Types and styles of architecture presentation. Presentation on the topic: Architectural styles. Styles and types of architecture

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As you know, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic, is the most ancient of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was in the Neolithic era that people began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an art of authorship it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece.

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Until the middle of the XII century, being in a synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the "style of the era", common for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subordinating science, worldview, philosophy, everyday life and much more, to great styles and finally - individual author's styles. The "style of the era" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is comparatively inflexible, when it is still easily adaptable to changes in style.

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The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late Classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover now a large, now a smaller area of ​​culture, now they are limited to individual arts, now they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined by a wider, now a less wide social environment, now a more significant, now a less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and the country.

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The development of styles is asymmetric, which is outwardly expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the XIII century. The simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually merge into the sophisticated Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and a clear connection with philosophy and theology, i.e. the ideological basis of the style. Gothic is much less defined ideologically. Its aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies.

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Within the confines of the Gothic, a renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, while within the confines of religion, are already present in the Gothic, especially the later. And yet, Gothic and Renaissance, dramatically different styles. What was maturing in the Gothic, then required a sharp change in the entire style system. The new content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - the Renaissance (or revival). With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quests begins again, the emergence of an integral worldview system. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, passes in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature) into rococo. Then again there is a return to the simple and as a result of the leap to replace the baroque comes classicism, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style.

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ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was also facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch

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GOTICA From Italian gotico - gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic art developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses transferring the pressure of the vault to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

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RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the fifteenth century. in Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French Renaissance) on the basis of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of an architect in the modern sense of the word was formed for the first time, in contrast to the dependence of the medieval architect on the guild of masons. Distinguish between early R. and high; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy have creatively rethought the ancient order system, which brought proportionality, clarity of compositions and convenience to the appearance of the building.

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BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (In some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: the Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the work of the German scientist Wölflin.

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ROKOKO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from the German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and the entertainment of the aristocracy. R.'s sphere of distribution was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light amusement, whimsical elegance are traits characteristic of R. and are especially evident in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornament consisted of intricately intertwining garlands of shells, flowers, curls. Pretentiously curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. R. manifested itself mainly in the design of the interiors of buildings, rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of the form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. In R. art, a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm dominates. Widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J.M. Oppenor, J.O. Meyssonnier, G.J. Boffran) R. style up to the middle. XIX. called "the style of Louis XV".

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CLASSICISM Style in European art of the 17th-early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually two periods in the development of K. are divided. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The XVIII century is considered a new stage in its development, since at this time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of ​​a reasonable regularity of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. Kazakhstan's architecture is characterized by austerity of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors, and laconicism of external and internal finishing of structures. Unlike baroque buildings, K.'s masters never gave up spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in the park architecture, the so-called regular style develops, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)

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AMPIR The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that emerged in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic culmination of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with items of military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of composition. Archeology originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. in the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of Napoleon's empire, art was supposed to glorify military successes and the dignity of the ruler. From here comes the enthusiasm for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decoration of buildings. In the decoration of interiors, bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used. A. strove to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman periptera, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on the Place de la Star in Paris (architect Chalgren). The Vendome Memorial Column (the column of the "Great Army"), erected by Leper and Honduin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian cannons. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.

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Presentation - Types of Architecture

Text of this presentation

Topic: Types of architecture
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school, branch of Lozovoe village, Amur region, Tambov district, Lozovoe village
MHC. Grade 9 Compiled by the teacher of the Russian language and literature Efimova N.V.

Homework check. What do we mean by the word "style"? Why is architecture called the stone chronicle of the world? In each of the styles, the struggle between the spiritual and the material is expressed. Which styles are spiritually inherent, and which are material? Which style do you like the most?

Perhaps the most difficult and at the same time obligatory in architectural creativity is simplicity. Alexey Shchusev
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Russia. 1165 BC

Architecture, or architecture, is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people. These are separate buildings and their ensembles, squares and avenues, parks and stadiums, villages and entire cities.

Each of the structures has a specific purpose: for life or work, recreation or study, trade or transport, etc. These structures and buildings also have other important properties: beauty, the ability to evoke certain feelings and moods in the audience.

Great civilizations are remembered not only for wars or trade, but, above all, for the architectural monuments left by it.

Architecture organizes space. Architects create buildings, structures, entire villages and cities that are purposeful, comfortable for life and beautiful and emotionally affecting a person. In other words, functional, constructive and aesthetic qualities (usefulness, strength and beauty) in architecture are interconnected.

Types of architecture

landscape architecture
Urban planning
Industrial
There are three main types of architecture.
Small forms
Residential
Public
Garden and park

The architecture of volumetric structures
Public architecture. Temples, palaces, castles, administrative buildings. Spectacular and exhibition facilities. Stadiums and sports complexes. Shops and supermarkets. Railway stations and airports.
Massandra Palace
Soldiers Field Olympic Stadium
Greenhouse of the Moscow Zoo

Railway station Blagoveshchensk
Shop "Nadezhda" in the village of Lozovoy

Residential architecture. The most ancient houses of man Dwelling houses of various peoples of the world. Modern dwellings of humanity
Houses of the people of ancient Greece
Insuls - the first multi-storey buildings in the architecture of Ancient Rome
Houses of the peoples of Africa

Modern dwellings of humanity
Bill Gates' home, 21st century dwelling
Casa Batlló. Arch. A. Gaudí
High-rise buildings in Chicago

Bridge in Vladivostok on Russky Island
Refinery
Automobile tunnel in Crimea
Industrial architecture. Plants, factories, power plants; Bridges, tunnels.
Confectionery factory "Dominik"

Landscape architecture is associated with the organization of garden and park space. These are city squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains, stairs.
Landscape and park architecture.

Gardening art Gardens, boulevards and squares Parks of big cities
Central Park New York
Gardens of China
Parks of Versailles in France

Small-scale architecture - pavilions, gazebos, fountains, bridges, grottoes

Urban planning encompasses the creation of new cities and towns and the reconstruction of old urban areas.
Urban planning

The urban planner must choose the territory, outline where the residential, public and industrial zones and the transport routes connecting them will be located, provide for the possibility of expanding the city. I must think about the beauty of the future city, about the preservation of monuments, about the place of new urban ensembles.

Cities - museums
Suzdal
Venice
Paris

The largest megacities in the world
Moscow
Sao Paulo
Tokyo

Cities - ensembles
Jaipur. India

Reconstruction of old districts and cities
Excavation and restoration of ancient Pompeii. Italy
Reconstruction of Moscow

"Life is short - art is eternal." On a par with the greatest books and paintings, statues and symphonies, architectural structures have risen. Architecture has taken this position in the world of art thanks to the harmony and musical coherence of the parts.

Styles architecture

Architecture. Style in architecture. See the architecture. Architecture about "Amni sporud. Landscape architecture. Mistobuduvannya. Romanesque style. Space of Spain. Gothic style. Cathedral in Reims. Cathedral Notre Dame de Paris France. Basilica of St. Peter. Renaissance. Pavlovo of St. Peter. London." . Classicism. Louvre. Paris. Rococo. Empire. Arch of Zirka in Paris. Church of La Madeleine in Paris. - Styles of architecture.ppt

Architecture and style

Architectural styles... Saratov. Roman style. Gothic. Baroque. Rococo. Empire style. Classicism. Modern. Constructivism. High tech. - Architecture and style.ppt

Styles in architecture

Lesson topic: "Figurative - stylistic language of the architecture of the past." Purpose: The image is a form of reflection of reality in art with characteristic techniques. Style - a set of features that characterize the art of a particular time and direction. Art of Ancient Egypt. Architecture of Ancient Greece. Japanese architecture. Architecture Ancient Rus... Architectural styles. Students' independent activity in groups. Roman style. Monastery Maria Lakh. Germany. Church of Notre Dame Grand. France. Romanesque castles. Victoria and Albert Museum. London. Pisa Cathedral. Italy. XI-XII centuries - Styles in architecture.ppt

Architectural styles

Architectural styles. Modern style. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new artistic style emerged, which was called modern in Russia (from the French moderne - modern). The most famous monument of the Art Nouveau style is the Metropol Hotel. Modern loves capriciously curved, fluid lines and planes. Art Nouveau masters strove to create an artistically attractive living environment around a person. Women of the early 20th century wore Art Nouveau dresses and jewelry, including those made by the Fabergé jewelry company. Furniture, dishes, lamps and other utensils in the Art Nouveau style appeared in the houses. - Architectural Styles.ppt

Styles and types of architecture

Types of architecture. Styles and means of expression. Architecture. Styles of architecture. Primitive architecture Ancient architecture. VIII century BC NS. - V century. n. NS. Roman style. X-XII centuries Gothic. XII-XV centuries Revival. Beginning XV - early. XVII century Baroque. Con. XVI century - end. XVIII century Rococo. XVIII - late Classicism. XVIII-XIX centuries Eclecticism. Modern. Modernism. Constructivism. 1920s - early. Postmodernism. From ser. XX century. Hi-tech From the end. Deconstructivism. From the end. Dynamic architecture. From the beginning. 21st century. Roman style. Gothic. All style elements emphasize vertical. Renaissance architecture. - Styles and types of architecture.ppt

Styles in art and architecture

Architectural style. Empire style. style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Arch of Carrousel, Paris. Triumphal Gates (Moscow). Baroque. Carlo Maderna Church of Saint Susanna, Rome. Church of Souls in Purgatory in the city of Ragusa. Gothic. Gothic cathedral in Coutance, France. Fragment of a stained glass window. Cathedral in Reims, France. The cathedral Notre dame de paris... Gothic in Russia. Brandenburg Gate in Kaliningrad. The main hall of the Lord's Chamber. Neo-Gothic. artistic style of the 18th and 19th centuries, borrowing the forms and traditions of the Gothic. British Museum of Natural History. - Styles in Art and Architecture.ppt

Styles of architectural structures

Development of styles in architecture and clothing. Classic styles. Antique style. Use of fabric. The image of the "Greek column". Roman style. Cathedral of Pisa. Romanesque buildings. Men's suit. Leeds Castle. Karstein Castle. Conwy. Gothick style. The style of Medieval Europe. The nature of the dress. St. Vitus Cathedral. Cathedral of St. Peter and Mary. Burgos Cathedral. Gargoyle. Milan Cathedral. View of the Cathedral of St. Vitus. Renaissance style. Specific traits... Renaissance style. Renaissance style. Church of San Pietro. Baroque style. Saint Paul's Cathedral. Baroque buildings. Stiffness. Baroque fashion. - Architecture Styles.pptx

Varieties of architecture styles

Varieties of styles of architecture. Briefly about the concept of architecture. The main components of architecture. Are all architectural buildings alike? Architectural similarities. Representatives of various architectural styles. Various architectural styles. Architectural style. Famous proverb. What architectural styles do you know. Baroque. Examples of buildings built in the Baroque style. Classicism. Examples of buildings built in the classicism style. Renaissance. Examples of Renaissance buildings. Modern. Examples of buildings built in the Art Nouveau style. Architecture in Russia. - Varieties of architecture styles.ppt

Eclecticism

Eclecticism. Direction in architecture. Baroque. Features of eclecticism. New designs. Eclecticism in Russia. Baltic Station in St. Petersburg. Passage. Nevsky Prospect. Historical Museum. Nizhny Novgorod fair. Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Mariinsky Palace. Eclecticism in Europe. Casino and Opera Monte Carlo. Church of St. Charles. Nice Observatory. Royal Pavilion. Westminster Palace. Royal Library. Bode Museum. -

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Rococo Rococo, a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. Distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate and flirtatious character. Replacing the heavy baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the baroque style by striving for completeness of forms, but if the baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of the Baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo is mainly ornamental; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: "baroque" and "rocaille" (ornamental motif, intricate decorative trim with pebbles and shells of grottoes and fountains). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and further development he got into the work of artists such as Boucher and Fragonard. The most striking representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falcone, although reliefs and statues intended to decorate interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta, predominated in his work. By the way, Falcone himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (Factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetric carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively strict appearance buildings, for example the Little Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Born in France, the Rococo style spread rapidly to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad, as well as publications of designs by French architects. Outside France Rococo the greatest prosperity reached in Germany and Austria, where he absorbed the traditional elements of the Baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures, the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and pictorial interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating an impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. Rococo's supporter in Italy - the architect Tiepolo - contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, on inlaid furniture and the production of silver products, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic manner of writing fully corresponds to the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries, interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism.

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BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (In some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: the Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the work of the German scientist Wölflin. If in the Renaissance, art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts on the disunity of people. That's why main task art has become a reflection of the inner world of man, the disclosure of his feelings, experiences. This is how the main features of bourgeoisie were defined — dramatic pathos, a tendency toward sharpened contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency toward pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. Buildings were necessarily decorated with bizarre facades, the shape of which was hidden behind decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired various forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, molding, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and murals expanded the true dimensions of the premises, and colorful plafonds created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B.'s architects drew attention to the street, which began to be viewed as a holistic architectural organism, as one of the forms of an ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked with squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes the dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, elliptical surfaces appear.

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GOTICA From the Italian gotico - gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic art developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses transferring the pressure of the vault to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

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ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was also facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch.

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Organics The use of organics in architecture is, at first, puzzling. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building usually consists of complete blocks, a building designed on the basis of organic architecture consists of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies the rejection of strict geometric forms. When designing each building, the type of the surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building, everything is subject to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at first glance. If you want to understand what the difference is between organic architecture and any other, just compare a regular multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although it only uses the exterior. Organic architecture ideas have found tremendous popularity in recent years. Partly due to the availability of new materials of construction, allowing for the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the sense of unity with nature that such a building gives.

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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some "eternal" values, opposing them to an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they made quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries... So, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon at Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Anges Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. Houses and private estates were built in accordance with these ideas. For public buildings, neoclassicism was practically not used. The most famous English neoclassical architects were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. For a long time, the ideas of neoclassicism influenced various countries, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc.

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Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings in the early 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality and a Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudi stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and so organically fit into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if it was nature that created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned facing of the facades of buildings, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. Summer cottages, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are being built and decorated in the Art Nouveau style.

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