Elizabeth Petrovna's foreign policy presentation. History presentation on the topic "Elizaveta Petrovna". Presentation on the topic
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Elizaveta Petrovna Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761) - the daughter of Peter I, born before the church marriage with his second wife, the future Catherine I. Her father surrounded her and her older sister Anna with brilliance and luxury as future brides of foreign princes, but did not really engage in their upbringing . Elizabeth grew up under the supervision of "mothers" and breadwinners from peasant women, which is why she learned and fell in love with Russian customs and customs. To teach foreign languages, teachers of German, French, and Italian were assigned to the princesses. They were taught grace and grace by a French dance master. Russian and European cultures shaped the character and habits of the future empress.
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Coup At the end of her reign, Anna Ioannovna practically retired. And the actual ruler of the Russian state was Biron. After the death of the empress, no one remembered the daughter of Peter the Great, and the crown passed to Anna's young grand-nephew Ivan the Sixth, and his mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became regent. Nevertheless, power continued to remain in the hands of the hated German. Many Russian nobles, of course, were dissatisfied with this order of things, pinned their hopes on the princess and decided to bring the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna closer by arranging a palace coup. In those days, her close associates were Dr. Lestok and the music teacher Schwartz, as well as the entire grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Bursting into the Winter Palace, she proclaimed herself the new empress, and the young Ivan and his mother were arrested.
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Domestic policy Upon accession to the throne, Elizaveta Petrovna abolished the Cabinet of Ministers by personal decree and restored the Government Senate, "as it was under Peter the Great." In order to consolidate the throne for her father's heirs, she summoned her nephew, the 14-year-old son of Anna's elder sister, Peter Ulrich, Duke of Holstein, to Russia and declared him her heir as Peter Fedorovich. The empress transferred all executive and legislative power to the Senate, and she herself indulged in festivities: having gone to Moscow, she spent about two months in balls and carnivals, culminating in the coronation on April 25, 1742 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
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Innovations In the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, fundamental reforms in the state were not carried out, but there were some innovations. In 1741, the government forgave the arrears to the peasants for 17 years, in 1744, by order of the Empress, the death penalty was abolished in Russia. Nursing homes and almshouses were built. On the initiative of P.I. Shuvalov, a commission was organized to develop new legislation, noble and merchant banks were established, internal customs were destroyed and duties on foreign goods were increased, and recruitment duty was facilitated. The nobles again became a closed privileged class, acquired by origin, and not by personal merit, as was the case under Peter I.
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Foreign policy During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, Russia significantly strengthened its international position. The war with Sweden that began in 1741 ended with the conclusion of peace in Abo in 1743, according to which part of Finland was ceded to Russia. As a result of the sharp strengthening of Prussia and the threat to Russian possessions in the Baltics, Russia, on the side of Austria and France, took part in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), which demonstrated the power of Russia, but cost the state very dearly and gave it practically nothing. In August 1760, Russian troops under the command of P.S. Saltykov defeated the Prussian army of Frederick II and entered Berlin.
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Personal life The personal life of Elizabeth Petrovna did not work out: Peter I tried to pass her off as the French dauphin Louis XV, but this did not work out. Then she rejected the French, Portuguese and Persian pretenders. Finally, Elizabeth agreed to marry the Holstein prince Karl-August, but he suddenly died ... At one time, her marriage to the young emperor Peter II, who fell passionately in love with his aunt, was discussed. Elizaveta Petrovna was in a secret morganatic marriage with A.G. Razumovsky, from whom (according to some sources) they had children who bore the name Tarakanovs. In the XVIII century. two women were known under this surname: Augusta, who, at the behest of Catherine II, was brought from Europe and tonsured to the Moscow Pavlovsk Monastery under the name Dosifei, and an unknown adventurer who declared herself in 1774 the daughter of Elizabeth and claimed the Russian throne. She was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where she died in 1775, hiding the secret of her origin even from the priest.
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Children Probably, those who are not familiar with the atmosphere prevailing at the Russian court in the middle of the 18th century will be surprised: what kind of offspring are we talking about when the empress was childless and unmarried. However, everything is not so clear. Most of the courtiers believed that the Empress, long before she ascended the throne, was in a church marriage with the Ukrainian shepherd Alexei Rozum, to whom she later presented the title of Prince Razumovsky. And the continuation of this story was the children of Elizabeth Petrovna. Although these were only guesses, and no evidence existed. But after her death, impostors appeared in society every now and then, who declared themselves her heirs.
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Princess Tarakanova From history, many people know that after the death of Elizabeth in St. Petersburg, a certain girl appeared who called herself her daughter, and that she was subsequently imprisoned by Catherine II in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The Tretyakov Gallery has a painting by the famous artist Konstantin Flavitsky, which is called “Princess Tarakanova”. But why did the girl bear this surname? And if she were the daughter of the Empress, would Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova allow this? Her children were allegedly conceived either by Alexei Razumovsky (her morganatic husband) or by one of the Shuvalov brothers.
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Son of Elizabeth By the way, rumors also revolved around the name of Tsarevich Paul the First. Gossip was spread in the yard that he was the son of Elizabeth Petrovna. This rumor was facilitated by talk that there was never a marital relationship between Peter the Third and his wife Catherine. Of course, the child could have been conceived from one of the lovers of the future empress, but the special attitude of the reigning empress to her “great-nephew” fueled such conjectures. Unfortunately, during the time of Elizabeth Petrovna, it was not possible to conduct a genetic test, so this remained a mystery to everyone.
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Conclusions The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna can be considered quite favorable for the Russian Empire. The biography of Elizabeth itself is fascinating and interesting. A bright person and a significant historical figure. We can say that it was a rather curious, but at the same time an important period in the history of the Russian state. This indicates that she inherited some traits of nature from her great father, including a love of reform.
"Cossack" means "free", "brave, freedom-loving person", "daring warrior". The Cossacks arose at the behest of the government - by decree of Queen Elizabeth Petrovna in 1746 to protect the Russian borders from nomads. The Cossacks were enrolled mainly peasants Cossacks settled in the villages, fortresses and redoubts and were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding
Governing bodies of the Cossack army Great Military Circle Council of Atamans Troop Ataman Ataman Board Military Headquarters Economic Council Council of Elders Audit Commission Cossack Circle - a general meeting of the Cossacks, which took place on the Maidan. Maidan - a large square, usually in front of the church Ataman - the main one in the Cossacks. Esaul is the chieftain's assistant. (Ataman and Yesauls were elected at the Cossack circle for 1-2 years.)
Traditions of the Cossacks The birth of a boy among the Cossacks was considered a great happiness, since every man at birth received a land allotment - "share". From the age of two, he was regularly put on a horse so that he would get used to the saddle. At the birth of a boy, it was customary to buy a horse so that they would get used to each other. The authority of the father and mother was the most important thing the Cossacks put. The godmother taught her daughter the housework, while her own mother was busy with the housework. Well, the godfather taught his son the art of war, so that he was a brave fighter Before the elders they took off their hats, they gave way, because the word of the elder is the law. They also respected the elder sister, she replaced the mother, fiddled with the children, was a craftswoman. For children, those who dabbled, an outside Cossack could tear his ears.
Papakha - headdress of the Don Cossack Kubank - headdress of the Kuban Cossack Burka Kazakin - for the Don Cossacks Beshmet - for the Terek and Kuban Cossacks The bashlyk for the Don Cossacks is steel gray, for the Kuban Cossacks it is red, for the Terek Cossacks it is blue.
Christmas time The Cossacks celebrated Christmas time especially on a large scale, they organized mass festivities, competitions on horseback. The girls devoted their nights to divination. Almost all celebrations were associated with fortune-telling among the Cossacks. They did not miss the opportunity to lower a wreath on Ivan Kupala, roll an apple in an apple store, in order to find out their fate. October 14 - Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Holiday of the Cossacks of all troops. It is celebrated as the Victory Day of 5.3 thousand Cossacks over 150 thousand Turks at the end of September 1641 in the fortress of Azov.
Cossack commandments. Each member of the Cossack society must know and follow the main principles of Cossack morality, which basically has the norms of Christian morality. 1. Love Russia, for she is your mother, and nothing in the world will replace her for you; 2. HONOR AND GOOD NAME FOR A COSSACK IS MORE DEARER than LIFE. Each member of the Cossack society must know and follow the main principles of Cossack morality, which basically has the norms of Christian morality. 1. Love Russia, for she is your mother, and nothing in the world will replace her for you; 2. HONOR AND GOOD NAME FOR A COSSACK MORE THAN LIFE 3. COSSACKS ALL ARE EQUAL IN RIGHTS. REMEMBER: "There is NO PRINCE, NO SLAVE, BUT ALL SERVANTS OF GOD!" 3. COSSACKS ALL ARE EQUAL IN RIGHTS. REMEMBER: "There is NO PRINCE, NO SLAVE, BUT ALL SERVANTS OF GOD!" 4. SERVE FAITHLY TO YOUR PEOPLE, AND NOT LEADERS 5. THEY JUDGE ALL COSSACKS AND PEOPLE BY YOU 4. SERVE FAITHFULLY YOUR PEOPLE, NOT LEADERS 5. THEY JUDGE ALL COSSACKS AND PEOPLE BY YOU 6. Keep your word. THE COSSACK'S WORD IS EXPENSIVE 7. HONOR THE ELDERLY, RESPECT OLD AGE 8. DIE AND SAVE YOUR FRIEND 6. KEEP YOUR WORD. THE WORD OF THE COSSACK IS EXPENSIVE 7. HONOR THE ELDER, RESPECT OLD AGE 8. DIE, AND RESCUE YOUR COMRADE 9. KEEP THE FAITHFUL OF THE ANCESTORS, DO THE CUSTOMS OF YOUR PEOPLE 9. KEEP THE FAITHFUL OF THE ANCESTORS, DO THE CUSTOMS OF YOUR PEOPLE 10. BE HARD-WORKING. KEEP UP 11. TAKE CARE OF YOUR FAMILY. SERVE HER BY EXAMPLE 10. BE HARD WORKING. KEEP UP 11. TAKE CARE OF YOUR FAMILY. SERVE HER BY EXAMPLE
In 1756-1763, the Anglo-French war for the colonies began. Two coalitions participated in the war: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria and Sweden with the participation of Russia. In 1756 Frederick II attacked Saxony without declaring war. In the summer of that year, he forced her to capitulate. 1 Sept. 1756 Russia declared war on Prussia. In 1757, Friedrich defeated the Austrian and French troops and sent the main forces against Russia. In the summer of 1757, the Russian army under the command of Apraksin entered East Prussia. Aug 19 The Russian army was surrounded at the village. Gross-Egersdorf and only with the support of the reserve brigade Rumyantseva escaped from the encirclement. The enemy lost 8 thousand people. and stepped back. Apraksin did not organize the persecution and retreated to Courland himself. An Englishman Fermor was appointed the new commander. In the beginning. 1758 Russian troops captured Koenigsberg, then all of East Prussia. East Prussia received the status of a province of Russia. In 1758, at the village. Kunersdorf fought battles that did not bring victory to either side. Fermor was then removed. The army was headed by PS Saltykov. Aug 1 1759 60 thousand Russian army at the village of Kunersdorf against 48 thousand Prussian army gave a pitched battle. the army of Frederick II was destroyed: only 3 thousand soldiers remained. Saltykov for the slow advance of troops to Berlin is removed and Buturlin is appointed. 28 Sept. 1760 - the capture of Berlin took place; he was briefly captured by the corps of General Chernyshov, who seized military depots. However, as Frederick approached, the corps retreated.
1. Domestic policy Elizaveta Petrovna began her reign with a reduction in the poll tax The inviolability of serfdom But the use of serf labor in industry is limited The number of ascribed peasants Elizaveta Petrovna ()
New privileges of the nobility: -Shortened the term of public service in the army, navy, in the management system -Nobles received the right to exile delinquent nobles to Siberia -Nobles could sell peasants to others for recruitment -Transfer of state-owned factories to nobles -Introduced a monopoly of nobles on distillation
Reforms in the field of economy: -Customs were abolished -Dozens of new metallurgical plants appeared -The number of cloth, sailing and linen, paper and textile manufactories grew (Petersburg, Moscow, Kaluga, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Serpukhov, cities of Siberia) Ivanovo manufactories
In 1742, 14-year-old Karl Peter arrived in Russia On the Holstein line, he was the great-grandson of the Swedish king Karl 12 He was prepared to occupy the Swedish throne: he studied Swedish, was brought up in the Lutheran faith, he considered Holstein to be his homeland, and Lutheranism - his native religion The Lutheran Church Sts. Peter and Paul, Starosadsky lane, 7(Moscow)
2. Foreign policy of Russia in the years. The first test for the new government in the international sphere was the war with Sweden. Sweden wanted to return those lands in the Baltic states that it had ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Nystadt. The borders of Sweden before the war are marked in yellow, Russia is marked in dark green, the lands ceded to Russia under the terms of the Treaty are shaded
In the mid 1750s. in the political arena of Europe, the statesmanship and military talent of the Prussian king Frederick II the Great shone. He created a strong army. He strove to capture the nearby German principalities.
But intrigues began against Saltykov The advance detachment of General Z.Kh.
3. Popular indignation Causes: -Luxury of the court and the upper classes of society -A huge army -Waging wars Result: -Expenses increased -Increase in taxes -Increase in arrears -Strengthening the power of the nobles -Growth of corvee -Massive escapes of peasants -Discontent in national regions
5. Peter 3: half a year on the throne In 1761, Elizaveta Petrovna died The grandson of Peter 1, Peter Fedorovich, Peter 3, ascended the throne 9 years later, Peter 3 and Catherine 2 had a son, Pavel (although Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov was considered the father) Elizaveta Petrovna, disappointed in her nephew, she hatched plans to transfer power to her grandson, Pavel 1 She was engaged in his upbringing Pavel 1
The reforms of Peter 3: -Destroyed the Secret Chancellery -Prohibited industrialists from buying serfs to manufactories -Introduced a ban on the oppression of Old Believers -Prepared a project for the secularization of church lands -Issued the "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility" in 1762. But Peter 3 did not have a strong support in society Opposition made up: elite - Guards - clergy - Wife Ekaterina Alekseevna
On June 28, 1762, they carried out a palace coup. Peter 3 at that time was in Oranienbaum. Realizing that the coup had taken place, Peter asked to be released to Holstein. But the emperor was arrested and transported to a country palace in the town of Ropsha. Here the emperor spent only seven days The palace in Ropsha
Elizaveta Petrovna (December 18, 1709, Kolomenskoye December 25, 1761, St. Petersburg) Russian Empress from November 25, 1741, from the Romanov dynasty, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. At the age of eight, Princess Elizabeth already drew attention to herself with her beauty. In 1717, both daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, met Peter, returning from abroad, dressed in Spanish attire. Then the French ambassador noticed that the youngest daughter of the sovereign seemed unusually beautiful in this outfit. In the following year, 1718, assemblies were introduced, and both princesses appeared there in dresses of different colors, embroidered with gold and silver, in headdresses that shone with diamonds. Everyone admired the art of Elizabeth in dancing. In addition to ease of movement, she was distinguished by resourcefulness and ingenuity, constantly inventing new figures. The French envoy Levi then remarked that Elizabeth could have been called a perfect beauty, if not for her snub nose and reddish hair.
Education The upbringing of the princess was not particularly successful, especially since her mother was completely illiterate. But she was taught in French, and Catherine constantly insisted that there were important reasons for her to know French best. The reason for this was the strong desire of her parents to marry Elizabeth to someone from the French royal blood. However, to all persistent proposals to intermarry with the French Bourbons, they answered with a polite but decisive refusal. In all other respects, Elizabeth's education was a little burdensome; she did not receive a decent systematic education. Her pastimes were: riding, hunting, rowing and caring for her beauty.
Before accession to the throne After the marriage of her parents, she bore the title of princess. The will of Catherine I in 1727 provided for the rights of Elizabeth and her offspring to the throne after Peter II and Anna Petrovna. In the last year of the reign of Catherine I and at the beginning of the reign of Peter II, there was a lot of talk at court about the possibility of marriage between an aunt and a nephew, who at that time had friendly relations. After the death of Peter II, betrothed to Ekaterina Dolgorukova, from smallpox in January 1730, Elizabeth, despite the will of Catherine I, was not actually considered as one of the contenders for the throne, which was transferred to her cousin Anna Ioannovna. In her reign (gg.) Tsesarevna Elizabeth was in disgrace; those dissatisfied with Anna Ioannovna and Biron had high hopes for the daughter of Peter the Great.
Accession to the throne Taking advantage of the decline in authority and influence of power during the regency, on the night of November 25, 32-year-old Elizabeth, accompanied by Count M.I. Vorontsov, life physician Lestok and his music teacher Schwartz with the words “Guys! You know whose daughter I am, follow me! As you served my father, serve me with your fidelity!” raised a grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment behind her. Encountering no resistance, with the help of 308 loyal guards, she proclaimed herself the new queen, ordering the young Ivan IV to be imprisoned in the fortress and the entire Braunschweig family (relatives, including the regent Anna Leopoldovna) and her adherents to be arrested. The favorites of the former Empress Minich, Levenwolde and Osterman were sentenced to death, replaced by exile in Siberia in order to show Europe the tolerance of the new autocrat. Coronation dress of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1742
The reign of Elizabeth almost did not deal with state affairs, entrusting them to her favorites - the brothers Razumovsky, Shuvalov, Vorontsov, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Elizabeth proclaimed a return to the Petrine reforms as the main principles of domestic and foreign policy. The role of the Senate, the Berg and Manufacture Colleges, and the Chief Magistrate were restored. The Cabinet of Ministers has been abolished. The Senate received the right of legislative initiative. During the Seven Years' War, a permanent conference arose, standing above the Senate Conference at the highest court. The heads of the military and diplomatic departments and persons specially invited by the Empress took part in its work. The activities of the Secret Chancellery became invisible. The significance of the Synod and the clergy increased, and schismatics were severely persecuted. The synod took care of the material support of the clergy, monasteries, and the spread of spiritual education among the people. During the reign of Elizabeth, work was completed on a new Slavic translation of the Bible, which had begun under Peter I in 1712. The Elizabethan Bible, published in 1751, is still used with minor changes in the services of the Russian Orthodox Church. Ruble of Elizabeth I in gold. 1756
In 1741, the empress adopted a decree allowing Buddhist lamas to preach their teachings on the territory of the Russian Empire. All lamas who wished to come to Russia were sworn allegiance to the empire. The decree also exempted them from paying taxes. At the same time, in 1742, a decree was adopted on the expulsion of all citizens of religion with permission to remain only for those who want to convert to Orthodoxy. The 2nd census of the taxable population was carried out in the years. In the late 1740s - the first half of the 1750s, a number of serious transformations were carried out on the initiative. In 1754, the Senate adopted a resolution developed by Shuvalov on the abolition of internal customs duties and petty fees. This led to a significant revival of trade relations between the regions. The first Russian banks were founded - Noble (Loan), Merchant and Copper (State). In 1744, a decree was issued banning fast travel around the city, and fines began to be taken from those who swore in public.
A tax reform was implemented, which made it possible to improve the country's financial situation: the fees for concluding foreign trade transactions were increased to 13 kopecks per 1 ruble (instead of the previously charged 5 kopecks). The tax on salt and wine was raised. A new commission was created in the city to draw up the Code, which completed its work by the end of the reign of Elizabeth, but the process of transformation was interrupted by the Seven Years' War (). In social policy, the line of expanding the rights of the nobility continued. In 1746, the right to own land and peasants was assigned to the nobles. In 1760, the landlords received the right to exile the peasants to Siberia, counting them instead of recruits. Peasants were forbidden to conduct monetary transactions without the permission of the landowner. Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna by Charles van Loo A tax reform was carried out, which made it possible to improve the financial situation of the country: the fees for concluding foreign trade transactions were increased to 13 kopecks from 1 ruble (instead of the previously charged 5 kopecks). The tax on salt and wine was raised. A new commission was created in the city to draw up the Code, which completed its work by the end of the reign of Elizabeth, but the process of transformation was interrupted by the Seven Years' War (). In social policy, the line of expanding the rights of the nobility continued. In 1746, the right to own land and peasants was assigned to the nobles. In 1760, the landlords received the right to exile the peasants to Siberia, counting them instead of recruits. Peasants were forbidden to conduct monetary transactions without the permission of the landowner.
In 1755, the factory peasants were assigned as permanent (session) workers at the Ural factories. The death penalty was abolished (1756), and the mass practice of sophisticated torture was stopped. Under Elizabeth, military schools were reorganized. In 1744, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools. The first gymnasiums were opened: in Moscow (1755) and Kazan (1758). In 1755, on the initiative of I. I. Shuvalov, the Academy of Arts was founded, and in 1760. On August 30, 1756, a decree was signed on the beginning of the creation of the structure. Outstanding cultural monuments have been created (the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo and others). Support was provided to MV Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, Elizabeth was less involved in issues of state administration, entrusting it to P. I. and I. I. Shuvalov, M. I. and R. I. Vorontsov and others. Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna
In general, the domestic policy of Elizabeth Petrovna was characterized by stability and focus on increasing the authority and power of state power. According to a number of signs, we can say that the course of Elizabeth Petrovna was the first step towards the policy of enlightened absolutism, which was then carried out under Catherine II. Empress Elizabeth was the last ruler of Russia, who was Romanova "by blood." On November 19, 1742, Elizabeth signed a decree on the destruction of all mosques in the territory of the Kazan province and the prevention of the construction of new ones. Luka Konashevich began a feverish execution of the Decree within two years, out of 536 mosques in the Kazan district, 418 were destroyed (“History of Tataria”).
At the turn of the 18th century there were more than 60 uprisings of monastic peasants. In the years twice there were uprisings in Bashkiria. In the years unrest was observed at 54 factories in the Urals (200 thousand ascribed peasants). Social unrest
Foreign policy Ivan Vishnyakov. Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna Russian-Swedish War () In the city of Prussian King Frederick II decided to take advantage of the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI to capture Silesia. Started. Hostile to Austria, Prussia and France tried to persuade Russia to take part in the conflict on their side, but they were also satisfied with non-intervention in the war. Therefore, French diplomacy tried to push Sweden and Russia in order to divert the attention of the latter from European affairs. Sweden declared war on Russia. Russian troops under the command of General Lassi defeated the Swedes in Finland and occupied its territory.
Abo Peace Treaty () 1743 ended the war. The treaty was signed in the city of Abo (now) on the part of Russia by A.I. and I., on the part of Sweden by G. and E.M. Prince, cousin uncle of the Russian heir Peter III Fedorovich. Mr. Adolf was elected heir to the Swedish throne, which opened the way to a final agreement. Article 21 of the peace treaty established eternal peace between countries and obligated them not to enter into hostile alliances. Confirmed in 1721. The Kymenegorsk province with the cities of Friedrichsgam and Wilmanstrand, part of the Savolak province with the city of Neishlot, departed to Russia. The border runs along the river. Kymmene. The beginning of the accession of Kazakh lands to Russia Even in Anna Ioannovna signed a letter of acceptance of the Junior Kazakh zhuz into Russia. Khan Zhuz Abulkhair and the foremen swore allegiance to Russia. In the years, he voluntarily entered Russia; were built (1743) and a fortress on the river Yaik.
In the city of the Anglo-French war for the colonies. Two coalitions participated in the war: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden and Saxony with the participation of Russia. Frederick II attacked Saxony without declaring war. In the summer of that year, he forced her to capitulate. Russia declared war on Prussia. In Friedrich defeated the Austrian and French troops and sent the main forces against Russia. In the summer of 1757, the Russian army under the command of Apraksin entered East Prussia. The Russian army was surrounded at the village. Gross-Egersdorf and only with the support of the reserve brigade P. A. Rumyantsev escaped from the encirclement. The enemy lost 8 thousand people. and stepped back. Apraksin did not organize the persecution, and he himself retreated to Courland. Elizabeth will remove him and put him under investigation. An Englishman V.V. Fermor was appointed the new commander. Seven Years' War ()
At the beginning, Russian troops captured Koenigsberg, then all of East Prussia, whose population even swore allegiance to the empress. East Prussia received the status of a province of Russia. In August, a battle took place near the village of Zondorf, in which the Russians won. Some rulers of Germany often toasted the Germans who won at Zondorf, but these statements were erroneous because the army that occupied the battlefield after the battle is considered the winner. The battlefield was occupied by the Russian army (this battle is described in detail by Valentin Pikul in the novel "Pen and Sword"). At the beginning of the battle, Fermor, together with the Austrian ambassador to the Russian army, fled from the battlefield. The victory was won by an army without a commander-in-chief. Fermor was subsequently suspended. During the battle, Frederick II said the famous phrase: “It’s not enough to kill a Russian, you also need to knock down a Russian. I see killed Russians, but I don’t see defeated Russians.”
The army was headed by P.S. Saltykov. On August 1, 1759, the 58,000-strong Russian army fought a general battle against the 48,000 Prussian army near the village of Kunersdorf. The army of Frederick II was destroyed: only 3 thousand soldiers remained. Seydlitz's cavalry was also destroyed. Saltykov for a defiant attitude towards the Austrian troops and a delay in advancement, A. B. Buturlin was removed and appointed. there was a capture of Berlin; it was briefly captured by the corps of General Z. G. Chernyshev, who seized military depots. However, as Frederick approached, the corps retreated. In December, Elizabeth died from a chronic illness that was not established by the medicine of those times. Ascended to the throne. The new emperor returned to Frederick all the conquered lands and even offered military assistance. Only a new palace coup and accession to the throne prevented Russia's military actions against the former allies of Austria and Sweden.
Personal life According to contemporaries and historians, in particular, the Minister of Public Education, Count Uvarov (the author of the formula), Elizabeth was in a church morganatic marriage with. According to some historical sources of the 1770s-1810s, she had at least two children: a son from Alexei Razumovsky and a daughter from Count Shuvalov. Subsequently, she took under her personal guardianship two sons orphaned in 1743 and the daughter of a chamber junker: Peter, Alexei and Praskovya. However, after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, many impostors appeared who called themselves her children from marriage with Razumovsky. Among them, the most famous figure was the so-called Princess Tarakanova. The reign of Elizabeth was a period of luxury and excess. At the court, regularly held -, and in the first ten years, the so-called "metamorphoses", when the ladies dressed up in men's suits, and the men in women's suits. Elizaveta Petrovna herself set the tone and was a trendsetter. The Empress' wardrobe included up to 45,000 dresses. Unknown artist Portrait of Alexei Grigoryevich Razumovsky, mid-18th century
On November 7 (November 18), 1742, Elizabeth appointed her nephew (the son of Anna's sister) Duke of Holstein Karl-Peter Ulrich (Peter Fedorovich) as the official heir to the throne. His official title included the words "Grandson of Peter the Great". Equally serious attention was paid to the continuation of the dynasty, to the choice of a wife (the future Catherine II) and to their son (the future Emperor Pavel Petrovich), whose initial upbringing was given great importance.
