped-roof temples appeared at the beginning of the 16th century, originate from their Russian wooden architecture and have no analogies in the architecture of other countries.

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NOTE! Since from ancient times wooden construction in Russia was predominant, most Christian churches were also built of wood. But in wood it is extremely difficult to convey the shape of the dome - a necessary element of a Byzantine-type temple. Probably, it was technical difficulties that caused the replacement of domes with hipped roofs in wooden churches.

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PAY ATTENTION, how the building area increases with the same length of the log (wall).
FOUR
SHESTERIK
LIGHTNING

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PANEL STYLE
CHURCH OF ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE (1528-1532) Italian and Russian masters. One of the first Russian tent-roofed stone churches. Legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of Ivan the Terrible.

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PANEL STYLE

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RUSSIAN (DIVNOE, MOSCOW) PATTERN OF THE XVII century Style features: Intricate forms, abundance of decor, complexity of composition and picturesque silhouette of the building.

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THE TEMPORARY PALACE IN THE MOSCOW KREMLIN (1635-1636) Architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larion Ushakov.
RUSSIAN PATTERN

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RUSSIAN PATTERN. Terem Palace (interior interiors).

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RUSSIAN PATTERN

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BAROQUE XVII - XVIII century Style features: Striving for grandeur and splendor. fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear shapes. Large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on the facades and in the interiors are often found.
Russian Baroque includes two directions:
MOSCOW (NARYSHKINSKOE) BAROQUE
PETERSBURG (PETROVSKOE, ANNINSKOE, ELISAVETINSKOE) BAROQUE

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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)
CHURCH OF COVER IN PHILES (1690-1694). Architect Yakov Bukhvostov (presumably).

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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)

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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)
WINTER PALACE IN PETERSBURG (1754-1762) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.

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BAROQUE. Winter Palace (facade and interior interiors).

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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)

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ROCOCO (French rococo - "pretentious, whimsical, winding") second half of the 18th century Features of the style: For the Rococo architecture, in contrast to the monumental and magnificent baroque, luxury, lightness, grace and mannerisms are characteristic. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style, or, more precisely, its modification, corresponding to the cutesy, pretentious time. Rococo is easy to recognize by its capriciousness, sophistication and burden of forms. In Russia, it was used mainly for interior decoration, and not for building facades.

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ROCAIL (FR. Rocaille - rocky, from roc - rock, cliff) - the main element of the Rococo style ornament, reminiscent of the shape of the curl of a shell.

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ROCOCO INTERIOR
PETERHOF Great Palace Ballroom (1751-1752) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.

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CLASSICISM late 18th - 19th century Style features: Appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. Classicism is characterized by regularity of planning and clarity of volumetric form, symmetric-axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration.

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CLASSICISM
MIKHAILOVSKY PALACE IN PETERSBURG (1819-1825) Architect Karl Rossi.

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LATE CLASSICISM. St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

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PSEUDORUSSIAN (RUSSIAN) STYLE late XIX - early XX century Features of the style: use of the traditions of ancient Russian architecture and folk art, as well as associated elements of Byzantine architecture. Pseudo-Russian style includes two directions: NEORUSIAN STYLE RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE

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CHURCH OF CHRIST THE SAVIOR IN MOSCOW (1839 - 1883) Architect Konstantin Ton. On December 5, 1931, the building of the temple was destroyed. Rebuilt in the same place in 1994-1997.
RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
HOW TO DIFFERENCE? the use of elements of Byzantine architecture; imitation ancient architecture Of the Byzantine Empire (stylization "under Byzantium").

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RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
SEA CATHEDRAL IN KRONSTADT (1903 - 1913) Architect Vasily Kosyakov.

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COMPARE:
Temple of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (VI century)
Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow (XIX-XX centuries)
Typical features of the RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE style: - four-foot cross-domed type of the temple; strict centricity of the plan and facades; mirror symmetry of facades; all-facades (i.e. careful finishing of all details on all facades, the temple is beautiful from all sides); deliberate massiveness and ponderousness of architectural forms.

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As you know, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic, is the most ancient of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was in the Neolithic era that people began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an art of authorship it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece.

Until the middle of the XII century, being in a synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the "style of the era", common for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subordinating science, worldview, philosophy, everyday life and much more, to great styles and finally - individual author's styles. The "style of the era" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is comparatively inflexible, when it is still easily adaptable to changes in style.

The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late Classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover now a large, now a smaller area of ​​culture, now they are limited to individual arts, now they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined by a wider, now a less wide social environment, now by a more significant, now by a less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and the country.

The development of styles is asymmetric, which is outwardly expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the XIII century. Simple shapes Romanesque architecture gradually transitioned into a sophisticated Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and a clear connection with philosophy and theology, i.e. the ideological basis of the style. Gothic is much less defined ideologically. Its aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies. Romanesque style Gothic style

Within the confines of the Gothic, a renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, while within the confines of religion, are already present in the Gothic, especially the later. And yet, Gothic and Renaissance, dramatically different styles. What was maturing in the Gothic, then required a sharp change in the entire style system. The new content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - the renaissance (or revival). Renaissance With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quests begins again, the emergence of an integral system of worldview. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, passes in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature) into rococo. Then again there is a return to the simple and as a result of the leap to replace the baroque comes classicism, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style. baroccocooclassicismampire

ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was also facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were a temple-fortress and a castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch

GOTICA From Italian gotico - gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic art developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses transferring the pressure of the vault to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the fifteenth century. in Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French Renaissance) on the basis of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of an architect in the modern sense of the word was formed for the first time, in contrast to the dependence of the medieval architect on the guild of masons. Distinguish between early R. and high; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which brought proportionality, clarity of compositions and convenience to the appearance of the building.

BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (in some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is how Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the works of the German scientist Wölflin.

ROKOKO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from the German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and the entertainment of the aristocracy. R.'s sphere of distribution was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light amusement, whimsical elegance are traits characteristic of R. and are especially evident in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornament consisted of intricately intertwining garlands of shells, flowers, curls. Pretentiously curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. R. manifested itself mainly in the design of the interiors of buildings, rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. In R. art, a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm dominates. Widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J.M. Oppenor, J.O. Meyssonnier, G.J. Boffran) R. style up to the middle. XIX. called "the style of Louis XV".

CLASSICISM Style in European art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually two periods in the development of K. are divided. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The XVIII century is considered a new stage in its development, since at this time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of ​​a reasonable regularity of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express a great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. Kazakhstan's architecture is characterized by austerity of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors, and laconicism of external and internal finishing of structures. Unlike baroque buildings, K.'s masters never gave up spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in the park architecture, the so-called regular style develops, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)

AMPIR The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that emerged in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic culmination of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with items of military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of composition. Archeology originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. in the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of Napoleon's empire, art was supposed to glorify military successes and the dignity of the ruler. From here comes the enthusiasm for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decoration of buildings. In interior decoration, bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used. A. strove to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman periptera, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) in the Place de l'Azve in Paris (architect Chalgren). The Vendôme Memorial Column (the column of the "Great Army"), erected by Leper and Honduin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian cannons. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.