Children's crusades presentation. Presentation on the history of the "Crusades". History of the crusades

Guiding students about the lesson, setting goals and objectives

Lesson plan:

1. Repetition of the theme “The power of the papal power. Catholic Church and Heretics "

1. The concept of "Crusades"

2. Determining the causes

3. The course of the campaigns, participants and their goals

4. Determination of the consequences of the Crusades

5. Generalization and consolidation of the material

Main part

Organizational moments: the projector is set to show a slideshow by topic. The pupils stand up and greet the teacher, and the teacher of the pupils. The teacher checks the presence of pupils in the lesson.

Examination homework(repetition of the theme "The Power of the Papal Authority. The Catholic Church and Heretics"

How did the church get rich and powerful?

When and why did the church split up?

How did the popes fight for secular power?

What were the heretics opposed to?

How did the church fight the heretics?

What is the Inquisition?

Teacher: today we will learn how the Europeans organized grandiose religious and military expeditions to the East in the XI-XIII centuries.

The topic of our lesson?

Pupils:

The teacher distributes to the pupils fragments from the speech of Pope Urban II on November 18, 1095 in the city of Clermont in France, which kindled in the hearts of European Christians the desire to free the "Holy Land" and "Holy Sepulcher"

Task number 1. Working with a historical document, find out the reasons crusades.

From a speech by Pope Urban 11 at Clermont

"The people of the Franks ... My speech addresses you. From the borders of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople, an important letter came to us ... that the people of the Persian kingdom (Seljuk Turks), a cursed, foreign people, far from God, a brat whose heart and mind does not believe in the Lord, attacked the lands of those Christians (Palestine), devastating them with swords, robbery and fire, and took the inhabitants into captivity or killed ... will help, except you ... You are prompted and called to the feats of your ancestors by the greatness and glory of King Charlemagne ... And your other rulers ... In particular, the holy tomb of the Savior and our Lord, which is now owned by dishonest (Muslim) peoples ... you inhabit (Europe), is crushed from everywhere by the sea and mountain ranges, and as a result of this it has become cramped with your multiplicity: it is scarce in riches, and barely gives bread to its farmers. that you bite and devour each other, wage wars and inflict mortal wounds. Now your hatred may stop, enmity will cease, wars will subside and civil strife will slumber. Take the path to the saint's sepulcher; take that land from the dishonest people and take it under your control. That earth ... "flows with honey and milk." Jerusalem is the most fruitful pearl of the earth, the second paradise ... "

Questions for the class:

1 Why did the Pope encourage Christians to participate in the campaign?

2What did Pope Urban II promise to the participants in the campaign in the city of Jerusalem?

3. Name the reasons for the Crusades.

Task number 2 Working on cards with questions.

Now we will split into several groups and together we will answer questions about the course of the Crusades.

Each group is given a card with tasks.

Tasks for the text of the textbook:

Prepare a message about the campaign of the poor

Prepare a message about the First Crusade. What new states have emerged?

Prepare a message about the emergence of spiritual and knightly orders

Prepare a report on the struggle of Muslim peoples against the crusaders and on the Second Crusade

Prepare a message about the Third Crusade

Prepare a message to the Fourth Crusade

Physical education minute

Task number 3.

Reflection questions guided by the teacher for correct answers:

Why did the crusades die out?

What negative consequences were there in the Crusades?

What were the positive results of the Crusades?

The task of educating morality and respect for representatives of different peoples and religions, the ability to assess the actions of people

Reflection question:

Why did Christians fight Muslims, what was the reason for their hatred for each other?

Are the ideas of the crusaders acceptable to us?

How should relations be built between people of different nations and religions?

Summarizing

Generalizing questions:

Reflection

today I found out ...

it was interesting…

it was difficult…

I completed tasks ...

I learned…

I managed …

I could)…

I was surprised ...

I wanted…

Homework:

View document content
"Presentation for the lesson" Crusades ""

Crusades - grand in scale

religious and military expeditions of Europeans

to the East with the aim of liberation

"Holy Land", "Holy Sepulcher" and colonization

these lands

From the speech of Pope Urban II in Clermont:

" The people of the Franks. From the limits of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople to us

an important letter came. And before it often came to our ears that

people of the Persian kingdom, accursed people, foreign, far from

god, offspring, whose heart and mind does not believe in the Lord, attacked the earth

those Christians, devastating them with swords, robbery and fire, and led the inhabitants

into captivity or killed ... the Church of God or snatched to

grounds, or turned to his worship ... Who can face

labor to avenge and snatch the loot from their hands, if not you ...

inspire and call to the deeds of ancestors the greatness and glory of the king

Charlemagne ... And your other rulers ... Especially to you

must cry out to the holy tomb of the Savior and our Lord, by which

dishonest peoples now own ... The land that you inhabit is crushed

from everywhere by sea and mountain ranges, and as a result of this it became cramped

with your many: in riches it is scarce, and barely gives bread

to their processors. From here comes what you bite each other

and devour, wage wars and inflict mortal wounds. Now can

your hatred will cease, enmity will cease, wars will subside and doze off

civil strife. Take the path to the saint's sepulcher; pluck that land from

dishonest people and subjugate her. That earth ... "flows with honey and milk."

Jerusalem is the most fruitful pearl of the earth, the second paradise ... "

Causes:

• "Seven lean years" - a strip of crop failures,

death of livestock, massive epidemics.

• Invasion of the Seljuk Turks,

request for help from the Byzantines

• Pope Urban II's speech

• Participant of the campaign to receive the remission of sins

First Crusade (1096-1099)

feudal lords from France, Italy, Germany

In several battles, the Seljuks were defeated

along the coasts of Syria and Palestine

formed the kingdom of Jerusalem,

principality of Antioch, county of Edessa,

County Tripoli

Spiritual knightly orders

Templars (Templars)

Hospitallers

Warband

A member of the order is both a knight and a monk

Templars are mostly French

Hospitallers are mostly Italians

Teutons are mostly Germans

The orders obeyed only the Pope

and did not depend on local authorities

Led an ascetic lifestyle

The main thing is the fight for faith

Exempt from paying tithing

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

did not bring significant results

Third Crusade (1182-1192)

Germans - Frederick I Barbarossa

French - Philip II August

Englishmen - Richard I the Lionheart

Results: Captured the island of Cyprus and Acru

Fourth crusade

Instead of liberation

"Holy Land" and

"Holy Sepulcher"

taken by storm

Christian Constantinople

Created the Latin Empire

Children's Crusade (1212)

Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)

Sixth Crusade (1228-1229)

Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)

Eighth Crusade (1270)

Reasons for the extinction of the Crusades:

• Wars with Muslims too

heavy and dangerous

• With the strengthening of royal power

it is more profitable to serve in your country

Aftermath of the Crusades:

Negative:

Huge human sacrifices

Destruction of cities

Positive:

Trade with the countries of the East has revived

Europeans borrowed a lot from the East

(new crops, windmills)

Learned how to make silk, glass mirrors,

better handle metals, improved

castle building

Oriental fabrics spread

learned to take baths and

wash your hands before eating

Crusades against the Gentiles

the Baltic states, against the Hussites, etc.

Generalizing questions:

• What caused the Crusades?
• How many Crusades to the East were organized?
• What new states have arisen in the East?
• What were the consequences of the Crusades?

today I found out ...

it was interesting…

it was difficult…

I completed tasks ...

I learned…

I managed …

I could)…

I was surprised ...

I wanted…

Homework:

fill in the table on page 149

Slide 2

“It happened immediately after Easter. We had not yet waited for the Trinity, as thousands of youths set off on their way, leaving their homes. They chose feat and glory in Christ ... They forgot the worries entrusted to them. They left the plow with which they had recently blown up the earth; they let go of the wheelbarrow that weighed them down; they left the sheep, next to which they fought against the wolves, and thought about other adversaries, the Mohammedan heresy of the strong ... Having laid upon themselves the cross and rallied under their banners, they moved to Jerusalem ... The whole world called them madmen, but they went forward "

Slide 3

This is how David Baker describes the events of 1212 in his novel "The Paths of Tears". In history, this movement has received the name "Children's Crusade".

Slide 4

For quite some time, Europe has learned with dismay about the events taking place in Palestine. Pilgrims returning from the Holy Land told about the persecution and insults that Christians suffered there after the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher

Slide 5

Slide 6

Gradually, the conviction arose of the need to help Christianity in the East and return to the Christian world its most precious and revered shrines. The crusades undertaken by the knights-crusaders were not crowned with success, and in Europe, mainly among the peasantry, they started talking about the fact that only sinless children can liberate the Holy Land ... The initiators of unions of children and adolescents for the trip to Jerusalem are the boys Stephen (according to some sources Shepherd Etienne) - in France and Nicholas - in Germany.

Slide 7

12-year-old Stephen declared himself “God's messenger” and walked with sermons in the north of France, telling that the young and not vicious do not need weapons, Christ himself will give both food and victory, and the sea will part for them. Thousands of enthusiastic children and adults joined Stephen, a huge army (about 30 thousand people) gathered and set off on the road.

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

The participants of the campaign were dressed in simple gray shirts over short pants and large berets, each had a red, green or black cloth cross sewn on their chests; they walked with flags, banners, performing prayers and hymns.

Slide 11

Children's crusade. G. Dore

Slide 12

The children first went to Paris, to King Philip II Augustus (the king ordered the children to go home, the priests persuaded them to abandon the campaign, but in vain ...), and then these detachments of common pilgrims reached Marseilles and boarded ships. Two ships out of seven were wrecked at sea, while the rest instead of the Holy Land arrived in Egypt, where the young pilgrims were sold into slavery. There is a version that this happened by a preliminary conspiracy of merchants, shipowners and Egyptian slave traders.

Slide 13

PHILIP II AUGUST

Slide 14

No less tragic is the history of the German people's army, which, inspired by the speeches of the young preacher Nicholas (he was not even 10 years old, he rode around South Rhine Germany on a huge cart and called for a campaign in the Holy Land ... These events may have formed the basis of the legend of the flutist - the rat-catcher, who took all the children from the city of Gammeln), went to Italy through the Alps, then hoping to reach Palestine by sea. The army numbered about 25 thousand people. In the most difficult transition from cold and hunger, about a third of the pilgrims died, more fortunate were those who decided to return half way ...

CHILDREN'S CROSS TRACKS.

Work completed:

student of 6 B grade

MBOU gymnasium N 30

Ulyanovsk

Gracheva Daria

• Who are the crusaders.
• The reasons for the children's crusade.
• Weapon of the crusaders.
• Stephane from Cloix.
• Results of the Crusades.

WHAT ARE CRUSH TRAVELS?

Crusades- a series of military campaigns in the XI-XV centuries. from Western Europe against Muslims. In a narrow sense - the campaigns of 1096-1291. to Palestine aimed at capturing in the first place Jerusalem(with the Holy Sepulcher), against the Seljuk Turks. In more broad sense- also other campaigns proclaimed by the popes, including later ones, carried out with the aim of converting the pagans of the Baltic states to Christianity and suppressing heretical and anti-clerical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.).

Causes of the Crusades

The need for the Crusades was articulated by the pope Urban after graduation Clermont Cathedral in March 1095 He determined the economic reason for the crusades: European land is not able to feed people, therefore, in order to preserve the Christian population, the conquest of rich lands in the East is necessary. Religious argumentation concerned the inadmissibility of keeping the shrines of Christianity, especially the Holy Sepulcher, in the hands of the infidels. It was decided that the army of Christ would march on August 15, 1096.

• The beginning of the Crusades. Situation in the East. With the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate at the end of the 10th century. Palestine came under the rule of Fatimid Egypt; the enmity of Muslims towards Christians increased. The situation became even more tense after the capture of Jerusalem by the Seljuk Turks (1078). Europe was agitated by stories about the atrocities of Muslims in relation to Christian shrines and the brutal persecution of believers. In 1071-1081, the Seljuks seized Asia Minor from the Byzantine Empire. In the early 1090s, the Byzantine emperor Alexei I Komnenos (1081-1118), pressed by the Turks, Pechenegs and Normans, appealed to the West for help.
• Clermont Cathedral. Taking advantage of the appeal of Alexei I, the papacy took the initiative in organizing a holy war for the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher. On November 27, 1095, at the Cathedral of Clermont (France), Pope Urban II (1088-1099) preached to the nobility and clergy, urging the Europeans to end civil strife and go on a crusade to Palestine, promising its participants forgiveness and eternal salvation. The Pope's speech was enthusiastically received by the crowd of thousands, repeating as an incantation the words "This is what God wants", which became the slogan of the Crusaders.
• Peasant Crusade. Numerous preachers carried the call of Urban II across Western Europe. Knights and peasants sold their property to acquire the necessary military equipment and sewed red crosses on their clothes. In mid-March 1096 crowds of peasants (about 60-70 thousand people), mainly from Rhine Germany and northeastern France, led by the ascetic preacher Peter the Hermit, set out on a campaign, not waiting for the knights to gather. They passed through the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, crossed Hungary and in the summer of 1096 reached the limits of the Byzantine Empire; their path was marked by robberies and violence against the local population and Jewish pogroms. To prevent the atrocities, Alexei I demanded that they not stay anywhere for more than three days; they followed the territory of the Empire under the vigilant supervision of the Byzantine troops. In July, a significantly thinned (almost halved) militia of peasant crusaders approached Constantinople. The Byzantines hastily ferried it across the Bosphorus to the town of Tsibotus. Contrary to the advice of Peter the Hermit, peasant detachments moved to Nicaea, the capital of the Seljuk state. On October 21, they were ambushed by Sultan Kylych-Arslan I in a narrow desert valley between Nicaea and the village of Dragon, and were utterly defeated; most of the peasant crusaders perished (about 25 thousand people).
• First Crusade (1096-1099). The first knightly crusade began in August 1096. Knights from Lorraine, led by Duke Gottfried IV of Bouillon, from Northern and Central France, led by Counts Robert of Normans, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Blois, from Southern France, led by Count Raimund IV of Toulouse and from southern Italy (Normans), led by Prince Bohemond of Tarentum; the spiritual leader of the campaign was Bishop Ademar of Puy. The way of the Lorraine knights went along the Danube, the Provencal and North French ones - through Dalmatia, the Norman ones - along the Mediterranean Sea. From the end of 1096 they began to concentrate in Constantinople. Despite the tense relations between the crusaders and the local population, which sometimes resulted in bloody clashes, Byzantine diplomacy managed (March-April 1097) to get them to take the fief oath to Alexei I and the obligation to return to the Empire all its former possessions in Asia Minor, seized by the Seljuq Turks. By the beginning of May, the crusading troops crossed the Bosphorus and in the middle of the month, together with the Byzantines, besieged Nicaea. The knights defeated the army of Kylych-Arslan I under the walls of the city, but his garrison surrendered not to them, but to the Byzantines (June 19); to pacify the crusaders, Alexei I allocated them part of the booty.

WHO ARE THE CRUSADERS?

The name "crusaders" appeared because the participants of the crusades sewed crosses on their clothes. It was believed that the participants in the campaign would receive forgiveness of sins, so not only knights, but also ordinary residents, and even children, went on campaigns!

KNIGHT'S ORDERS:

Knightly orders- organizations of aristocrats (knights) in Western Europe, created in the period of the XIV-XV centuries.

After the failures of the Crusades, the Crusaders military orders began to idealize and romanticize, and as a result, in the late Middle Ages, the idea appeared chivalry... They had different goals - the fight against pagans, robbers, enemies of this or that king or lord. These orders, differing from one another not only in tasks, but also in numbers, arose, existed for some time, united or obeyed another order on feudal foundations and dissolved, without reaching even a shadow of the power and influence of such orders as the Templars (templars), Teutons and Hospitallers. However, it was from them that the custom began to wear special insignia made of gold and silver, trimmed with precious stones and pearls. These insignia were destined to outlive the knightly orders that established them, and in the end they themselves began to be called orders.

• In May 1212, when the German people's army passed through Cologne, there were about twenty-five thousand children and adolescents in its ranks, heading to Italy to reach Palestine from there by sea. In the chronicles of the 13th century, this campaign is mentioned more than fifty times, which was called the "Crusade of Children".
• In France, in May of the same year, the shepherd Stephen of Clois had a vision: Jesus "appeared" to him in the form of a white monk, ordering him to stand at the head of a new Crusade, in which only children would take part, in order to free him without weapons with the name of God on his lips Jerusalem. Perhaps the idea of ​​the children's crusade was related to the "holiness" and "integrity" of young souls, as well as the judgment that they could not be physically harmed by weapons. The shepherd began to preach so passionately that the children ran away from home after him. The gathering place of the "holy army" was declared by Wand, in which by the middle of summer it was estimated that more than 30,000 teenagers had gathered. Stephen was revered as a miracle worker. In July, singing psalms and gonfalons, they set off for Marseille to sail to the Holy Land, but no one thought about ships in advance. The army was often joined by criminals; playing the role of participants, they lived off the alms of pious Catholics.
• The crusade was supported by the Franciscan Order.
• On July 25, 1212, German crusaders arrived in Speyer. A local chronicler made the following entry: "And there was a great pilgrimage, men and virgins, young men and elders, and they were all commoners."
• On August 20, the army reached Piacenza. A local chronicler noted that they asked for directions to the sea: even in Germany they set out on a campaign, assuring that “the sea would part for them,” as the Lord would help them in achieving their sacred goal. On the same days, in Cremona, they saw a crowd of children who came here from Cologne.
• German children endured terrible hardships crossing the Alps on their way from Germany to Italy, and those who survived the journey faced hostility in Italy from local residents who still remembered the sack of Italy by the crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa. The road to the sea across the plain was much easier for French children. Having reached Marseilles, the participants of the campaign prayed daily that the sea would open up in front of them. Finally, two local merchants - Hugo Ferreus and Guillaume Porkus - "took pity" on them and provided them with 7 ships, each of which could accommodate about 700 knights, to sail to the Holy Land. Then their trail was lost, and only 18 years later, in 1230, a monk appeared in Europe, accompanying the children (both German and French children, in all likelihood, were accompanied by churchmen, although this has not been proven in any way), and said that the ships with young crusaders arrived at the shores of Algeria, where they were already awaited. It turned out that the merchants provided them with ships not out of mercy, but in agreement with Muslim slave traders.
• Most modern researchers believe that the bulk of the participants in the movement were not small children, but at least adolescents and young men, since the word lat. ("Boys") in medieval sources called all commoners (similar to the Russian guys - peasants).

• Young Preacher of the Children's Crusade - Stephen of Cloix.
• In 1200 (or perhaps the next), not far from Orleans, in the village of Cloix (or perhaps elsewhere), a peasant boy named Stephen was born. This is too similar to the beginning of a fairy tale, but this is only a reproduction of the negligence of the then chroniclers and the inconsistency in their stories about the children's crusade. However, the fabulous opening is quite appropriate for a story about a fabulous fate. This is what the chronicles tell us about.
• Like all peasant children, Stefan helped his parents from an early age - he grazed cattle. He differed from his peers only by a little more piety: Stephen was more often than others in church, he wept bitterly than others from the feelings that overwhelmed him during liturgies and processions of the cross. He was shocked by the April "course of the black crosses" - a solemn procession on the day of St. Mark. On this day, prayers were offered for the soldiers who died in the holy land, for those who were tortured in Muslim slavery. And the boy burst into flames along with the crowd, furiously cursing the infidels.
• On one warm May day in 1212, he met a pilgrim monk who was coming from Palestine and begging for alms. The monk began to talk about overseas miracles and exploits. Stefan listened, fascinated. Suddenly the monk interrupted his story, and then suddenly that he was Jesus Christ.
• Everything further was like in a dream (or the boy's dream was this meeting). The monk-Christ ordered the boy to become the head of an unprecedented crusade - a children's one, for "from the lips of infants comes strength against the enemy." There is no need for swords or armor - for the conquest of Muslims, the sinlessness of children and the word of God in their mouths will be enough. Then the numb Stephen took a scroll from the hands of the monk - a letter to the king of France. Then the monk quickly walked away.

Fifth crusade- organized and approved Christian church military campaign in Holy land, held in 1217-1221. Fourth crusade ended with the plundering of Constantinople and the partition of the empire, children's crusade- a disaster. However, Pope Innocent III was still overwhelmed by the desire to expel Muslims from Holy land... In 1213 he published a bull in which he called for a new crusade and demanded that all Christians take part in it. Innocent III also ordered to conduct processions of prayer in order to beg God for release Holy land... The time for this, as it seemed to him, was the most suitable. In the Revelation of St. John the Theologian says about the beast: “He who has a mind, count the number of the beast; for this number is human. His number is six hundred and sixty-six. "

• Ninth crusade, considered by some historians to be part of the Eighth Crusade, was the last major crusade to the Holy Land. Held in 1271-1272.
• Louis IX's failure to capture Tunis during the Eighth Crusade forced Edward, the son of King Henry III of England, to sail for Acre. Further events went down in history under the name "The Ninth Crusade". During it, Edward managed to win a number of victories over Sultan Baybars I. However, in the end, Edward had to sail home, because there he was awaited by urgent matters of succession to the throne, and in Otremere he could not resolve conflicts between the local lords. It can be argued that by this time the spirit of the Crusades was already extinguished. Over the last strongholds of the crusaders on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the threat of complete annihilation loomed.

Results of the Crusades are ambiguous. The Catholic Church has significantly expanded its area of ​​influence, consolidated land ownership, and created new structures in the form of spiritual knightly orders. At the same time, the confrontation between the West and the East intensified, and jihad intensified as an aggressive response to the Western world from the Eastern states. The IV Crusade even more divided the Christian churches, laid in the consciousness of the Orthodox population the image of the enslaver and enemy - the Latins. In the West, a psychological stereotype of mistrust and hostility has been established not only towards the world of Islam, but also towards Eastern Christianity.

Choose the correct answer- The knights belonged to ... Heretics were opponents The church punished heretics Mendicant monastic order were 1st estate 2nd estate 3rd estate Official Church of the Royal Government Separation of churches Fines Excommunication Hard labor Swordsmen Franciscans Crusaders

1. The beginning of the Crusades. In 1095, the Pope made a speech in Clermont and called upon to go to the East, to free the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of the unbelievers. The participants in the campaign received absolution. The path of the knights, dressed in cloaks with crosses, lay in Palestine, where Jesus Christ was buried in Jerusalem. Ecumenical Council of 1095

In the end of the XI century. Europe experienced famine and epidemics. The peasants went to Palestine, wanting to get rid of their masters. The landless knights were interested in Eastern goods and dreamed of plundering rich cities. The dukes wanted to extend their power to the East. current. 2. Participants of hikes. Crusades.

In the spring of 1096, the poor, led by knights, set out on a campaign. They were poorly armed and lacked food supplies. With heavy losses, they reached Constantinople and committed plunder there. The emperor sent them to Asia Minor, where they were killed by the Seljuk Turks. 3.March of the poor. Poor people on the hike.

In the fall of 1096, detachments of knights set out from France and Germany to the East. Having united in Constantinople, they soon defeated the Turks and began to plunder the cities. Many knights remained in the conquered lands. In 1099, the knights approached Jerusalem and after a month's siege took the city. 4. The march of the feudal lords. Sack of Jerusalem. Medieval miniature.

On the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the states of the Holy Cross were formed. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the knights enslaved both Muslims and Christians. The church here owned vast estates, and the population paid the taxes of the king and the tithe of the church. 5.States of the Crusaders. The center of the kingdom was the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The knights were on duty to protect this huge structure, which was of tremendous importance for all Christians. Several dozen monasteries, bishops and abbeys were established around Jerusalem.

For the defense of the possessions, the crusaders began to create orders-Templars, Hospitallers, Teutons. The Templars (Templars) had a residence on the site of a destroyed Jewish temple. Hospitallers opened hospitals for pilgrims. The order was headed by the Great Masters. 6. Spiritual-knightly orders For the members of these orders secular entertainments were prohibited. The orders received privileges from the popes — they did not pay tithes, they received a trial only from the popes, and collected generous donations. The orders quickly grew stronger and began to wage wars with neighboring states and with each other. Knight Templar and Knight Hospitaller.