Joan of Arc (armored cruiser). Jeanne d'Arc (armored cruiser) Jeanne d'Arc armored cruiser

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Jeanne d "Arc

Armored cruiser "Jeanne d" Arc "
Service:	France France
Class and type of vessel	Armored cruiser
Launched	June 8, 1899
Commissioned	1902 year
Withdrawn from the fleet	1929 year
Status	Sold for scrap
Main characteristics
Displacement	11 270 tons
Length	145.38 m
Width	19.4 m
Draft	8.1 m
Reservation	Harvey armor belt - 40 ... 150 mm, deck - 18 + 65 mm (on bevels - 35 mm), towers - 120 ... 160 mm, barbets - 50 ... 140 mm, gun shields - 75 mm, conning tower - 150 mm
Engines	3 triple expansion steam engines, 48 steam boilers
Power	33,000 l. With. (24.3 MW)
Mover	3 screws
Travel speed	21.8 knots (40.4 km / h)
Sailing range	13,500 nautical miles at 10 knots
Crew	626-651 people
Armament
Artillery	2 × 1 - 194 mm, 14 × 1 - 138 mm, 16 × 1 - 47 mm, 6 × 37 mm mitrales
Mine torpedo armament	Two single-tube 450 mm torpedo tubes

Story

Having studied the bad experience of trying to create "small and cheap" armored cruiser, the French came to the conclusion that armored cruisers of small sizes, such as "Amiral Charnay" and "Potiuo", could not be as effective as they should. With a limited displacement, belt armor took too much weight, forcing either to make the armor belt thin and ineffective (as on the Potuo) or limit the speed and armament (as on the Amiral Charnay). Based on these experiences, the French shipbuilders decided that only large armored cruisers could be effective in their intended function as ocean raiders.

In 1896, based on the accumulated experience and the latest technical solutions, a new armored cruiser was laid at a military shipyard in Toulon, which was to become a prototype for all subsequent series of such ships. The main task of the ship was seen primarily as cruising operations; The French fleet, traditionally perceiving the British as its main rival, planned to neutralize the superiority of Britain in heavy ships by deploying a large-scale raider campaign against British shipping. Based on this doctrine, the new French armored cruiser was supposed to have high seaworthiness for long-term operations in the ocean, high speed to avoid combat with superior enemy forces, and the most powerful booking so as not to receive critical damage from accidental shell hits.

Design

The armored cruiser Jeanne D'Arc represented a significant step forward in French shipbuilding. On it, the designers abandoned the previously dominant archaic details such as massive, protruding rams, a strong blockage of the sides inward in the upper part, and the deflection of the hull in the center. For the first time in the French cruising fleet, the Jeanne D'Arc had an almost straight stem with a small ram at the waterline, high straight sides, and a long forecastle in the bow, extending almost to the stern mast.

The total displacement of the ship was about 11,000 tons. Its length exceeded 145 meters, width - 19.4 meters, and draft - 8.1 meters. Striving to achieve high speed and the consequent requirement for a large number of boilers resulted in Zhanna D'Arc having six chimneys, grouped in two groups of three. In the bow there was a short, lightweight battle mast, with a single massive mast; this mast also supported the bridge. A light signal mast was located aft.

Armament

The main armament of the Jeanne D'Arc consisted of two 194-mm 40-caliber guns of the 1896 model. These cannons - improved on the previous armored cruisers - were housed in two rotating armored turrets, one in the bow and one in the stern of the Jeanne D'Arc. In battle, these guns were supposed to hit the armored units of enemy ships, carry out running and retreating fire at considerable distances when pursuing / retreating a cruiser.

Auxiliary armament was represented by fourteen rapid-firing 138-mm 45-caliber guns of the 1893 model of the year. These guns had a high rate of fire - however, inferior to their British counterparts - and were intended to destroy unarmored units of enemy ships with high-explosive shells. Eight of these guns were installed on the upper deck of the Jeanne D'Arc, four on each side, on the serving sponsons. Six more were installed, three on each side on the forecastle deck. Seven rapid-fire guns could be aimed at each side (four from the upper deck and three from the forecastle deck), to the bow and stern, respectively, four (two from the upper deck and two from the forecastle deck).

The Jeanne D'Arc's anti-mine armament consisted of sixteen 47-mm Hotchkiss rapid-fire guns. Ten of them stood side by side on the roof of the bow superstructure - five on each side - four more were located on the hinged deck between the pipes, and two stood on the wings of the aft bridge. This armament was supplemented by four 37-mm five-barreled Hotchkiss revolving guns on the mast mast.

The submarine armament was reduced in comparison with the previous armored cruisers and consisted of only two underwater torpedo tubes with a caliber of 450 millimeters. The devices were installed in the center of the hull, one on each side, and fired perpendicular to the cruiser's course. Also "Zhanna D'Arc" had a small ram.

Armor protection

The armor protection has been significantly improved over the previous armored cruisers of the French ocean-going fleet. The main armor belt was made of harvey hardened steel; it stretched the entire length of the ship from stem to stem, its height was 2.4 meters, of which about a meter was under water. Its thickness was 150 millimeters, at the bottom - underwater - edges, the belt was thinned to 40 millimeters.

Above the main belt was the upper one, 100 millimeters thick in the central part, and thinning to 40 millimeters at the extremities. The upper belt also extended the entire length of the ship; its height was 1.8 meters, excluding bow- where the belt rose to the level of the forecastle deck, fully protecting the forward end of the cruiser.

The convex armored deck was completely submerged; its central part passed at the level of the waterline, and had a thickness of 35 millimeters. On the bevels, connected to the lower edge of the armor belt, the deck thickened to 65 millimeters. A flat deck 15 millimeters thick rested on the edges of the upper belt, which played the role of "cocking"; the armor-piercing shell that hit her was cocked and triggered prematurely. The space between the decks was divided into many small compartments used for storing coal, supplies, or filled with cellulose.

The armored turrets were protected from the rear by plates 160 millimeters thick, and from the front by 120 millimeters. This arrangement of armor plates was chosen to balance the weight of the new long-barreled guns. The rapid-fire guns were behind 75 mm shields.

Power point

Jeanne D'Arc was a three-shaft cruiser; three vertical triple expansion machines were driven by three propellers. Steam was provided by forty-eight Norman-Sigody water-tube boilers, eight boilers each in six boiler rooms, the design capacity was 28,500 liters. With. The cruiser had six pipes and many fans on the upper deck, which were necessary for venting / supplying air to power plants... After a few years, the boilers were replaced by thirty-six du Temple boilers.

The cruiser's design speed was 23 knots; however, on the measured mile, the Jeanne D'Arc did not perform more than 21.8 knots despite developing 33,000 horsepower. In addition, the cruiser proved to be insufficiently maneuverable - at full speed, the turning circle was almost 2000 meters. On the other hand, the cruiser had an excellent range - there was enough coal for 13,500 miles of 10-knot travel.

Service

Project evaluation

The Jeanne d'Arc armored cruiser marked an important milestone in the history of French shipbuilding, defining the classic type of French armored cruiser - a high-board oceanic raider with a full armor belt and a powerful rapid-fire battery. On it, French engineers abandoned the previously dominant design concepts, and made a significant leap in armor protection and seaworthiness.

For its time, "Jeanne D'Arc" organically combined excellent seaworthiness with powerful booking. Her main armor belt, together with the bevels of the armor deck, provided adequate protection against the heavy guns of the British first-rank cruisers at most combat distances; the thin upper belt was able to negate the effectiveness of the British 120mm and 152mm rapid-fire guns. The use of Garvey's armor made it possible to strengthen protection without increasing its thickness.

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Notes (edit)

Literature

Nenakhov Yu. Encyclopedia of Cruisers 1860-1910. - M: AST, 2006 .-- ISBN 5-17-030194-4.
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979. - ISBN 0-85177-133-5.



class "Amiral Charnay"

type "Montcalm"

type "Duplet"

type "Gloire"

type "Leon Gambetta"

type "Waldeck-Russo"

Individual projects

Excerpt from Jeanne d'Arc (armored cruiser)

General Sorbier must be ready at the first order to carry out with all the howitzers of the guards artillery against one or another fortification.
In the continuation of the cannonade, Prince Poniatovsky will go to the village, into the forest and bypass the enemy position.
General Kompan will move through the forest to capture the first fortification.
Upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given in accordance with the actions of the enemy.
The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the cannonade of the right wing is heard. The riflemen of Moran's division and the Viceroy's divisions will open heavy fire when they see the start of an attack from the right wing.
The vice king will take possession of the village [Borodino] and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Moran and Gerard, who, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with the rest of the army.
All this must be done in order (le tout se fera avec ordre et methode), keeping troops in reserve whenever possible.
In the imperial camp, near Mozhaisk, September 6, 1812 ".
This disposition, very vaguely and confusedly written, - if you allow yourself to treat Napoleon's orders without religious horror of Napoleon's genius, - contained four points - four orders. None of these orders could be and were not executed.
The disposition says, first: so that the batteries arranged in the place chosen by Napoleon with the guns of Pernetti and Fouche, only one hundred and two guns, which have to align with them, open fire and bombarded the Russian flashes and redoubts with shells. This could not be done, since the shells did not reach the Russian works from the places designated by Napoleon, and these one hundred and two guns fired at an empty one until the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon's orders, pushed them forward.
The second order was that Poniatovsky, heading for the village into the forest, bypassed the left wing of the Russians. This could not and was not done because Ponyatovsky, heading to the village in the forest, met Tuchkov, blocking his path, and could not bypass and did not bypass the Russian position.
Third order: General Kompan will move into the forest to capture the first fortification. The Kompan division did not capture the first fortification, but was repulsed, because, leaving the forest, it had to be built under grape-shot fire, which Napoleon did not know.
Fourth: The vice king will take possession of the village (Borodino) and cross over his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Maran and Frian (about which it is not said: where and when they will move), which, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with other troops.
How much you can understand - if not from the stupid period of this, then from the attempts that were made by the viceroy to carry out the orders given to him - he had to move through Borodino to the left to the redoubt, while the divisions of Moran and Friant had to move simultaneously from the front.
All this, as well as other points of the disposition, was not and could not be fulfilled. Having passed Borodino, the Viceroy was repulsed at Koloch and could not go further; the divisions of Moran and Friant did not take the redoubt, but were repulsed, and at the end of the battle the redoubt was captured by the cavalry (probably an unforeseen matter for Napoleon and unheard of). So, none of the orders of the disposition was and could not be executed. But the disposition says that upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given corresponding to the actions of the enemy, and therefore it might seem that during the battle all the necessary orders will be made by Napoleon; but this was not and could not be because during the entire battle Napoleon was so far away from him that (as it turned out later) the course of the battle could not be known to him and not a single order of his during the battle could be executed.

Many historians say that the Battle of Borodino was not won by the French because Napoleon had a cold, that if he did not have a cold, then his orders before and during the battle would have been even more brilliant, and Russia would have perished, et la face du monde eut ete changee. [and the face of the world would have changed.] For historians who admit that Russia was formed by the will of one person - Peter the Great, and France from a republic to an empire, and French troops went to Russia at the behest of one person - Napoleon, such reasoning is Russia remained powerful because Napoleon had a big cold on the 26th, such reasoning for such historians is inevitably consistent.
If it depended on Napoleon's will to give or not to give the Battle of Borodino and if it depended on his will to make such or another order, then it is obvious that a runny nose, which had an impact on the manifestation of his will, could be the reason for the salvation of Russia and that therefore the valet who forgot to give to Napoleon On the 24th, waterproof boots, was the savior of Russia. On this path of thought, this conclusion is unquestionable - just as unquestionable as the conclusion that Voltaire jokingly (not knowing what) drew when he said that St. Bartholomew's Night came from an upset stomach of Charles IX. But for people who do not admit that Russia was formed by the will of one person - Peter I, and that the French Empire was formed and the war with Russia began at the will of one person - Napoleon, this reasoning not only seems to be incorrect, unreasonable, but also contrary to all being human. To the question of what constitutes the cause of historical events, another answer is presented, which consists in the fact that the course of world events is predetermined from above, depends on the coincidence of all the arbitrariness of the people participating in these events, and that the influence of Napoleons on the course of these events is only external and fictitious.
Strange as it may seem at first glance, the assumption that St. Bartholomew's Night, the order for which was given by Charles IX, did not occur at his will, but that it only seemed to him that he ordered it to be done, and that the Battle of Borodino of eighty thousand people did not take place at the will of Napoleon (despite the fact that he gave orders about the beginning and course of the battle), and that it seemed to him only that he ordered it - strange as it may seem this assumption, but human dignity, telling me that each of us, if not more, then not in any way fewer people than the great Napoleon, orders to admit this solution of the question, and historical research abundantly confirms this assumption.
In the battle of Borodino, Napoleon did not shoot at anyone and did not kill anyone. All this was done by the soldiers. Therefore, he was not the one who killed people.
The soldiers of the French army went to kill Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino not as a result of Napoleon's orders, but according to on their own... The whole army: the French, Italians, Germans, Poles - hungry, ragged and exhausted by the campaign - in view of the army that was blocking Moscow from them, felt that le vin est tire et qu "il faut le boire. .] If Napoleon had forbidden them to fight the Russians now, they would have killed him and went to fight the Russians, because they needed it.
When they listened to the order of Napoleon, who presented to them for their injuries and death as a consolation the words of their offspring that they were in the battle of Moscow, they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! " just like they shouted "Vive l" Empereur! " at the sight of the image of a boy piercing the globe with a bilbock stick; just like they would shout "Vive l" Empereur! " for whatever nonsense they were told, they had no choice but to shout "Vive l" Empereur! " and go fight to find food and rest for the victors in Moscow. Therefore, it was not because of Napoleon's orders that they killed their own kind.
And it was not Napoleon who controlled the course of the battle, because nothing was executed from his disposition and during the battle he did not know about what was happening in front of him. Therefore, the way in which these people killed each other did not take place at the will of Napoleon, but went independently of him, at the behest of hundreds of thousands of people who participated in the common cause. It seemed to Napoleon only that the whole thing happened at his will. And therefore the question of whether or not Napoleon had a runny nose is of no greater interest to history than the question about the runny nose of the last Furshtat soldier.
Moreover, on August 26, Napoleon's runny nose did not matter that the testimony of the writers that, due to Napoleon's runny nose, his disposition and orders during the battle were not as good as the previous ones were completely unfair.
The disposition written here was not in the least worse, and even better than all the previous dispositions, according to which battles were won. The imaginary orders during the battle were also no worse than the previous ones, but exactly the same as always. But these dispositions and orders seem only worse than the previous ones, because the Battle of Borodino was the first that Napoleon did not win. All the most beautiful and profound dispositions and orders seem to be very bad, and every military scientist with a significant air criticizes them when the battle for them is not won, and the very bad dispositions and orders seem very good, and serious people in whole volumes prove the merits of bad orders. when the battle is won over them.
The disposition compiled by Weyrother in the Battle of Austerlitz was an example of perfection in works of this kind, but it was nevertheless condemned, condemned for its perfection, for too much detail.
Napoleon in the battle of Borodino performed his duty as a representative of power just as well, and even better, than in other battles. He did nothing detrimental to the course of the battle; he leaned towards more prudent opinions; he did not confuse, did not contradict himself, did not get scared and did not run away from the battlefield, but with his great tact and experience of war calmly and dignifiedly performed his role of seeming command.

Returning from a second preoccupied trip along the line, Napoleon said:
- The chess is set, the game will start tomorrow.
Having ordered to serve himself a punch and summoning Boss, he began a conversation with him about Paris, about some changes that he intended to make in the maison de l "imperatrice [in the empress's court staff], surprising the prefect with his remembrance of all the small details of court relations.
He was interested in trifles, joked about Boss's love of travel, and casually chatted like a famous, confident and knowledgeable operator, while he rolls up his sleeves and puts on an apron, and the patient is tied to the bed: “It's all in my hands and in the head, clearly and definitely. When I need to get down to business, I will do it like no one else, and now I can joke, and the more I joke and calm, the more you should be confident, calm and surprised at my genius. "
Having finished his second glass of punch, Napoleon went to rest before a serious matter, which, as it seemed to him, lay ahead of him the next day.
He was so interested in this business that lay ahead of him that he could not sleep and, despite the runny nose that intensified from the evening dampness, at three o'clock in the morning, blowing his nose loudly, went out into the large compartment of the tent. He asked if the Russians had left? He was told that the enemy fires are still in the same places. He nodded his head approvingly.
The adjutant on duty entered the tent.

Story

Having studied the unsuccessful experience of attempts to create a "small and cheap" armored cruiser, the French came to the conclusion that armored cruisers of small sizes, such as the "Amiral Charnay" and "Potiuo", could not be as effective as they should. With a limited displacement, belt armor took too much weight, forcing either to make the armor belt thin and ineffective (as on the Potuo) or limit the speed and armament (as on the Amiral Charnay). Based on these experiences, the French shipbuilders decided that only large armored cruisers could be effective in their intended function as ocean raiders.

Design

The total displacement of the ship was about 11,000 tons. Its length exceeded 145 meters, width - 19.4 meters, and draft - 8.1 meters. The desire to achieve high speed and the ensuing requirement for a large number of boilers led to the fact that Zhanna D'Arc had six chimneys, grouped in two groups of three. In the bow there was a short, lightweight battle mast, with a single massive mast; this mast also supported the bridge. A light signal mast was located aft.

Armament

Armor protection

Above the main belt was the upper one, 100 millimeters thick in the central part, and thinning to 40 millimeters at the extremities. The upper belt also extended the entire length of the ship; its height was 1.8 meters, excluding the bow - where the belt rose to the level of the forecastle deck, fully protecting the bow of the cruiser.

Power point

Jeanne D'Arc was a three-shaft cruiser; three vertical triple expansion machines were driven by three propellers. Steam was provided by forty-eight Norman-Sigody water-tube boilers, eight boilers each in six boiler rooms, the design capacity was 28,500 liters. With. The cruiser had six pipes and a lot of fans on the upper deck, which were necessary for venting / supplying air to the power plants. After a few years, the boilers were replaced by thirty-six du Temple boilers.

Service

Project evaluation

The combat capabilities of the Jeanne d'Arc provided her with a confident advantage over the first-ranked British armored cruisers. The upper belt of the French cruiser negated the effectiveness of the main component of the British ships' armament - the batteries of rapid-fire guns - while the vital parts of the cruiser were adequately protected from the fire of the few British heavy guns [ ] .

However, this innovative ship was not without its drawbacks. Its speed, despite all efforts, turned out to be lower than the design speed, which did not give "Jeanne d'Arc" the desired speed superiority over British ships. The cruiser's armament looked insufficient compared to the auxiliary battery of 164-mm guns on the previous cruisers. Finally, the cruiser's maneuverability turned out to be below any criticism (which, however, was not very relevant for a ship not intended for operations as part of a squadron). Subsequent projects of French armored cruisers were developed in an effort to neutralize these shortcomings [ ] .

"Jeanne d'Arc" (fr. Jeanne d "Arc) - light cruiser of the French navy during the Second World War. Initially designed as a training ship of the fleet. The question of creating a new training ship for training junior naval officers arose in the mid-1920s.

when the deadline for the decommissioning of the Zhanna d'Arc armored cruiser, which had been performing this role since 1919 and scheduled for decommissioning in 1928, was approaching.

Initially, two ways of solving the problem were considered:

1) convert one of the less old armored cruisers into a training one;

2) Purchase one of the modern civilian motor ships and re-equip it. After lengthy consideration, both options were rejected.

All the armored cruisers of the French fleet were already too worn out, and their power plants were completely outdated and could not provide training for machine teams. Re-equipment of a civilian vessel required substantial costs with a dubious result. Therefore, it was decided to build a special training ship.

Main characteristics:

Displacement standard 6496 tons, full 8950 tons.
Length 160/170 m.
Width 17.7 m.
Draft is 6.3 m.
Turret armor - 25 mm, wheelhouse - 25 mm, cellar - 20 mm.
Engines 2 TZA Parsons, 4 steam boilers Penhoët.
Power 32 500 hp With.
Propeller 2 screws.
Speed 25 knots.
Cruising range 5200 miles at 11 knots.
The crew is 506 people, with cadets - 682 people, in wartime 648 people.

Armament:

Artillery 4 × 2 - 155 mm / 50.
Anti-aircraft artillery 4 × 1 - 75 mm / 50, 2 × 1 - 37 mm / 50, 4 × 2 - 13.2 mm machine gun.
Mine-torpedo armament 2 single-tube torpedo tubes of 550 mm caliber.
Aviation group 1 - 2 seaplanes Loire 130.

Project evaluation

The construction of the Jeanne d'Arc marked a new stage in the approach of the French fleet to the training of naval personnel. Instead of outdated combat ships that did not meet the new requirements, they preferred to create a modern cruiser-class training ship suitable for use in various missions.
"Zhanna d'Arc" at the time of construction had quite modern weapons and equipment, which were further updated in the course of modernization.
The solid size made it possible to accept a significant number of cadets and make long voyages... The impressive sight of the ship, which was constantly on cruises with calls to foreign ports, contributed to the successful "display of the flag".

In purely combat qualities, the "Jeanne d'Arc" was inferior to light cruisers-contemporaries, but operating in the colonies the ship was quite adequate to its tasks, and the weakness of protection and low speed did not have much significance.
During her service on board the cruiser, 4,600 naval officers underwent practical training, and thus "Jeanne d'Arc" made a significant contribution to the development of the French fleet.