Automobile spring steel grade. Spring steel. Spring steel grades, classification and applications

This indicator is possessed by carbon and alloyed metal grades.

Alloy and carbon materials

This type of material is used for the production of rigid (power) elastic elements. The reason for this particular application is that the high modulus of elasticity of this steel greatly limits the elastic deformation of the part that will be produced from spring steel. It is also important to note that this type of product is high-tech and at the same time quite affordable in terms of its cost. In addition to being used in auto and tractor construction, this type of material is also widely used for the manufacture of power elements in various devices. Most often, parts that are made from this steel are called by one general name - general-purpose spring steels.

In order to ensure the necessary performance of power elastic elements, it is necessary that the spring steel has a high limit not only of elasticity, but also of endurance, as well as relaxation resistance.

Properties

In order to meet requirements such as endurance, resilience and relaxation resistance, materials with a higher carbon content are used. The percentage of this substance in the product used should be between 0.5 and 0.7%. It is also important to subject this to quenching and tempering. These procedures must be carried out at temperatures from 420 to 520 degrees Celsius.

It should be noted that the martensite hardened spring steel has a low coefficient of elasticity. It increases significantly only on tempering, when the troosite structure is formed. The process guarantees an increase in the ductility of the steel, as well as its fracture toughness. These two factors are important in order to reduce sensitivity to stress concentrators as well as increase the endurance limit of the product. It can be added that positive qualities isometric quenching for lower bainite is also characterized.

Knives

Leaf spring steel has been the most common material for some time, especially among car owners. The manufacture of sharp objects was indeed carried out from old springs that had become unusable for use in a vehicle. The use of knives made of such an unusual material was carried out both for various household needs and for ordinary cutting of products in the kitchen. It was not by chance that the choice fell on this detail. There were several reasons why spring steel became the main material for homemade production.

The first reason is that, due to the poor quality of the roads, such a part as a spring often and quickly fell into disrepair. Because of this, many car owners had an abundance of these units. The parts were just lying in the garages. Availability was the first reason.

The second reason is the spring design, which included multiple sheets of carbon steel. It was from these elements that it was possible to make a pair of sturdy knives.

The third reason is the high elasticity of the spring steel, which allows processing of the material with only a minimum set of tools.

Features of knives

A significant reason why this particular type of steel has become widely used for the production of knives is the composition of the product itself. In production, this composition was named 65G spring steel. As the name suggests, this material is widely used for the production of springs, springs, washers, and some other parts. The cost of this particular steel grade is considered one of the lowest among carbonaceous materials. But at the same time, its characteristics, that is, strength, flexibility and toughness, are at their best. In addition, the hardness of the steel itself also increased. All these features of carbon metal also played a decisive role in the choice of material for creating knives.

Steel 65G

Spring steel 65G is a structural high-carbon steel supplied in accordance with GOST 14959. This grade belongs to the group of spring-spring steels. The two most important requirements for this type of steel are high surface strength as well as increased elasticity. In order to achieve the required strength, up to 1% manganese is added to the metal composition. In addition, in order to achieve all the required indicators, it is necessary to carry out proper heat treatment of parts made from this brand.

The wide and effective use of this type of steel is due to the fact that it belongs to the class of economically alloyed, that is, cheap. The main ingredients of this product are components such as:

• carbon, the content of which is from 0.62 to 0.7%;
• manganese, the content of which does not exceed 0.9 to 1.2%;
• the content of chromium and nickel in the composition is from 0.25 to 0.3%.

Other components that make up the steel are sulfur, copper, phosphorus, etc. These are impurities, the percentage of which is regulated by the state standard.

Heat treatment

There are several modes heat treatment of this type of steel. Any of them is selected in accordance with the production requirements that apply to the finished product. Most often, two methods of heat treatment are used, which guarantee obtaining the necessary properties from a chemical and physical point of view. These methods include normalization and quenching followed by tempering.

When carrying out heat treatment, it is necessary to correctly select the temperature parameters, as well as the time it takes to carry out the operation. In order to correctly choose these characteristics, one should start from what grade of steel is used. Since the material of grade 65G belongs to the hypo-eutectic type, this product contains austenite, presented in the form of a solid mechanical mixture with a small amount of ferrite. Austenite is more solid material in terms of structure than ferrite. Therefore, to carry out heat treatment of 65G steel, it is necessary to create a lower quenching temperature range. Given this fact, similar indicators for this type of metal are from 800 to 830 degrees Celsius.

Tempering mode

How to harden spring steel? It is necessary to create the desired temperature regime, choose the right time, and also correctly calculate the time and temperature of the holiday. In order to give the steel all the necessary characteristics that are set by the future technical conditions for the operation of the part, it is worthwhile to carry out the necessary hardening. To select the appropriate mode for carrying out this procedure, rely on the following characteristics:

• It is not only the hardening method that is important, but also the equipment used to heat the steel.
• Select the required temperature regime for hardening.
• Find a suitable time period for hardening the steel.
• Select the right medium for the hardening process.
• It is also important to choose the right technology for cooling the part after the hardening process.

Spring steel grades

The supply of steel for the manufacture of the spring is carried out in the form of strips. After that, blanks are cut from it, quenched, released and collected in the form of packages. Spring steel grades, such as 65, 70, 75, 80, etc., are characterized by the fact that their relaxation resistance is low, this drawback is especially noticeable when the part is heated. These steel grades cannot be used in environments with temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Celsius.

There are cheap silicon grades 55C2, 60C2, 70SZA. They are used to make springs or springs, the thickness of which will not exceed 18 mm.

Higher quality steel grades include 50HFA, 50HGFA. If we compare with silica-manganese and siliceous materials, then during tempering the temperature is much higher - about 520 degrees. Due to this processing procedure, these steels are characterized by high heat resistance as well as low notch sensitivity.

Spring steel is used for the manufacture of springs, springs, buffers and other parts used in the hardened and tempered state, operating under dynamic and law-changing loads. The specified steel should have high elasticity (yield) and endurance limits with sufficient ductility and toughness. These properties are achieved after heat treatment (quenching and subsequent medium tempering). As a spring-spring, carbon steel with a high carbon content is used, and for critical purposes - alloy steel.

GOST 14959-79 applies to hot-rolled and forged long products with a diameter or thickness of up to 250 mm, as well as calibrated and special surface finishing.

The standard classifies rolled products made of spring-spring carbon and alloy steel according to the processing method, chemical composition and other characteristics.

According to the processing method, rolled products are subdivided into: hot-rolled and forged with a special surface finish, hot-rolled round with a turned or polished surface.

According to the standardized characteristics and application, rolled products are divided into categories 1, 1A, 1B, 2, 2A, 2B, 3, ZA, ZB, ZV, ZG, 4, 4A, 4B. Hire of categories 2, 2A, 2B, 3, ZA, ZB, ZV, ZG is intended for the manufacture of elastic elements - springs, springs, torsion bars, etc .; categories ZA, ZB, ZV, ZG - for the manufacture of vehicle springs and springs; categories 1, 1A, 1B, 4, 4A, 4B - for use as a structural material. Rolled products are manufactured in a heat-treated state (annealed or highly tempered) - categories 1A, 2A, 2B, ЗВ, 4А or without heat treatment - categories 1, 1B, 2, 2B, 3, ЗБ, ЗГ, 4, 4Б.

According to its chemical composition, steel is divided into high-quality and high-quality (at the end of the designation of a high-quality steel grade, the letter A is put). The mass fraction of sulfur and phosphorus in high-quality steel is no more than 0.035% (of each element separately), and in high-quality steel it is no more than 0.025%.

In steel of all grades, the residual mass fraction of copper should not exceed 0.20%, and nickel - 0.25%.

Properties, technical requirements, heat treatment, purpose.

Carbon spring steel is cheaper than alloy steel, but it has low corrosion resistance and low hardenability. It is used only for the manufacture of springs with a small cross section. Alloying steel (with silicon, manganese, chromium, and for critical parts also with nickel, vanadium, tungsten) increases strength properties, hardenability, endurance limit and relaxation resistance.

In the process of relaxation, part of the elastic deformation turns into plastic (residual), therefore, springs and springs can lose their elastic properties over time. Alloyed steels, having increased relaxation resistance, provide more reliable operation of machines, devices, automatic machines than carbon steels.

The endurance limit of spring steel is influenced by the condition of the rolled surface, since external defects can serve as stress concentrators and cause fatigue cracks. Therefore, increased requirements are imposed on the quality of the rolled surface. So, for example, on the surface of rods, strips and coils intended for hot working and cold drawing, there should be no rolled bubbles, rolling captivity, sunsets, rolled and unwound dirt and cracks. The decarburization of the surface also reduces the fatigue strength of the steel, so the depth of the decarburized layer of steels is regulated.

High requirements are also imposed on the macrostructure of steel: on fractures or on etched transverse templates, there should be no remnants of a shrinkage cavity, looseness, bubbles, delamination, cracks and other defects.

It should be noted that the elastic and strength properties of steel increase when using isothermal hardening instead of the usual one. The endurance limit and, consequently, the service life of the springs and springs can be increased by shot blasting and water jet treatment (surface hardening).

Spring steel is used for the production of elastic products, which are characterized by the ability to restore their original shape after twisting and significant bending.

1 What is stainless steel and common spring steel for?

In many modern mechanisms, units and machines, springs and springs, as well as other elastic parts, perform very important functions. Such elements are exposed to variable multiple loads, which leads to their deformation. It is clear that for the normal operation of the mechanism, it is required that after such influences the part returns to its original state (that is, it must restore its initial geometric dimensions and shape).

For the manufacture of parts that do not experience permanent deformation under significant shock and static loads, spring steels are used.

A number of requirements are put forward to them. First, they must resist stress relaxation, have high rates of fluidity, elasticity and endurance. Secondly, such alloys must qualitatively resist the phenomenon of brittle fracture and be characterized by a sufficient level of ductility.

The required yield strength of various grades of spring steels is obtained by quenching, which is complemented by tempering (it is performed, as a rule, at temperatures from 300 to 480 degrees). The choice of just such a temperature range is not accidental. It is proved that in this case the elastic limit of steel becomes as high as possible. And this is exactly what is required for spring-spring alloys.

The steel grades we describe are used for the manufacture of elastic products with a high wear resistance:

• feeding and clamping collets;
• flanges;
• brake bands;
• already mentioned springs and springs;
• bearing housings;
• friction discs;
• thrust washers;
• flanges;
• various gears.

2 Spring steel according to GOST 14959-79

Such alloys are understood as medium and, as well as steels with a low level of alloying. To alloyed compositions State standard 14959 includes the following brands: 70S2XA, 65S2VA, 60S2XA, 50HGFA, 50 HFA, 50 HGA, 60S2G, 60S2A, 55S2A, 70G, 60G, 60S2N2A, 60S2HFA, 55S2GF, 51HFA, 55HGR, 50HG, 70S3A, 60S2. Carbon steels are listed below: 65, 80, 70, 85, 75.

The first two digits in the marking set in fractions of a percent the mass part (average) of carbon in a particular alloy. The letters after the numbers indicate which alloying additives are in the composition, and the numbers after them indicate the content of the elements. Moreover, if its amount is less than 1.5%, the number is not set; if the content of the alloying component is more than 2.5%, the number 3 is put; from 1.5 to 2.5% - number 2.

Rolled steel of spring class steels (sheets, stainless strip, hexagon, square, etc.) are divided into different groups according to the following characteristics:

• by chemical composition: high-quality, high-quality sheet, as well as standardized by indicators (in the latter case, rolled products are additionally subdivided into 14 categories - from 1 to 4B);
• by processing option: hot-rolled strip with polished or turned surface, rolled with special finishing, calibrated, hot-rolled and forged.

Spring steels contain from 0.25 (carbon and medium alloyed alloys) to 1.2 (60S2KhFA, 50KhGA and others) percent chromium, from 0.5 to 1.25 percent manganese, from 0.17 to 2.8 (70C3A) percent silicon, from 0.46 (50XG) to 0.9 (85) percent carbon. Residual nickel in spring rolled products (sheet steel) should be no more than 0.25%, copper - up to 0.20%.

Note that any ordinary and stainless steel, from which elastic elements are made, is checked and standardized by chemical composition. But other characteristics for some categories are not standardized. For example, a strip of categories 1, 1A and 1B is not standardized for the decarburized layer indicator, hardenability, mechanical values ​​on samples that have undergone heat treatment (quenching and tempering).

3 Other requirements for spring steels according to GOST

The relative narrowing of rolled products varies from 20 (65S2VA, 60 C2A) to 35% (stainless steel 50 KhGFA), relative elongation - from 5 to 10%, ultimate strength - from 980 (steel 65) to 1860 (65S2VA) MPA, limit fluidity - from 785 (60G) to 1665 (65S2VA) MPa.

Forged and hot rolled wire, strip and rods must be cut. At the same time, bending of rolled products, burrs are not allowed. In cases where cutting is carried out under hammers or on presses, the strip and rods may have insignificant crumples at their ends. However, the consumer has the right to demand the elimination of this flaw.

The total decarburization in its depth can be as follows:

• for silicon-doped alloys - 2.5% (with a thickness or section of rolled products less than 8 mm), 2% (more than 8 mm);
• for the rest - 2 and 1.5%.

Hot-rolled round bars are produced without a decarburized layer.

Spring steels 55S2 and 55S2A, 50KhGA, 50KhG and 50KhGFA, 60S2A and 60S2 are investigated for austenitic grain index. According to Gosstandart 5639, it should not be higher than the fifth number (for 50HGFA - not higher than the sixth).

The consumer may require that the steel described by us (grades may be different) be produced:

• with regulation of martensitic areas;
• with controlled microstructure;
• with reduced minimum and maximum carbon content;
• with a check for fatigue;
• with the establishment of the elastic limit;
• with limited indicators of contamination of alloys with non-metals.

4 Features of spring-spring steels

High and medium carbon grades of such steels are hardened by plastic cold deformation, which involves the use of waterjet and shot blasting technologies. With this type of processing, compressive stresses (residual type) are induced on the surface of the products.

Almost any spring steel (stainless steel, without special anti-corrosion properties) must undergo a through hardenability procedure. Thereby finished products throughout its section will have a troostite structure.

Quenching in oil at a temperature of 820–870 degrees, combined with tempering at 400–480 degrees, provides an increase in the elastic limit - the most important performance characteristic of the described steels. Isothermal hardening is often used, which guarantees not only high elasticity, but also increased indicators of plasticity, strength and toughness of the material.

70 and 65 stainless steel strip and wire are most commonly used in automotive springs. In the transport sector, silicon spring steel grades are also actively used - 60C2A, 70C3A and 55C2. In principle, they are prone to decarburization, which reduces their elasticity and endurance. But due to the addition of chromium, vanadium and some other elements, all these potential threats are leveled.

• springs for various mechanisms and installations of machine, tractor and automotive industries - 55S2, 50HFA, 50HG, 50HGA;
• heavy loaded springs - 60 С2Г, 60С2А, 60С2, 60С2Н2А, 65С2ВА;
• wear-resistant flat and round springs (a strip is used), functioning at high vibrations - 80, 85, 75.

Finally, we add that the steel grades we have described have two drawbacks:

• poor weldability (in fact, any type of welding does not give the expected results when it comes to spring steels);
• the complexity of cutting (the operation can be performed, but the machinability of springs and other elements in this way is minimal).

Spring steel, the grades of which are applicable in the manufacture of tight products characterized by the restoration of their original shape, with strong bending and significant twisting.

The most important parts in the manufacture of mechanisms that experience variable, repetitive stress, under the influence of which severe deformation occurs. As soon as the load ceases, these elements return to their original shape. There is a feature in the work of these parts that does not allow residual destruction, it should only be elastic. Overestimated requirements are imposed on spring-spring steels during production. Let's figure out what steel the springs are made of?

What is a spring alloy made for?

For the production of parts, both alloy steel and carbon steel can be used, they have increased elasticity, toughness, endurance and ductility. Due to the properties of these types of steel, elastic degradation is limited.

Spring-spring steels are affordable, technologically advanced, with a high limit of relaxation resistance.

Interesting: to obtain high-quality products from carbon and alloy steel, it is quenched at a temperature of 420-520 degrees, and the effect of a troostite structure is obtained.

Spring-spring steels resist fragile fracture and are characterized by increased ductility. They are used to develop products with high wear resistance, for example:

• clamping collets;
• brake rental;
• edges;
• springs and springs;
• persistent washers;
• bearing torso;
• friction discs;
• gears.

Steel grades in accordance with GOST 14959-79

These are steels with a high carbon content, but with low alloying. Gosstandart 14959 means - alloyed alloy of the following grades:

• 3K-7 - used in the production of cold-drawn wire, from which non-hardened springs are made;
• 50HG - produce springs for cars and springs for railway. compositions;
• 50HGA - the purpose in production is the same as for the previous brand of spring steel;
• 50HGFA - produce special springs and spring parts for cars;
• 50ХСА - special-purpose springs and small parts for watch mechanisms;
• 50HFA - make parts with increased load, with the requirements of the highest stability and strength, which operate at high temperatures - up to 300 degrees.
• 51XFA - for spring wire;
• 55S2 - for the production of spring mechanisms and springs used in tractor construction, mechanical engineering, for rolling stock on the railway;
• 55S2A - produce auto springs, springs for trains;
• 55S2GF - for the production of very strong springs of a special direction, autospring;

• 55HGR - produce spring steel strip, the thickness of which varies from 3 to 24 mm;
• 60G - for the production of round and smooth springs, rings and other spring-type developments with high wear resistance and elasticity, for example, braces, bushings, tambourines for braking systems used in heavy engineering;

Interesting: torsion steel, grade 60C2 - high load springs, friction discs, spring washers;

• 60S2A - produce the same products as from steel of the previous type;
• 60S2G - a type of spring steel from which tractor and auto springs are made;
• 60S2N2A - produce responsible springs with high load on the alloy;
• 60S2XA - for the production of highly loaded spring products, which are subject to a constant load;
• 60S2HFA is a round steel with calibration elements, from which springs and spring plates are produced with high responsibility;
• 65 - make parts with increased strength and elasticity, which are operated at high pressure under high statistical loads and strong vibration;
• 65G - make parts that will work without shock loads;
• 65GA - hardened wire for springs;
• spring steel grade - 65С2ВА, high-loaded spring layers and springs;
• 68A - hardened wire for the production of spring devices with a caliber of 1.2-5.5 mm;
• 70 - parts for mechanical engineering, from which increased wear resistance is required;
• 70G - for spring elements;
• 70G2 - produce earth-moving knives and springs for various industries;
• 70S2XA - spring elements for watch devices and large springs for special purposes;
• 70S3A - high load springs;
• spring spring steel grade 70HGFA - wire for the production of heat-treated spring elements;
• 75 - any spring and other parts used in mechanical engineering, which are heavily loaded by vibrations;
• 80 - for the production of flat parts;
• 85 - wear-resistant parts;
• SH, SL, SM, DN, DM - machine springs operating under statistical loads;
• KT-2 - for the production of cold-drawn wire, which is wound without heat treatment.

The first numbers indicate the average carbon content in a particular steel and it is denoted in percentage terms. After the numbers there is a letter indicating the specific alloying additives added to the alloy, and the last number is the content of the additives. It is worth noting that if the alloying binder is less than 1.5%, then the number is not written, the content of more than 2.5% is indicated by a triple, the intermediate value between the first two values ​​is indicated by the number 2.

Spring rolled products, be they non-corrosive strip, sheets, hexagons or squares, are divided into groups with some characteristics:

• chemical composition - first-class stainless steel sheet, which is standardized according to values ​​from 1 to 4B;
• processing method - hot-rolled strip, the surface of which is turned or ground, calibrated rolled products, forged, specially finished rolled products.

Steel 60s2a spring

Stainless spring steel is cheap, with great elasticity, endurance to wear, while it has no temper brittleness. This alloy does not deform under mechanical stress. It is effectively operated at high humidity, as it has a stainless steel coating. It is used at a temperature of no more than 250 degrees, it is used for the production of metal products.

Stainless steel is used for equipment in the marine industry, in medicine, and in the food industry. Its use in these industries is due to its corrosion resistant alloy.

Interesting: resistance is associated with a high content of molybdenum and chromium. The alloy has good resistance to cracking under heavy load.

The heat-resistant stainless steel grade is used in the production of thin sheet rolling, seamless pipes and various tools in the food and chemical industries.

Specifics of spring alloys

High- and medium-carbon types of these alloys are hardened by fine cold destruction, allowing the introduction of shot blasting and hydroabrasive methods. With this type of impact, the residual compression forces are induced on the plane of the products.

In fact, any spring steel (non-corrosive, without special anti-corrosive properties) must undergo a strong glowing operation using a transparent method. Therefore, the finished metal product in its section will have a troostite structure.

Oil quenching at a temperature of 830–880 degrees, combined with tempering at 410–480 degrees, guarantees an increase in the elasticity limit - the main working property of the above steels. Isothermal hardening is often used, which provides not only high elasticity, but also increased data on plasticity, stability and viscosity of the substance.

Non-corrosive tape and alloy 70 and 65 wires are the most commonly used machine springs. In the automotive sector, silicon spring steels of the spring rolling brand - 60C2A, 70C3A and 55C2 are also dynamically used. They are prone to decarburization, which reduces their elasticity and endurance characteristics. But due to the additives of chromium, vanadium and certain components, all these possible dangers are leveled.

Areas of application for spring rolling of the most popular steel grades:

• springs for any devices and assemblies in the machine and automobile construction areas - 55S2, 50HG, 50HGA;
• heavy loaded springs - 60 С2Г, 60С2, 65С2ВА, 60С2Н2А;
• wear-resistant springs are round and flat (a strip is used), acting at increased vibrations - 80, 75.85.

In conclusion, a little about the disadvantages

• poor weldability;
• difficulty in cutting.

“And they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into sickles; the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight ”(Isa. 2,4).

Characteristics for grade 65G (steel 65G)

Chemical composition in% for grade 65G (steel 65G)

Temperature of critical points for grade 65G (steel 65G)

Technological properties for grade 65G (steel 65G)

Foreign analogues of the material steel 65G Attention! Both exact and closest analogs are indicated.

The question very often arises, What material are the blades of the Zbroevy Falvarak workshop made of?... We currently have two galleries that hold samples of our bladed weapons made of high carbon steel:

What kind of steel is used in the manufacture of swords? - In our case, this is steel 65g... This steel is a type of spring-spring steel, it is used to produce: springs, springs, thrust washers, brake bands, friction discs, gears, flanges, bearing housings, clamping and feed collets and other parts that require increased wear resistance. The substitutes for this steel are: steel 70, steel U8A, steel 70G, steel 60S2A, steel 9Khs, 50KhFA, steel 60S2, steel 55S2.

The main ligating element of this steel is manganese, it is contained in the amount of 0.90-1.20%. Manganese in steel 65g is intended for:
At first, to eliminate iron oxides that are formed during the production of cast steel, a certain amount of manganese is usually introduced into the liquid metal, in the form of mirror cast iron or ferromanganese. Part of the manganese of the mirror cast iron deoxidizes the oxides and passes into the slag, while part remains in the steel in the form of a compound with iron or simply as a mechanical impurity.
Secondly manganese increases the hardness, increases the tensile strength and tensile strength, and in addition seals the steel, which is important for spring steel. These properties have the same meaning for the blade of the sword.
In addition to manganese, steel 65g contains a significant amount: silicon (0.17-0.37%) and chromium (no more than 0.25%). Silicon significantly increases the elastic properties of steel, but somewhat reduces the impact toughness. Chromium, in turn, hinders grain growth during heating, increases the mechanical properties of steel during static and shock load, increases hardenability and heat resistance, cutting properties and abrasion resistance. With significant amounts of chromium, the steel becomes stainless and heat-resistant. This steel also contains harmful substances such as forfor and sulfur, these impurities negatively affect the quality of steels, but in modern world in the production of metal, these impurities have become a constant accompanying element of all metals. Fortunately, steel 65g contains a lot of manganese, which largely eliminates sulfur and porcelain from steel.
Of course this steel is not ideal for a sword, however, 65G steel is a steel with increased strength, toughness and wear resistance (at a relatively low cost). This is what is required for tournament (TOURNAMENT) weapons. And at all times they did not use damask and damascus at tournaments.
I would like to note that wear resistance, toughness and strength are that special set of conditions that are needed for a good blade. In the course of discussions about the best steels for blades, opinions are expressed about other options (usually for knives). Various steels with excellent properties are indicated.
All steels require proper heat treatment, so often higher quality steels are not suitable for tournament weapons due to the complex requirements of heat treatment. Blades made from improperly hardened steel break and crumble. While the process of processing steel 65g, worked out in many industries and thoroughly studied by thermists.
That is why the Zbroevy Falvarak workshop produces its swords from 65g steel, the only negative property of which is 65g steel, which is susceptibility to corrosion. However, this property is historical and is a direct difference from modern powder imitation weapons and stainless steel knife steels.
What materials can be used to make blades:

I would like to note: the smaller the blade, the more possibilities for variations of steel grades, since on a small blade, various technological flaws may not matter, unlike a sword.
For example a knife from SHX15, will cut and chop, but a sword or a long knife may simply “burst” or break due to the fragility of this steel.
And so, steel ShKh-15 (bearing steel) is applicable for blades, however, it requires a very high-quality heat treatment; under bending loads it can burst, which is especially typical for swords made of such steel. Where 65g bends and straightens, SH-15 may break. In addition, this steel is rare and difficult to manufacture.
SHH-15, an example from the master blacksmith from the ostmetal.info forum: I made three more blades from SHH15, experimented with just stripes - I am dissatisfied, in my opinion, with great fragility. If I can hang on a 65G blade (and I weigh 82 kg) and still swing my legs, while there is no residual deformation, then a 3mm thick SHX15 strip can be broken in a vice with my hands. Moreover, well, only gaduses bend by 20-30.

Steel R6M5 is a good steel, for example for a knife. However, it requires High Quality heat treatment.
Steel R6M5, an example from a master blacksmith from the ostmetal.info forum: P6M5 is a very good steel, but it must be properly released and then also correctly tempered, the main thing is not to overheat - it will be fragile.And also correctly heat and correctly forge.
Steel R6M5, an example from the master blacksmith from the Hansa forum: R6M5 copes with their tasks perfectly, but they are wrapped in hard wood. They rust moderately. The third version of the knife made of steel R6M5, I decided to make it as it is. Those. the blacksmith forged and gave it away, I didn’t do anything with him, only grinded it. The result is that it is hard to sharpen on bars, well on a diamond. Copes with lemon seeds, but not so well. But the sharpening does not last so long. Hard wood is also good. He opens the banks. RK crouches slightly. So it seems to feel - the knife is close to ideal for tourist and hunting purposes. Probably the disadvantage is retained austenite, because the blacksmith eats, but did not take three vacations.
95x13, 95x18, 110x18(stainless steel) - rather capricious during heat treatment and not all manufacturers know how to do it efficiently. 95Х18Ш was the most popular steel for high-end knives in the mid-90s. However, over time, a drawback emerged - the blade practically cannot be sharpened ... Steel 1 10X18 MShD has a higher carbon content, more wear-resistant additives in concentration (such as molybdenum and silicon), you can harden to a higher hardness than 95X18SH ... and it sharpens better than 95X18SH.
65X13- excellent for knives, requires proper heat treatment.
X12, X12M, X12MF, X12F1- accessible steels that are not highly susceptible to corrosion, i.e. do not rust with minimal blade care. The stamped ones are very good, and if they are still thermocycled, then very good blades come out. However, forging them is difficult, especially by hand, forging in a relatively narrow range, prone to cracking during forging, when overheated above 950 ‘C can easily crumble under impact ...
U8, U10, U12- with proper processing, good knives are obtained.
9XC- it is well forged and forgives a lot in processing, rusts.
Steel 65g, for making knives

Reviews1, hunters: grade 65G - carbon steel. Everything is good: it keeps the sharpening, but it rusts
Feedback 2, hunters: I had a 65G knife, a homemade product of 57 units, not fragile and kept a sharpener. Fragility from improper heat.
From steel 65g, knives are made such personalities as: knife master Titov, master knife artist Innokenty Tatarinov, knife manufacturing enterprises: OOO PP "Kizlyar", so according to the director of OOO PP "Kizlyar" Evgeny Vladimirovich Orlov: Our enterprise is accepted into the Association of folk arts and crafts of Russia. And since 1996 it has been offering the buyer a modern piece of jewelry: designer weapons made by the best Russian craftsmen at the highest artistic level. Take product blades, for example. They are made today from corrosion-resistant and high-alloy steels (65X13, 95X18, 110X18MSh9 and 65G). Also, among the manufacturers of knives made of 65g steel, NOKS-Impex can be noted. In addition, you can add our workshop. Since it is from steel 65g, we make our daggers and knives.
Based on the above reasons, our workshop considers it justified and correct to make swords, sabers, swords, daggers from 65g steel, for the purposes of historical reconstruction. A well-developed technology for the production of a sword, correctly selected steel, are the key to its long-term and pleasant use ...

Steel 65g can be marketed in the following versions.

Steel sheet:

Steel 65g from 0.5 mm. up to 2 mm. - cold rolled, steel 65g from 3 mm. and more - sheet hot rolled.

Other common products of 65g metal trading companies are - circle... GOST 14959-79; DSTU 4738: 007 (GOST 2590-2006).

Wire 65g steel, I managed to work with this wire when I was making my own. It is hard to twist, cut and work. However, by making products with such a wire, you will receive all the benefits of what springs-spring metal means.

Mechanical properties of spring wire: