Features of the higher nervous activity of man. Presentation on the topic "features of human higher nervous activity" Features of human higher nervous activity presentation

Presentation on the topic "Features of human higher nervous activity" in biology in powerpoint format. This presentation for 8th grade students tells about the features of the higher nervous activity of a person that distinguish him from other creatures, as well as what cognitive processes are inherent in a person. Presentation author: Natalya Alekseevna Kuznetsova, biology teacher.

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The main difference between man and other creatures

• Consciousness
• Speech
• Ability to labor activity
• Public life

Consciousness

• Consciousness- the highest, peculiar only to man, form of mental reflection of objective reality.
• Human consciousness- the ability to separate oneself ("I") from other people and the environment ("not me"), an adequate reflection of reality. Consciousness is based on communication between people, develops as individual life experience is acquired, and is associated with speech (language).

Speech

Speech is a form of communication that has developed in the process of human historical evolution and is mediated by language.

Speech functions:

• Speech is the most perfect capacious, accurate and high-speed means of communication between people.
• Speech serves as a tool for the implementation of many mental functions, raising them to the level of clear awareness and opening up the possibility of arbitrarily regulating and controlling mental processes.
• Speech provides an individual with a communication channel for obtaining information from the universal human socio-historical experience.

Work

• Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for satisfying needs is created.
• 
  In the process of evolution, humans developed adaptations for work, thumb hands are opposed to the rest.

Man is a biosocial being

Life, development, upbringing in society is a key condition for the normal development of a person, transformation into a personality. There are cases when people from birth lived outside of human society, were brought up among animals. In such cases, of the two principles, social and biological, only one remained in man - biological. Such people acquired the habits of animals, lost the ability to articulate speech, lagged far behind in mental development, and even after returning to human society did not take root in it.

cognitive processes

Cognition- the process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in his mind, and the result is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around.

• The first step in knowing FEELING The immediate reaction of the nervous system to the fact of reality (irritation). For example: we hear the singing of a nightingale, i.e. sound waves of different lengths irritate the nerve cells of the ear, and the signals from the neuron go to the brain.
• At the second stage of cognition, the mechanism PERCEPTIONS Primary holistic analysis of nerve signals in the brain. If the sensation of sound is just a chaotic vibration, then PERCEPTION puts the chaos into a melody.
• The third step can be considered THINKING Sensual or logical analysis of a fact. Here, the brain already uses the existing experience, includes operations of comparison, analysis, generalization.

Thinking operations:

• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Comparison
• Generalization
• abstraction

MEMORY

How to remember a lot, quickly and reliably

• It is very important to focus on what you want to learn and not be distracted.
• Tell other people what you have read.
• When reading in a whisper, you should not pronounce the words, or mentally pronounce what you are reading at the moment.
• Write down what you read
• The most important text for you is best read in the morning, when the brain works at its best, or in the afternoon, if you wake up hard.
• Repeat what has been learned. For the first time, update everything in memory 40 minutes after memorization. Repeat on the same day, 2-3 times. Then, if you remember, the next day one or two repetitions. And then, one repetition with an interval of 7-10 days.

Imagination

Every person has an imagination. Images of the imagination are fixed with the help of speech and can be transmitted to other people in the form of artistic images or scientific assumptions, which will then be analyzed by logical thinking and used in building ideas when creating new things.

Distinguish between active and passive imagination.

• Active imagination allows a person to imagine what will be the result before starting his work. These images allow you to bring the product to the required level, whether it is a homemade product in the hands of a child or a spaceship in the drawings of the general designer.
• Active imagination should be distinguished from passive imagination, which replaces active actions.

The first and second signal systems and their interaction

• Pavlov called the conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex the signal activity of the brain.
• 1 signal system - signals entering the brain, which are caused by objects and phenomena that act on the senses (resulting in sensations, perceptions, ideas). It is found in humans and animals.
• 2 signal system - Word. Only man has.
• Both signaling systems are in constant interaction. If the signals of the second signal system (words) do not have support in the first signal system (do not reflect what was received through it), then they become incomprehensible. Thus, a word on foreign language, which we do not know, does not tell us anything, since behind this word there is no concrete content for us.

• Introduction
• First signal system
• Second signal system
• Features of the second signal system

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The term "higher nervous activity" was first introduced into science by IP Pavlov, who considered it equivalent to the concept of mental activity. All forms of mental activity, including human thinking and consciousness, Pavlov considered elements of higher nervous activity.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936)

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The difference between human GNI and animal GNI

• A fundamentally new signal system arises in a person in the process of his social and labor activity and reaches a high level of development.
• The signaling system is a system of conditionally and unconditionally reflex connections of the higher nervous system of animals (including humans) and the surrounding world. Distinguish between the first and second signal systems.

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Slides captions:

FEATURES OF THE HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN.

The main difference between man and other creatures: Consciousness Possession of speech Ability to work Social life

Consciousness is the highest form of mental reflection of objective reality, peculiar only to man. Human consciousness is the ability to separate oneself ("I") from other people and the environment ("not me"), an adequate reflection of reality. Consciousness is based on communication between people, develops as individual life experience is acquired, and is associated with speech (language).

Speech Speech is a form of communication that has developed in the process of human historical evolution and is mediated by language. Functions of speech: Speech is the most perfect capacious, accurate and high-speed means of communication between people. Speech serves as a tool for the implementation of many mental functions, raising them to the level of clear awareness and opening up the possibility of arbitrarily regulating and controlling mental processes. Speech provides an individual with a communication channel for obtaining information from the universal human socio-historical experience.

Types of speech External Communication between people through conversation or technical devices Internal Focused on self. Has a folded, abbreviated character. Written Oral Dialogue Monologue

Functions of speech In communication In thinking Communication (communication) Transferring certain information to each other. Signaling An object or an action is denoted through a word Generalization Each word already generalizes and this allows thinking to be realized Expression Transmission of an emotional attitude towards a person.

Labor Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for satisfying needs is created. In the process of evolution, a person has developed adaptations to work, the thumb is opposed to the rest.

Man is a biosocial being. Life, development, upbringing in society is a key condition for the normal development of a person, transformation into a personality. There are cases when people from birth lived outside of human society, were brought up among animals. In such cases, of the two principles, social and biological, only one remained in man - biological. Such people acquired the habits of animals, lost the ability to articulate speech, lagged far behind in mental development, and even after returning to human society did not take root in it.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Features of the higher nervous activity of man. 8th grade (2011/2012 academic year)

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"Higher nervous activity of man"

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The study of higher nervous activity in Russia is associated primarily with the names of two great scientists, two great scientists. The study of higher nervous activity in Russia is associated primarily with the names of two great scientists, two great scientists Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (). Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov ()

The merit of I. M. Sechenov is that he proved that the brain can both enhance the reflexes of the spinal cord and inhibit them. It was the discovery of central inhibition that brought I. M. Sechenov fame and worldwide recognition. The merit of I. M. Sechenov is that he proved that the brain can both enhance the reflexes of the spinal cord and inhibit them. It was the discovery of central inhibition that brought I. M. Sechenov fame and worldwide recognition. He showed that the higher parts of the nervous system are able to regulate the work of the lower parts. This proved the multilevel organization of the brain. The higher the part of the brain is located, the more complex functions it performs.

IP Pavlov continued his research and found that all reflexes can be divided into two large groups. IP Pavlov associated the formation of conditioned reflexes with the work of the cerebral cortex. They occur when obligatory condition combinations of any irritation, even insignificant, with vital irritations (for example, food, pain, danger) become their signals. Reflexes congenital (unconditioned) (conditioned) acquired

Types of instincts Vital (failure to satisfy the need leads to the death of the individual, implementation does not require the participation of another individual) Role or zoosocial (aimed at the survival of the species, the effective existence of the group - “what is good for the mind is good for you” Self-development instincts (facing the future, aimed at improvement of mental activity)

Conditioned reflexes Conditioned reflexes are individually acquired systemic adaptive reactions of animals and humans, arising on the basis of the formation in the central nervous system of a temporary connection between a conditioned (signal) stimulus and an unconditional reflex act

The main characteristics of the conditioned reflex (according to I.P. Pavlov) 1) Acquisition of conditioned reflexes (innateness of unconditioned reflexes) 2) Individuality of the conditioned reflex (specific nature of the unconditioned reflex) 3) Variability and the possibility of cancellation (inhibition) of the conditioned reflex 4) Signal character and principle leading reflection in a conditioned reflex

A bowl full of food was placed in front of the dog. The dog starts eating. The unconditioned reflex is activated. From the olfactory receptors of the dog, a signal enters the brain - from the subcortex to the cerebral cortex and back, and then to the salivary glands of the dog. Saliva begins to flow. 1 - Salivation center in the subcortex, 3 - Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 - Salivary gland. 2.

The dog eats from a bowl. A light bulb is on in her field of vision while she is eating. From the visual receptors, information is transmitted to the visual center of the dog's brain about the light bulb being turned on. If the light bulb burns every time a dog eats dozens of times in a row, then a new connection is formed in his brain between the visual center and the center of salivation. So the dog will acquire a conditioned reflex that starts working when the light is turned on. 1 - Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 - Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 - Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 - Salivary gland. 3.

Now when the light bulb is turned on, the dog will salivate, even if there is no bowl of food in front of him. A nerve impulse is transmitted from the eyes to the brain, which travels from the visual center to the salivation center of the cerebral cortex, then to the subcortex and from there to the salivary gland of the dog. 1 - Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 - Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 - Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 - Salivary gland. 4.

Classification of conditioned reflexes By origin - natural and artificial By the nature of unconditioned reinforcement - food, defensive, sexual, research By the nature of the conditioned signal - light, sound, tactile, olfactory, temperature, etc. By the nature of the receptors - exteroceptive, interoceptive, proprioceptive By the ratio of stimuli in time - cash (coinciding, set aside), trace, late By degree of complexity - 1, 2, order

Conditions for the development of conditioned reflexes Condition of time - the preliminary or simultaneous action of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli Condition of strength - the unconditioned stimulus must be stronger (more vital) than the conditioned Condition of indifference - the conditioned stimulus must be indifferent Condition of sensory limitation - the absence of extraneous stimuli Condition of brain activity - the active state of the central nervous system

Unconditional inhibition is a type of inhibition of conditioned reflexes that occurs immediately in response to the action of an extraneous stimulus, i.e. is an innate, unconditional form of inhibition. this type of inhibition of conditioned reflexes occurs immediately in response to the action of an extraneous stimulus, i.e. is an innate, unconditional form of inhibition. Conditioned inhibition occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus. occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus. It is called internal because it is formed in the structural components of the conditioned reflex. It is called internal because it is formed in the structural components of the conditioned reflex. Conditional braking requires a certain time to develop. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Higher nervous activity (HNA) - nervous processes that underlie human behavior and ensure adaptability to environmental conditions. The founder of the doctrine of GNI is I.M. Sechenov, in 1863 his book "Reflexes of the Brain" was published. Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.

Conditioned reflexes are reactions acquired during life, with the help of which the body adapts to environmental influences. The indifferent stimulus must precede the unconditioned one. Then it becomes conditional. For the formation of a strong connection, it is necessary to repeatedly reinforce the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. FLASH

Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditioned * Are congenital * Developed throughout life * Are specific, characteristic of all individuals of a given species * Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience * Constant and do not fade during life * Fickle, can disappear (slow down)

Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditioned * Carried out in response to a certain irritation * Formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes * Reflex arcs are closed in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain * Carried out due to the activity of the cerebral cortex

Inhibition of reflexes In the cerebral cortex, along with the processes of excitation, processes of inhibition also take place. There are two types of braking external and internal. 1. External braking (unconditional). Occurs as a result of the action of a new stimulus. A new focus of excitation inhibits the existing focus. For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

2. Internal inhibition develops only in the cortex. A) Conditioned - non-reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned. For example: * If the dog's reflex to light is not reinforced with food, then the reflex weakens and disappears. * The drying up of the reservoir from which the animals drank will lead to the fact that they will stop coming to it, they will find a new reservoir.

B) Differentiation. If one stimulus is reinforced, and the one close to it is not reinforced, then a conditioned reflex reaction will occur only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, according to the nature of the conditional knock on the door, you can determine who came inside or outside.

A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant: a single focus of excitation temporarily dominates in the brain, as a result, the fulfillment of one reflex that is vital at the moment is ensured. There are defensive, food, sexual and other types of dominants.

Insight (from the English. insight - insight, insight). Indicates a sudden insight into the essence of a problem situation. In experiments with great apes, when they were offered tasks that could only be solved indirectly, it was shown that after a series of unsuccessful trials, the monkeys stopped active actions and simply looked at the objects around, after which they could quickly come to the correct solution. So, the famous monkey Imo, instead of picking grains from the sand, threw their mixture into the water, after which he collected the grains from the surface.

The first signaling system delivers information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is associated with the perception of words heard during pronunciation or visible during reading. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to store and transmit information to the next generations, a basis appeared for the development of abstract thinking, consciousness. “Word, wrote I.P. Pavlov, made us human." The main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is associated with the presence of a second signal system in their speech.

Phases of sleep 1) Slow-wave sleep: * Lasts minutes * Muscle and vascular tone decreases * Breathing is even

2) REM sleep: * minutes * Accompanied by involuntary movement of the eyes, fingers * Increased heart rate and breathing. * In this phase, a person sees dreams, small and fast electrical waves appear in the cortex.

Insomnia (insomnia) - the inability to fall asleep or frequent awakenings in the middle of sleep. Reason: stress, neurosis, frequent change of time zones. Drowsiness (hypersomnia) is often attributed to a poor night's sleep. But there is a rare disease - lethargy (a person can oversleep for several years).

There is a version that Nikolai Gogol's lethargic dream was mistaken for his death. This conclusion was reached when, during the reburial, scratches were found on the inner lining of the coffin, pieces of the lining were under Gogol's nails and the position of the body was changed (“turned over in the coffin”). thirty