Presentation on history on the topic "Byzantium under Justinian. The struggle of the empire against external enemies." (6th grade). Lesson topic: “Byzantium under Justinian. " Middle Ages

The birth of an empire The Eastern Roman Empire became
independent state in
395. Its capital
Constantinople once
was called Byzantium. According to the ancient
the name of the capital is
the state was later named
Byzantine Empire or
Byzantium. The Byzantines themselves
called their state
Romeo (Roman) Empire, and
yourself - Romey.

Unlike Western Roman
empire Byzantium not only
withstood the onslaught of the barbarians, but
and existed for more than a thousand
years.
Constantinople
It included the rich and
cultural areas: Balkan
peninsula with adjoining
islands, part of Transcaucasia,
Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine,
Egypt.

Byzantium in the 5th century

Features of the development of Byzantium.

Handicraft products
They were well known in
Western Europe, where
they brought dear
oriental goods.
Here were developed such
crafts as production
glassware,
silk fabrics, fine
jewelry, papyrus.
Constantinople,
located on the shore
the Bosphorus, stood on
intersection of two important
trade routes: land
- from Europe to Asia and
sea - from the Mediterranean
sea to Black. Byzantine
merchants got rich on trade with
Northern Black Sea region,
where they had their city colonies, Iran, India,
China.

The power of the emperor.

Byzantine emperor.
Unlike Western countries
Europe, in Byzantium remained
unified state with despotic
imperial power. Everything
should have been in awe of
emperor, praise him in verse and
songs. The emperor's exit from
palace accompanied by a brilliant
retinues and large guards
turned into a magnificent celebration.
He performed in embroidered with gold and
pearl silk robes with
a crown on my head, a gold chain on
neck and scepter in hand.

Emperor's power

In the throne room
The emperor possessed a huge
power. His power
passed on by inheritance.
The emperor ruled the country with
the help of many
officials. They tried
by all means to gain influence
at the court. The affairs of the petitioners
were resolved with bribes or
personal connections.
Disposing of a rich treasury,
the emperor kept a large
mercenary army and strong
fleet. But there were times when
major warlord overthrew
the emperor himself and himself
became the sovereign.

FEATURES OF BYZANTINE FEUDALISM

- the supreme owner of the land - the emperor;
- state and imperial lands were surrendered in
long-term lease;
- the state widely used the practice of awarding
land for service;
- unlike Europe in Byzantium, the power could confiscate
donated land (most of the feudal privileges are not
was hereditary);
- all feudal lords depended on the central government, there was
hereditary titles;
- the feudal lords did not have their own armies;
- there was property of peasant communities (peasants
were both free and dependent)

Justinian and his reforms

Emperor Justinian
The empire especially expanded its
borders in the reign of Justinian (527-
565).
Smart, energetic, good
educated, Justinian skillfully selected
and directed his assistants.
Under its external accessibility and
courtesy of the merciless and
insidious tyrant.
According to the historian Procopius, he could not
showing anger, “in a quiet, even voice
give the order to kill tens of thousands of
than innocent people. "
Justinian was afraid of attempts on his
life, and therefore easily believed the denunciations and
was quick to kill.

Justinian and his reforms

Justinian and Theodora
Justinian's basic rule
was: "a single state,
one law, one religion. "
Emperor, wanting to enlist
the support of the church, gave her
land and valuable gifts, built
many temples and monasteries. His
the reign began unprecedented
persecution of Gentiles, Jews and
apostates from the teachings of the church. Their
restricted in rights, fired
from service, condemned to death.
The famous school was closed in
Athens is a major center
pagan culture.

Justinian and his reforms.

To introduce uniform for the whole empire
laws, the emperor created a commission of
the best lawyers. V short term she
collected the laws of the Roman emperors,
excerpts from the works of prominent
Roman lawyers with an explanation of these
laws, new laws introduced
by Justinian himself, compiled a short
guide to the use of laws.
These works were published under the general
the title "Code of Civil
rights".
This code of laws has been retained for
the next generations of Roman law.
It was studied by lawyers in the Middle Ages and
New time, making laws for
their states.
Justinian makes laws

Justinian's Wars

Justinian made an attempt to restore
The Roman Empire within its former borders.
Greek fire
Byzantines in battle
Taking advantage of the strife in
kingdom of the vandals, emperor
sent an army on 500 ships
to conquer the North
Africa. Byzantines quickly
defeated the vandals and
occupied the capital of the kingdom
Carthage.
Then Justinian proceeded to
the conquest of the Ostrogoth kingdom
in Italy. His army took
Sicily, southern Italy and later
took possession of Rome. Another army
advancing from the Balkan
peninsula, entered the capital
Ostrogoths Ravenna. Kingdom
the Ostrogoths fell.

Wars of Justinian.

But harassment of officials and robberies
soldiers caused local uprisings
residents in North Africa and Italy.
Byzantine army on the march
Justinian was forced
send new armies for
suppression of uprisings in
conquered countries.
It took 15 years
tense struggle to
completely subjugate
North Africa, and in Italy
it took about 20 years.
Using internecine
fight for the throne in the kingdom
Visigoths, army of Justinian
conquered the southwestern part
Spain.

Justinian's Wars

Peasants at work
To protect the borders of the empire
Justinian built on the outskirts
fortresses, placed in them
garrisons paved to
the boundaries of the road.
Recovering everywhere
destroyed cities, were built
water pipes, hippodromes, theaters.
But the population of Byzantium itself
was devastated by the overwhelming
taxes. According to the historian,
“People ran away in large crowds
to the barbarians, so that only
hide from my native land. "
Riots broke out everywhere
which Justinian is cruel

The invasion of the Slavs and Arabs.

Attack of the Slavs
to the Byzantine fortress
From the beginning of the 6th century to Byzantium
the Slavs attacked. Their squads
even approached
Constantinople.
In the wars with Byzantium, the Slavs
gained combat experience, learned
fight in formation and take by storm
fortress.
From invasions they moved on to
settling the territory of the empire:
first occupied the north of the Balkan
peninsula, then penetrated into
Macedonia and Greece. Slavs
turned into subjects
empire: they began to pay in
treasury taxes and serve in
imperial army.

The invasion of the Slavs and Arabs.

Arab ships besiege a Byzantine city
Arabs attacked Byzantium from the south in the 7th century. They took over Palestine
Syria and Egypt, and by the end of the century - and all of North Africa. From the time of
Justinian's territory of the empire was reduced by almost three times. Byzantium
preserved only Asia Minor, the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and
some areas in Italy.

Constantinople plan

Byzantium under Justinian

CULTURE DEVELOPMENT

Byzantium became the heir to ancient culture.
The state language was Greek.
Schools for children were opened across the country
commoners.
Officials were trained in special schools.
A higher school worked in Constantinople, which became
the university.
High level reached medicine - doctors did
complex operations For the training of doctors in the 11th century.
a medical school was opened.
Chemistry developed in Byzantium (glass production,
paints, "Greek fire", geography (compiled
maps), History (chronicles and other
essays.)

LET'S AGAIN LET'S REPEAT

Negative
quality
Justinian
Merciless and
insidious
Fast for reprisal
Afraid of assassination attempts and
easily believed the denunciations

LET'S REPEAT

Justinian's rule.
"One state,
single law,
one religion ".

The Eastern Roman Empire became an independent state in 395. Its capital, Constantinople, was once called Byzantium.

According to the ancient name of the capital, this state began to be called the Byzantine Empire.

Think!

Why did the Eastern Roman Empire withstand the onslaught of the barbarians?

In the east, the land was less depleted than in the west of the Roman Empire

Slavery is less developed

Handicrafts and trade in cities have survived

The exchange between town and country has survived

The emperor maintained a strong army and a large fleet

The emperor received large incomes from the collection of taxes and duties

The Byzantine Empire included the Balkan Peninsula with adjacent islands, part of the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt. So it was eurasian state with a very diverse population in origin, appearance and customs.

Imperial power in Byzantium

Power could be seized The Emperor is the Chief Justice
Not inherited
Power could be seized
The Emperor is the Chief Justice
Appointed military leaders and high dignitaries
Relied on the christian church

Vasilevs (which in Greek means "emperor") - the official title of the rulers of Byzantium.

Vasilevs has the right

Declare the war

Legislate

Judge for their violation

Make peace

Dispose of the lives of subjects

Appoint and remove any officials

Intervene in the affairs of the Church

Command an army

"One state, one law, one religion"

527 - 565

Resources used

E.V. Agibalova, G.M. Donskoy General history. History of the Middle Ages. 6th grade. - M., Education 2012

Atlas on the history of the Middle Ages. Grade 6 - M., Bustard, 2012

CD History of the Middle Ages Grade 6, LLC "1C-Publishing", 2009, CJSC "1C", 2009

Electronic supplement to the textbook “History. Middle Ages. 6th grade" V. A. Vedyushkin , V. I. Ukolova

http : //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%E8%E7%E0%ED%F2%E8%E9%F1%EA%E0%FF_% E8% EC% EF% E5% F0% E8% FF

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http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0 % BD% D0% BE% D0% BF% D0% BE% D0% BB% D1% 8C # .D0.93.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4_.D0.AE.D1. 81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_. 28527.E2.80.94565.29

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Lesson topic: “Byzantium under Justinian. The struggle of the empire against external enemies. " Middle Ages

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What are the features of the development of Byzantium and the power of the emperor; Who is Justinian and what was his reign; The invasion of the Slavs and Arabs into Byzantium; With whom did Byzantium fight Today you will find out:

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Plan: Features of the development of Byzantium. The power of the emperor. Justinian and his reforms. Wars of Justinian. The invasion of the Slavs and Arabs. Fight against external enemies.

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Features of the development of Byzantium Reasons for the long-term existence of Byzantium In the Eastern Roman Empire, slavery was less developed than in the Western. There was a trade exchange between town and country. Trade and handicrafts existed in towns. The emperor was able to maintain an army and a navy. Byzantium could repel the onslaught of external enemies

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Features of the development of Byzantium In Byzantium, lively, populous cities survived: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, where craft and trade developed.

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Features of the development of Byzantium Constantinople stood at the intersection of two important routes: the land route from Europe to Asia and the sea route from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. Merchants grew rich in trade with the Northern Black Sea region, had their own cities - colonies.

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The power of the emperor. The emperor had tremendous power: He could execute subjects 2. Confiscate their property 3. Displace and appoint people to office. 4. Issued laws 5. Was the supreme judge. 6. He led the army. 7. Defined foreign policy

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The power of the emperor. The emperor performed in silk robes embroidered with gold and pearls, with a crown on his head, a gold chain around his neck and a scepter in his hand.

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Justinian and his reforms. Byzantine emperor from August 1, 527 until his death in 565. Justinian himself in decrees called himself Caesar Flavius Justinian of Alaman, Gothic, Frankish, German, Ants, Alan, Vandal, African Justinian. Mosaic In a church in Ravenna.

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Justinian and his reforms. Justinian gained power in a very difficult time: a small part of the former possessions remained, disagreements began in the church, the local nobility repaired arbitrariness, the peasants fled, riots took place in the cities, and a financial crisis was outlined. Justinian in old age.

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Justinian and his reforms. "One state, one law, one religion." Wishing to be entrusted with the support of the church, he bestowed lands and valuable gifts on them. He built temples and monasteries. Persecution of pagans and Jews, apostates from the church. Closed a school in Athens. Created "Svod civil law»

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Justinian and his reforms. 7. Was engaged in charity work. 8. Reduced taxes. 9. Helped the cities affected by the earthquake. 10. A system of imperial citizenship was created. 11. Women were equal in rights with men, divorce was prohibited. 12. The death penalty has not been abolished.

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Justinian and his reforms. Procopius of Caesarea "Justinian could" in a quiet and even voice order to kill dozens of innocent people "

The reasons for the long existence of Byzantium In the Eastern Roman Empire, slavery was less developed than in the Western. There was a trade exchange between town and country. Trade and handicrafts existed in towns. The emperor was able to maintain an army and a navy. Byzantium could repel the onslaught of external enemies

Byzantine emperor from August 1, 527 until his death in 565. Justinian himself in decrees called himself Caesar Flavius Justinian of Alaman, Gothic, Frankish, German, Ants, Alan, Vandal, African Justinian and his reforms. Justinian. Mosaic In a church in Ravenna.

Justinian gained power in a very difficult time: a small part of the former possessions remained, disagreements began in the church, the local nobility repaired arbitrariness, the peasants fled, riots took place in the cities, and a financial crisis was outlined. Justinian and his reforms. Justinian in old age.

1. "One state, one law, one religion." 2. Desiring to be entrusted with the support of the church, he bestowed lands and valuable gifts on them. 3. Build temples and monasteries. 4. Persecution of pagans and Jews, apostates from the church. 5. Closed a school in Athens. 6. Created the "Code of Civil Law" by Justinian and its reforms.

7. Was engaged in charity work. 8. Reduced taxes. 9. Helped the cities affected by the earthquake. 10. A system of imperial citizenship was created. 11. Women were equal in rights with men, divorce was prohibited. 12. The death penalty has not been abolished. Justinian and his reforms.

Plague (Latin pestis infection) is an acute natural focal infectious disease occurring with an extremely serious general condition, fever, damage to the lymph nodes, lungs and others internal organs, often with the development of sepsis. The disease is characterized by high mortality and extremely high infectiousness. For reference:

1) Carried out reforms in the spirit of the Gospel commandments (restored cities, helped the poor, eased the situation of slaves) and at the same time the population of the empire was subjected to heavy tax oppression. 2) tried to restore the authority of the law, but could not put an end to the abuses of officials. 3) tried to reconcile the differences in the Christian church Let us conclude about the reign of Justinian: