The history of the emergence and development of batik. Brief history of batik as a technique. Description of creative work

Since time immemorial, people have learned to paint and decorate fabrics, making this occupation one of the most important crafts. The first masters of dyeing and printing of fabrics lived in the territories of modern China and India. Scientists have established that natural dyes were discovered and began to be used several millennia BC. Many have heard of the Indonesian island of Java. This place is considered to be the world center of the birth of batik. The very word appeared there. Literally translated into Russian, it means a drawing procedure using hot wax. From the Javanese, this art was adopted by the Indians and the Chinese, the Egyptians and the inhabitants of ancient Peru.

Most historians agree that the origin of batik should be attributed to the XIII-XIV centuries. However, it reached wide distribution only after several centuries - by the 17th century. It was then that a special instrument was created, which in the local dialect was called "chan-ting". It was designed to apply patterns to the surface of the fabric using molten wax. Externally, the chan-ting was a small copper container equipped with a handle made of bamboo or wood, and also had several curved spouts. Currently, the use of this tool has faded into the background, as the most popular in Java has become stamping "chap".

How is fabric painting done?

When designing fabrics, craftsmen use a reserve of various mixtures. They cover those parts of the fabric that remain unpainted. The composition of this reserve may include a variety of components: plant and wood resins, paraffin, beeswax. The reserve is designed to impregnate the matter and reliably protect it from the effects of paint.

When the fabric is prepared, it is dipped into the paint, and after some time the existing reserve is removed. A white drawing remains on the canvas, while the rest of the background is completely painted over.

Despite the fact that stamping has been widely used recently, fabrics are often hand-painted. There are several ways to hand-paint, and each has its own characteristics.

When the reserve has the form of a closed contour applied to the fabric, and already inside it the product is to be painted - this is cold batik. Drawings in this technique are distinguished by clear graphics, and the number of colors used is not limited. If the reserve serves both to apply the contour and to cover individual sections of the fabric, such painting is called hot batik. With free painting, patterns are applied with free strokes. Finally, the knotted batik technique no longer involves painting the fabric, but its exclusive dyeing. Separate sections of the material can be tied with knots.

Man has always, from the earliest times of his existence, sought to decorate the world around him. Everything was used that could at least slightly change the objects, the situation surrounding him. AndThe history of batik tells just about this.

Batik - pattern on fabric

A person has always learned to paint fabric, as soon as he learned to weave or knit fabrics. Of course, batik is an art, and not a utilitarian need to diversify life, and it can be very subtle and elegant, requiring a great skill from the master in this interesting technique.

Technical features of batik

Despite the development of technologies and materials, the handmade art of batik is still relevant and in demand. It is used as an independent art form and as a way to decorate textile items - clothes, scarves, curtains, theater scenes. The word "batik" itself comes from the ancient Indian "drop of wax". And it was wax that was originally used as the basis for partial dyeing of fabric to obtain patterns and ornaments. Moreover, this material is still used in technology. The very same technology of dyeing fabrics in the art of batik has several directions that are united by one principle - reservation, that is, protection of individual sections of the canvas in order to preserve their color during further dyeing. This principle is implemented in different ways, depending on the technique of batik.

In addition to the technical side, batik has its own artistic features, because its uniqueness is a combination of many. Here you can find elements of graphics, watercolors, pastels, even stained glass and mosaics. The art of batik itself is unique in that it is very easy to master. This is a grateful form of creativity, because any work in this technique is a unique copy that can be modified, if necessary, with additional decoration techniques, up to embroidery or appliqué.

South Asia - the birthplace of batik

According to historians, the art of fabric dyeing (batik) was born in Indonesia. "Anbatik" in the local dialect means "to draw". Already in those distant times, women sought to decorate clothes. This, of course, pursued its own goals - to emphasize belonging to a certain genus with specific colors and patterns. Although there were few dyes, the art of batik made it possible to create multi-colored painted fabrics.

In Indonesia batik acquired shades of ocher and indigo color - sandy undertones from dense shadow to ivory color were diluted with bright blue spots of a high sky. Each clan carefully kept the secrets of preparing dye solutions, methods of applying paint, as well as a batik pattern. By dyed patterned clothing, it was possible to tell exactly what kind of person this or that person belongs to. Various drawings were used - abstract, graphic ornaments, plot stories. The latter mainly served to create canvases for decorating temples.

Indonesia and India, where the art of batik gradually moved and received the name "bandhana", used cotton canvases. Hand-woven fabrics were carefully bleached and dried, so that the pattern lay on them as clearly and evenly as possible. The unique tradition of the peoples of ancient Indonesia and India has become cotton fabrics dyed using the technique batik. The history of this type of creativity originates in the ancient southeastern states.

Traditions of China and Japan

Everything in the world is interconnected. The arts have traveled difficult paths across different countries, from people to people, absorbing something new, unique and passing on acquisitions farther and farther. This also happened with technology. batik, the history of the emergence and development of which suggests that it has passed a difficult, amazing path. He gradually turned out to be a sought-after creativity, and then the finest art of China and Japan. China gave batik natural silk. From that moment on, the dyeing of fabrics acquired an incredible lightness of colors, or rather, even tones and halftones, such a delicate work was subject to the masters of the countries of the East. There were legends about the beauty of Japanese women's kimonos, but few people thought about how such a beautiful fabric is obtained.

The Japanese brought to the art of dyeing, in particular, a special technique of the so-called reverse batik, when the fabric was dyed and then bleached in the right areas with alkali. But the art of hot batik, which protected parts of the fabric during the dyeing process with wax, allowed the masters of Japan and China to make this technique the height of perfection in the art of painting on fabric. Oriental motifs, bright, saturated colors or light shades of colors delighted everyone who could see them.

Industrial Europe and batik

How did batik from Asia and the East get to Europe? With the help of Dutch travelers who established trade relations with the countries of Southeast Asia. When the Dutch first came to Indonesia, they were amazed by the beauty and uniqueness of the textile decoration of local temples. Unusual designs on plain cotton fabric interested merchants. And they brought the batik technique to Holland, from where all of Europe learned to dye cotton and silk in such an interesting and unusual technique. But less than a century later, this amazing, but labor-intensive art began to give way to the printed technique invented in England. Machines, machine tools, quickly stamped drawings on stretched canvases, fabrics came out elegant and cheap enough so that only those who appreciated the singularity of this type of creativity and could afford to pay the master would remember batik. So it almost ended if it were not for single handicraftsmen who remained faithful to the unique type of decoration of canvases.

Russian batik

The history of batik in Russia has gone through a very difficult path, due to the closeness of the USSR from most of the world's states. Yes, and this art appeared in Russia only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Art Nouveau style came into fashion - beautiful painted shawls in oriental motifs, women's dresses with interesting cuts with drawings on it. In addition, this style took root only in large cities, while the provinces, this novelty was practically unfamiliar. Fabric artists. those who were engaged in painting in the batik style did not have the opportunity to learn this skill, and often went by experience, which did not contribute to the development of the popularity of batik as a way to decorate everyday life.

The only thing is that theatrical backstage and curtains were made in this technique, the monumentality of which was saturated with Soviet symbols. Batik as an art form for a long time could not realize itself in Russia for many reasons. But the middle of the 20th century became the starting point for the revival for this fabric. In a country recovering from a terrible war, workshops were organized where batik masters and students were invited to create beautiful, worthy things for the Soviet people. At first, scarves and shawls for women were painted with batik, as well as decorative panels were created for decorating public entertainment and cultural institutions.

theatrical arts

The history of batik (summarized in the article) suggests that this technique has come a long way. If we reduce it to the appearance, travel around the planet and improvement, then this will not reflect the essence in any way: batik is a multi-component art that has absorbed all the most significant that countries and peoples who fell in love with batik and began to use it to decorate the world could give it . For example, in Russia, batik received its theatrical "education" - it was actively used by masters to create backstage and stage backdrops for various theatrical productions, ballet performances. A whole galaxy of batik masters has developed in the country, who created unique paintings in the batik technique, filled with a plot, numerous elements, and this is a very delicate, painstaking work.

shawl art

Even if the history of batik is briefly outlined, one cannot ignore the art of creating scarves and shawls using this technique. In Russia, it originated in the 20s of the last century as a component of the fashionable trend - modernism. The NEP demanded brightness and pretentiousness, and batik made it possible to decorate shawls with bright patterns with Japanese motifs, which was then the highest point of fashion. Over time, as a result of the circumstances, batik lost all its mass purpose, and the art of shawl practically disappeared. But the second half of the century revived this art form again, and scarves and shawls again became canvases for artistic experiments and high-class creative works of batik masters.

Irina Trofimova and others

Cold batik

The history of the emergence of batik technique has developed as a whole over the centuries, but creativity itself consists of several areas:

hot batik;
cold batik;
free painting.

Unique and history of cold batik. It was with him that the development of this technique of painting fabric began. In ancient Indonesia, fabrics were first dyed in sections, separately from one another, filling in the gaps with different colors and shades. They mixed, forming a new color scheme. It was a very difficult art, since a damp cloth absorbs paint well, requiring the utmost accuracy from the master. Then, in order to prevent unnecessary and poor-quality mixing of paint on fabric, a hot batik-anbatik was invented - a drop of wax. But the "cold" technique continued its development. Special adhesives have been developed, the so-called reserves, which prevent the penetration of the dye into the fibers of the fabric. This dried adhesive can then be easily removed, leaving unpainted portions of the web.

hot batik

The art of painting fabric received a temperature characteristic not by chance. Hot wax is the basis of this technique. The history of batik in many nationalities, including the Japanese silk painting "rockati", is the development of the hot batik technique. Heated wax is applied to the fabric, filling in entire areas or just outlining the contours, then the wax is scraped off and reapplied to protect another area from a different color. This is a subtle technique that produces amazing results. This is evidenced by the colorful kimonos of Japanese women, many of which are still painted using the batik technique.

No restrictions!

But the history of batik technique is not only the application of boundary compositions to obtain a colored section of the canvas. There is a special technique in batik called free painting. She uses several techniques:

watercolor technique, paint is applied to a damp cloth with brushes or a sprayer, spreading and forming color transitions;
stencil technique uses the application of a pattern on fabrics through stencils using foam rubber sponges with paint;
free graphics using graphic elements obtained by reserving tissue sections using knots, thread constrictions and saline.

Free painting - modern batik art. It is widely used by amateur craftsmen who try to paint fabric at home without special tools and materials. This technique is simple, but allows you to decorate primitive clothes - jeans, T-shirts, T-shirts.

Textile drawing tools

The centuries-old history of batik is the history of the development of materials and tools used in textile painting. Batik masters have a whole arsenal of such tools. These are special glues or waxes of various widths and hardness, thin glass tubes for applying a reserve composition, syringes, sponges, molds, fabric frames, knives, stencils, funnels, plastic or wooden sticks. Tools, if desired, can be bought in specialized stores for needlework.

Safety is important

Despite the fact that batik is the art of painting on fabric, safety rules must be observed when working. This is due to the tools and materials that are used in the creative process. The hot batik technique involves the use of an open fire or to melt wax. Natural paints are not always used, especially among artisanal art lovers. The use of chemical dyes and solvents may cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes or allergies. Batik does not require a protective suit, but still, safety measures should be strictly observed. You need to carefully work with all tools, from knives and scissors to glass tubes for applying a reserve.

The art of batik has not completed its development, new materials and technologies constantly accompany the development of all types of creativity, including batik. An amazing art form makes life so much more colorful and vibrant with the help of ancient techniques and modern masters.

Introduction

Much is changing in the life of our country, but the Russian people have always held in high esteem the skill, and those who possessed it were highly respected. Indeed, in each work the masters put a particle of their soul, the warmth of their hands. And this made the work unique, inimitable, valuable.

Every day we come into contact with art, be it architectural monuments on the streets of the city, advertising, which has firmly entered our daily life, works of arts and crafts that decorate the interiors of apartments, offices and ourselves (jewelry, clothing items and costumes in general). The idea of preserving, reviving and developing folk culture is the main part in the education and upbringing of children. “The main goal of art education is the formation of the spiritual culture of the individual, familiarization with universal values, mastery of the national cultural heritage” (Kuzin V.S. 1996) Artistic painting of fabrics is an integral part of the cultural heritage of our country.

Author's hand-painted products are always exclusive, each of them has the soul of an artist, so they arouse interest and desire to purchase, and new technologies allow you to see this work inscribed in the environment or become a detail of your costume.

In the batik circle, students not only deepen their knowledge and improve their practical skills, but also develop their skills. The content of classes in the system of additional education expands and deepens students' understanding of the theory of fine arts, improves their ability to use theoretical knowledge in practice, in independent creative work.

The object of the study is the technological features of the artistic painting of fabric. The subject of the study is the process of teaching batik in circle classes for elementary school students.

The purpose of this work is to study the artistic and creative development of children in working with the "Batik" technique and the development of methodological features of teaching batik in circle classes in elementary grades.

The main goal of the circle: the formation of knowledge, the development of skills in the field of arts and crafts (the technique of painting on fabric), familiarizing students with creative activities.

As a result of studying the course, the student should: know the history of artistic painting of fabric; own the terminology encountered in the study of the topic; be able to analyze the results of their creative work.

The history of batik

The birth of batik art

Hand-painted fabrics are a kind of artistic textiles, which, in turn, represent an important section of arts and crafts. This type of applied art has deep folk roots and traditions that have survived to this day. Modern textile artists have a deep respect for the past of this art, constantly drawing creative ideas from it, which leads to the emergence of new technologies based on the use of the traditions of ancient textile painting.

The word "batik" is of Javanese origin and in translation means "drawing with hot wax". This art has been developed since ancient times by many peoples of the world - Indians, Chinese, Egyptians, Peruvians, but it reached its highest development and artistic perfection in Indonesia on the island of Java, which is considered the oldest center of batik.

There is a beautiful legend about batik - "art that pleases the eye and refreshes the soul." In ancient times, Batar Guru descended to the top of Mount Allu-Alu, on the island of Java, and saw that the earth was plunged into silence and dusk, for there is no joy for its inhabitants without bright heavenly colors. And he stretched out his hand, and scrolls of the most exquisite fabrics were spread out on the fields - ba. And he stretched out his other hand, and hosts of wild bees rushed to him, carrying their wax from the depths of the forest. He melted the wax, struck the drum, thickened the multi-colored clouds and started dancing over the silks, leaving a bizarre pattern - tick, tick, tick. The people heard batik-tic, batik-tic.

A sacred meaning was laid in each pattern, how this happened is already unknown, only the methods of coloring the fabric and the interpretation of symbols, of which there are about a thousand, have come down to us.

Some experts believe that batik was originally an art reserved exclusively for the Javanese nobility. Princesses and noble women showed their inspiration to create exquisite designs. It is unlikely, however, that they worked themselves. It is likely that most of the painting work was carried out by artisans who worked under their direction.

Some scientists do not agree that batik was an art exclusively for the nobility, they believe that batik was also common among the people. Batik was seen as one of the skills that every Javanese woman should possess, as well as cooking and housekeeping.

Various methods of dyeing fabric have been known for a long time, it is enough to recall the Phoenician navigators who took out mollusks from the bottom of the sea that could give only one drop of precious dye. By diluting this dye with water, rich shades of magenta could be achieved.

The Indonesians kept the method of dyeing the fabric as a great secret, only finished products were distributed.

China (Shan-Tung Province) is considered to be the birthplace of silk. Silk was also called “Chinese”, “fabric from China”. This word has reached us by a long, roundabout way. In Latin, there is the word "sericus", meaning "Chinese matter". In the Middle Ages, along with silk products, it reached Scandinavia, where it turned into "silki". Agree that it is not so difficult to convert "silky" into "silk". It is possible that word creation went as follows: “silk”, “silk”, “selk”, “selk”, “silk”. Already in the 12th century. BC. In China, the thinnest, especially artificial fabrics were produced, requiring the most complex technological methods. The Chinese bred silkworms on special plantations and kept the secret of obtaining raw silk for a very long time. The dyeing of fabrics and the method of obtaining dyes from plants were kept especially in deep secrecy. The book of ancient China "Zhou Li" of the Han period (2nd century BC), which has come down to us, reveals some of the secrets of dyeing craftsmanship passed down from generation to generation, and even contains a description of the recipes for obtaining paints, making and dyeing silk fabrics and other mysteries of silk , including its medicinal properties.

There was a deep belief in the beneficial effect of silk on the health of the person whose body was wrapped in it. Ancient Chinese manuscripts also mention the healing sparks that arise when silk is rubbed, with which people were treated. Later Chinese manuscript, 8th c. tells about the special painting of silk fabrics by means of a wax pattern, which is done on the fabric with a brush dipped in hot wax. A drawing made in this way is not stained with any color, but remains white.

In the era of feudalism, Chinese artists managed to create silk scrolls with the world's first landscape compositions, unique in their skill and poetry. Silk scrolls are a peculiar form of paintings that help to show the natural world in all its diversity. Vertical scrolls were hung for viewing on the wall, which allowed the eye to immediately cover the expanses depicted on them. Already in the 8th c. the Chinese, along with transparent water dyes, began to use black ink rich in shades. At the same time, various methods and techniques of pictorial representation began to take shape. On the one hand, a very thorough and detailed registration of nature - “chun-bi”, which means “diligent brush”, and on the other hand, a seemingly unfinished story, quickly written, allowing the viewer to fantasize the idea of the artist - “sho-i” , in translation - "painting of the idea."

This type of painting on silk was not painted from nature, but from memory and absorbed all the most characteristic features of nature.

In the 3rd century BC. sericulture from China spread to India, and then to Korea and Japan. To obtain patterned fabrics, various methods of applying patterns to the fabric with paint were used, and wax techniques of hand painting were also used, i.e. obtaining a white drawing on a colored background.

The essence of these methods lies in the fact that the areas of the fabric that are not subject to staining are covered with various resins or beeswax; the latter, being absorbed into the fabric, protect it from the effects of paint. The fabric prepared in this way is dipped into the paint, the wax or other reserve composition (reserve) is removed, and as a result a white pattern is obtained on a painted background. The described method of reservation has been preserved to our time under the name "wax batik" or simply "batik".

In the decoration of the Japanese interior, fabric-painted screens were very widely used. They were decorated with paintings, calligraphy and poetry. Painting techniques, technique, the materials themselves (ink, silk) are very close to Chinese calligraphy. The painting technique required great skill, silk was pre-treated with special compositions, rice starch, alum, and they wrote on it like on paper.

The earliest information about the coloring of fabrics in the world literature dates back to the 1st century AD. Pliny the Elder gave in one of his books a description of the dyeing method used in Egypt: “In Egypt, clothes are dyed in an amazing way; after the white panel is drawn, it is impregnated not with paints, but with substances that absorb paints; when this is done, nothing is visible on the cloth, but, having immersed it in a cauldron of hot paint, at the appropriate time they take it out painted. As you can see, the description is very similar to modern definitions of batik.

Residents of the African countries of Nigeria and Senegal have been using the batik technique for over 1500 years. Instead of wax, they used a paste in the form of a mixture of flour, cassava, rice, and alum (or ferrous sulfate) boiled together to design the fabric. The technique of painting with hot wax of festive ritual eggs "pysanky" was used by the ancestors of modern Ukrainians 5000 years before the birth of Christ. With the help of a special tool "brush" or "scribe", the drawing is applied with hot wax to the surface of the egg. The egg is then dipped into the dye solutions. Waxed areas remain unpainted. Until today, the art form is one of the most popular areas of folk art in Ukraine.

In one of the ancient states of India, Bihar, the art of painting fabrics, which is called "madhubani", has been preserved since ancient times. It arose from the custom of drawing drawings with magical powers on the walls of houses. The same drawings, supposedly expelling evil spirits from a person's dwelling, also decorated a clean area of land in the yards. Each individual family living in its own house had certain patterns peculiar only to it. The same patterns were transferred to the fabric from which they sewed wedding clothes for their daughter. These patterns were endowed with magical power, linking the bonds of the new, male family with the father's. It is noteworthy that this type of arts and crafts was owned by a very limited circle of people - only women from local castes.

Madhubani patterns are distinguished by their specific composition. The figures of gods, people and animals are usually placed in a drawn frame, the entire space of which is filled with images of flowers, birds, fish, snakes, conventional symbols of cosmogonic content, and religious symbols. All this is drawn by hand and is distinguished by an extraordinary, as it were, deliberate primitiveness, immediacy and liveliness of the image. Its brightness and brilliance make the pattern unusually attractive.

Due to the gradually passing interest in hand-painted fabric in the 19th century, the batiking method passed into the sphere of handicraft, and only thanks to the Germans traditions were preserved, new technologies, dyeing methods, dyes and other materials appeared.

Introduction

Painting is the most beautiful of all arts;

it unites all sensations,

at the sight of her, everyone can, at the behest of his imagination

create a novel with just a glance

fill the soul with the deepest memories;

and no effort on the part of memory

everything is captured in an instant.

The world around us lives its quiet life before a person turns to it. People have been creating things since ancient times, habitually do not notice them, using them daily. And only their hidden essence is revealed to the penetrating eye of the artist, only with him they enter into a silent dialogue, eloquently talking about habits, tastes and way of life, having achieved extraordinary perfection in conveying the diversity of objects of the material world.

And only their hidden essence is revealed to the penetrating eye of the artist, only with him they enter into a silent dialogue, eloquently talking about habits, tastes and way of life, having achieved extraordinary perfection in conveying the diversity of objects of the material world.

For many centuries, artists have been trying to express their opinion of the world, their thoughts and interests with the help of the things around them, and each creator does this in his own way, each work is individual.

It is impossible to write beauty, it is more important to catch its beauty, expressed in bizarre play of colors, changeable play of light. With the help of your work, try to draw the viewer's attention to the simple - the beautiful around us. To teach people to receive aesthetic pleasure from the world around them so that they appreciate this beauty.

The purpose of this course work is to study the technique of batik and create an original decorative composition.

Objectives of the course work:

1. To study the history of batik in decorative painting.

2. To study the types of artistic painting on fabric.

3. To study the features of the "cold".

4. The study of the creativity of artists in the technique of batik.

5. Make a conclusion on the work done.

The history of batik

Batik is a method of dyeing fabrics based on the use of a reserve, a special substance that does not allow paint to pass through. According to the classical method, after a pattern is made on the fabric with a reserve, and the free areas are dyed, the reserve is removed, and an intricate pattern remains in its place.

The art of batik is very ancient. The earliest references to the use of textile dyes can be found in Chinese texts dating back to around 2500 BC. BC. The invention of silk is also attributed to the Chinese (although there is an opinion that as early as the 1st millennium BC it could well have been produced in India). But the fact that batik was used in China during the Sui dynasties (710-794) is absolutely known. In any case, history strongly links this art with China, because it was from there that it spread throughout the world - along with silk. Delicate, light matter was then worth its weight in gold and was exported from China to Japan, Central Asia, and from there to the Middle East and India. That is why this trade route was called the Great Silk Road.

But still, Southeast Asia is considered to be the birthplace of batik. Batik came to us from Indonesia ("anbatik" - to draw, write). In the manufacture of batik, in addition to dyes, special compositions were used - reserves that make it possible to preserve the color of one or another piece of fabric during further dyeing. Hand-woven cotton fabrics served as the basis for painting. The fabric was soaked, bleached, boiled to give uniformity and the required density. After that, the process of painting began: applying hot wax, dyeing, drying. These actions were repeated as many times as there were different colors in the created drawing.

The recipe for making paints, as well as the patterns of painting, belonged to each family and were carefully guarded. Plots for painting were used very different: from abstract drawings to the most complex ornaments.

In India, this method of dyeing fabric was called "bandhana" and "lacheria". The Chinese gave the world silk and, as a result, the way it was dyed. Latze (wax patterns) is very similar to batik. A pattern was applied to the silk with melted wax, after which the fabric was dyed. When the wax was removed, patches of undyed fabric remained in its place. In Japan, where batik came from India or China, it was called "rokati". Such fabrics were used to make kimonos.

At the beginning of the 17th century, thanks to the enterprising Dutch, batik came to Europe, the Europeans modernized this art, turning it into a semi-industrial way of dyeing fabrics. In the middle of the 19th century, the dyeing of fabrics using the batik technique was supplanted by the English chintz heel, and batik became the lot of handicraftsmen.

But at the beginning of the 20th century, batik came back into fashion in Europe, England and America. This happened thanks to the enthusiasm of a small number of artists who, fascinated by batik, went to distant lands and studied the unique batik technique from Indian and Indonesian masters. Thus, by the middle of the last century, the batik technique had a large army of its admirers and followers around the world. Painting batik is becoming not only fashionable, but also prestigious. At the same time, the technique practically does not change, but is transferred to other countries and cultures, batik is mainly utilitarian in nature.

Similar information.

The Dutch were the first to use batik for decorative fabrics in the first half of the 19th century. But by the middle of the century, they had lost their influence on the European market and developed entrepreneurial activities in Java. Thus, entire manufactories for the production of batik were opened, which followed the prevailing trends and were able to please the most demanding customer.

At the same time, the British cotton industry, relying on the high technology of cotton prints, is gradually overtaking the Dutch one. This influenced the fact that the already developed technologies of batik were threatened with oblivion.

Batik in Russia

For most of the 20th century, Russia remained behind the Iron Curtain, so batik appeared in our country only at the beginning of the century. It was then that a reserve composition was invented that did not require heating - cold batik appeared. But despite the new discoveries, batik in Russia developed slowly. Artists more often had not to create, but to adapt.

During the NEP, there was a significant demand for dresses with asymmetrical designs, silk shawls with exquisite Oriental ornaments. This provided the artists with work for a while, but gradually the fashion passed and they had to look for new sources of orders.

Basically, batik was distributed in large cities such as Leningrad and Moscow. Despite the lack of experience, the artists were fond of painting shawls, curtains, scarves. To exchange at least some experience, artists united in artels.

The plots of the murals of that time were dictated by the difficult political situation in the country. Soviet symbols were encouraged.

The second wind to Russian batik was given by the now Honored Artist of Russia Irina Trofimova. She managed to go abroad to the homeland of batik. Thanks to her, the first detailed information about this technique appeared in Russia.

In the 1970s, a new generation of textile artists appeared who were educated at the Stroganov and Mukhinsky schools, at the textile or technological institutes. They consciously chose the path of the artist, dealing exclusively with "author's batik."

Gradually, batik became a full-fledged participant in all art exhibitions, both all-Union and international.

Batik techniques

Cold batik. The technology of cold batik appeared not so long ago - with the development of chemical knowledge. This happened at the beginning of the 20th century. The main distinguishing feature of the reserve composition is that it does not require heating. This makes cold batik very accessible to a wide range of artists and hobbyists.

Cold batik is based on the fact that with this method of painting fabrics, all forms of the pattern, as a rule, have a closed contour stroke (reserving composition), which gives a peculiar character to the pattern.

After the outline is drawn, the drawing is allowed to dry. It is not recommended to leave the induced pattern on the fabric unpainted for more than 24 hours, since in this case the reserve composition gives a halo due to the released fat and the paint does not come close to the contour guidance when poured.

Cold batik is represented by three techniques: classic, multi-layered, open graphics.

So, classic batik is created by the method of picking up reserving lines that limit closed planes. As a result of this, a drawing is obtained that resembles a stained-glass window and is painted in one layer (see pr.8).

Multilayer batik is also created according to the stained glass principle. But at the same time, several overlays of color tones are used on top of each other (see example 9).

Open graphics. Signed without the use of closed planes. In this technique, the redundant lines are broken. This allows the color of one plane to enter the color of another (see example 10).

Free painting. The free painting technique is perhaps the fastest way to create an interesting painting work. Free painting differs from classic hot and cold batik in that it is more like painting than batik. On the primed fabric create a composition, as on paper. Thanks to the primer, the paints blur less and retain the shape of the stroke. Free painting with paints with the introduction of saline into them can be combined with ordinary painting with cold batik.

Free painting also includes three techniques: watercolor, stencil, free painting graphics.

Watercolor technique - the fabric is painted "raw" with drying in certain places and the use of an alcohol effect (see pr.11).

Stencil technique. The drawing is created using a stencil and special cans for spraying the dye (see pr.12).

Freehand graphics. It is created using salt technology and aiming with a reserve (see pr.13).

Hot batik. Hot batik is the most ancient type of painting on fabric. It is called the hot method because the reserving substance that is used in painting is applied to the fabric only when it is hot. Paraffin, wax, stearin or their mixture is used as a reserve substance. It is applied to the fabric with a brush or a special copper ruler.

In hot batik, the following main methods of work are distinguished:

1. Simple batik (in one overlap).

2. Complex batik (in two or more overlaps. See pr.14).

3. Work from the stain (see pr.15).

Simple batik. The drawing according to the template is applied to the fabric with the help of brushes, stamps, knives, funnels or gurneys with a heated reserve composition. It turns out a contour drawing, a geometric or floral ornament.

Painting by the method of complex batik consists of several stages, each of which, as it were, repeats the painting by the method of simple batik: after the first overlap of the background and its drying, the drawing is again applied with a reserve composition and again the entire surface of the fabric stretched over the frame is covered. Such overlaps can be repeated up to four times. Overlaps go sequentially from light to dark.

Before each new overcoating with paint, it is necessary to check the quality of the coating with a reserve composition and make sure that the entire pattern, in accordance with the template, is transferred to the fabric.

Spot painting is the most complex and interesting work on fabric design. In this way, products decorated with floral ornaments are usually made. The principle of operation is the same as in complex batik, but instead of continuous successive overlaps of the entire fabric, blurry spots of different colors are applied to the canvas in accordance with the sketch. For each of these spots, the initial drawing of the ornament corresponding to the sketch is carried out by the reserve composition, then the same spots or adjacent areas of the background are covered with a different color, and the further drawing of the ornament again takes place. This procedure can be repeated no more than three times. Before the last overlap, the ornament is finally drawn and, in conclusion, the entire canvas is covered with some dark color. As a rule, such drawings always have a dark background, as it is necessary that it overlap the paint that has spread outside the drawing. There is a kind of work with complex batik on separate sections of the decorated fabric. This makes it possible, with a small number of overlaps, to achieve the finest transitions of colors and their shades.

When painting, it is necessary to ensure that each layer of paint applied to the fabric dries completely, and the reserve composition hardens.

In hot batik, color modeling of volumes is based on both contrasting and subtle combinations. As a rule, the viewer's imagination is struck by this specific feature of batik - multiple layers seem to shine through each other.

Knotted batik. Knotted batik can rightfully be considered one of the oldest types of fabric design. This art has thousands of years of tradition.

According to a certain pattern of the pattern, very small knots are tied on an unpainted canvas, tightly tied with a thread. Then the fabric is dyed, the threads are removed. The result is an amazing and unique pattern. Similarly, you can dye the fabric several times, removing old knots and adding new ones.

Many countries can boast a special way of dyeing fabric using this technique.

For example, in India, knotted batik is called a "bandana". They came up with an additional effect in technology. Indian craftswomen learned how to tie thousands of tiny knots by prying fabric with a long, sharp fingernail on their little finger. And thus create complex multi-color ornaments. In addition, each knot is tied not with a separate, but with a common thread. Having made several turns with it on a piece of fabric raised with a nail, the next raised area is wrapped around it. After dyeing and drying, the fabric does not smooth it. Thus, the material retains the corrugated effect. This method allows you to create fabrics even with a complex floral or "cucumber" pattern (see ex. 16).

West Africa has its own ideas about the technology of dyeing fabric, which is traditionally covered here with large diamond-shaped patterns. The height of such rhombuses is great - equal to the average height of a person from the shoulder to the feet. Such a large ornament looks beautiful in the folds of clothing, which is a rectangular panel the width of the arms with a slit for the head.

It is very difficult for a modern person to find time to tie a thousand knots on fabric. Therefore, we will focus on the main and simpler methods of coloring.

"Shibori". The word "shibori" is of Japanese origin and means "twist", "rotate", "press". It is not surprising that this technique appeared in Japan, the birthplace of origami.

If you fold and strongly compress the fabric, and then paint the bulk bundle, then the surface of the bundle will be painted in the appropriate color. Depending on the density of the fabric, the time of dyeing, as well as pressing, the dye may penetrate deeper into the fabric. In this way, different shades of color are achieved, while the base of the fabric folds remains undyed. The pattern depends on the different ways of folding the fabric (see pr. 17).