Presentation on the topic "chemical fibers". Presentation on the topic "fibers" Chemical fibers presentation on technology

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Cotton COTTON - the fibers covering cotton seeds. When it ripens, the fruits (boxes) open, and raw cotton (fiber with unseparated seeds) is harvested from them. The box contains seeds covered with cellulose fibers, which can be long or short. Therefore, cotton is called long-staple or short-staple. The quality of materials produced from cotton depends on this. During processing, cotton fiber (fibers longer than 20 mm), fluff (less than 20 mm) and downs (less than 5 mm) are separated from the seeds. Cotton is used to produce fabrics, knitwear, threads, cotton wool, etc. Cotton down and downs are used in the chemical industry as a raw material for the manufacture of artificial fibers and threads, films, varnishes, etc. Cotton is resistant to alkalis, but decomposes under the action of acids .

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WOOL are fibers obtained by shearing sheep, goats, camels and other animals. The quality of wool depends on the thickness of the cross section and the length of the wool fibers. The bulk of the wool processed in the industry is sheep. Types of wool fibers: down - the most valuable thin, soft crimped fiber; transitional hair, that is, thicker, stiffer and less crimped than down; "dead hair" low-strength and hard fiber. Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felt products, etc. Wool is sensitive to the action of alkalis, which make it brittle, and in relation to acids, on the contrary, it is stable. According to the chemical composition, wool is a protein substance. When wool is burned, the characteristic smell of burnt feathers is released.

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Flax is one of the perennial grasses and shrubs of the flax family, a spinning and oilseed crop. Cultivated mainly fiber flax in the stems of 20-28% fiber, and oil flax, or curly flax, in the seeds of 35-52% linseed oil. Flax fibers are obtained from the bast stem of flax. This is the first fiber that a person learned to receive already in the Stone Age. Long flax fibers are made up of cellulose. Linen is the strongest natural fiber. Therefore, it is used in the production of durable threads, fabrics for sails, and due to its good hygienic properties, linen fabrics are used to make linen.

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SILK - natural textile thread of animal origin; a product secreted by the glands of silkworm caterpillars. With the joint unwinding of several cocoons, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is produced, used for the manufacture of fabrics, knitwear, and sewing threads. Waste is processed into yarn for technical and other fabrics. According to the chemical composition, silk is a protein substance. Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking products made of silk, however, have low wear resistance and high cost.

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Chemical fibers are obtained from the products of chemical processing of natural polymers (artificial fibers) or from synthetic polymers (synthetic fibers). Polymers (from poly... and Greek meros share, part), substances whose molecules (macromolecules) consist of a large number of repeating units; the molecular weight of polymers can vary from a few thousand to many millions. By origin, polymers are divided into natural, or biopolymers (for example, proteins, nucleic acids, natural rubber), and synthetic (for example, polyethylene, polyamides, epoxy resins), obtained by polymerization and polycondensation methods. According to the shape of the molecules, linear, branched and network polymers are distinguished, organic, element-organic, inorganic polymers by nature. Linear and branched polymers are characterized by a set of specific properties, for example, the ability to form anisotropic fibers and films, as well as to exist in a highly elastic state. Polymers are the basis of plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, paints and varnishes, adhesives, ion exchangers. The cells of all living organisms are built from biopolymers.

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Over the years, natural fibers have ceased to fully satisfy a person, so scientists around the world have been working to find a replacement for them. More than three hundred years ago (in 1655), the outstanding English physicist Robert Hooke published a treatise in which there was such a statement: “It is possible, apparently, to find ways to artificially obtain a sticky mass, similar to how it is formed in a silkworm ... If such a mass is found, then, apparently, an easier task will be to find a way to stretch this mass into thin threads ... ”But only in 1884, the student of Louis Pasteur, the French inventor Hilaire de Chardonnay, managed to obtain artificial fibers. The most common types of artificial fibers are obtained by processing cellulose. Chardonnay was the first to decide to use a solvent to dissolve cellulose into a solution and from this solution to obtain a new fiber. To do this, he forced the resulting liquid mass through thin holes. To obtain fibers, a polymer solution or melt is forced through the finest holes in a spinning die. From the obtained fibers, threads are spun, which are used for the manufacture of textile products.

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When processing waste wood and sawdust, cellulose is released. In the process of obtaining viscose fiber, cellulose is treated with reagents (NaOH and CS2). Viscose fiber - an artificial fiber molded from viscose; consists of hydrated cellulose. Easily colored, hygroscopic; Disadvantages: large loss of strength in the wet state, easy wrinkling, low wear resistance are eliminated by modifying the viscose fiber. Due to the availability of raw materials and the low cost of reagents, the production of viscose fiber is highly economical. It is used (sometimes mixed with other fibers) for the production of clothing fabrics, knitwear, cord. In the process of obtaining acetate fibers, cellulose is treated with acetic anhydride, the resulting cellulose acetate is dissolved in acetone and forced through spinnerets.

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Acetate fibers are artificial fibers formed from solutions of cellulose triacetate (triacetate fiber) and its partial saponification product (acetate fibers proper). Soft, elastic, little wrinkled, let in ultraviolet rays; disadvantages: low strength, low thermal and wear resistance, significant electrification. They are mainly used in the production of consumer goods, such as underwear. World production is about 610 thousand tons.

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Fiber is a thin, unspun thread of vegetable, animal or mineral origin. Definition

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Fibers Natural Chemical Organic Inorganic Silk, cotton, wool Mineral Synthetic Artificial

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Kapron

Kapron is a synthetic polyamide fiber. This substance was the product of a polycondensation reaction when aminocaproic acid was heated under pressure. Thanks to the main component - aminocaproic acid - the resulting new substance was called capron.

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Formula and appearance

Kapron or kapron fiber is a white-transparent, shiny, very strong, smooth substance. Kapron (or polyamide-6) is a synthetic polyamide fiber. Monomers: caprolactam

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Properties

Along with high strength, nylon fibers are characterized by resistance to abrasion. When heated, its strength decreases. It softens easily, a thread can be pulled out of a melted piece of nylon. When burning, it melts, forming a dark shiny ball, burns with an unpleasant odor

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Nylon tights Plastic gears Fishing nets made of nylon threads Carcass for tires made of cord fabric Tires with nylon cord Application

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Cotton Cotton (cotton fabric) - A vegetable fiber that covers cotton seeds.

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Appearance

Cotton is thin, short, soft fluffy fibers. The fiber is somewhat twisted around its axis.

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Properties

Sufficient strength. High heat resistance: withstands temperatures up to 150°C in a dry atmosphere. At 245°C, the fiber turns brown and ignites. It burns very easily, burns completely, the flame is yellow, the ash is gray, the smell of burnt paper.

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Wool is the hair of animals (sheep, goats, camels, etc.) collected for processing. Methods of obtaining: Wool from animals is obtained by shearing, less often by combing. Application: Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felt products, etc. Wool

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Physical properties and appearance: Rough, elastic fibers. Actions of reagents: Soluble in alkalis. The nature of combustion, melting: Burns poorly, forming a dense sintered ball. Smell when burning, melting: Burnt feather.

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The heat resistance of wool is low: the maximum drying temperature is 60-70 ° C; at a temperature of 100-105°C, the wool loses moisture, the fiber becomes stiff and brittle, and at 120°C, the wool turns yellow and begins to decompose. Wool has low thermal conductivity, so woolen fabrics have high heat-shielding properties. Alkali, especially caustic soda, destroys the wool fiber, and the product becomes loose (spreads), so it is recommended to wash wool products with neutral soap or special synthetic detergents.

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The wool is resilient, elastic, durable, has a crimped fiber (the thinner the wool, the more crimped it is). Due to good elasticity, wool products do not wrinkle and retain a good appearance for a long time. The thermal conductivity of wool is lower than that of many textile fibers. That is why a woolen bed is the warmest. The main substance of which wool consists: keratin - belongs to the group of protein (protein) substances.

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Fibers are the main starting material for the production of textile products. They can be divided into several groups. Natural fibers or natural fibers are divided into textile fibers of vegetable (for example, cotton, linen, hemp), animal (wool, natural silk) and mineral (asbestos) origin, suitable for making yarn. Chemical fibers are obtained from the products of chemical processing of natural polymers (artificial fibers) or from synthetic polymers (synthetic fibers). Manufacture of man-made fibers usually consists of forcing a solution or melt of a polymer through the orifices of a spinneret into a medium that causes the resulting fine fibers to solidify. Cold air serves as such a medium for molding from melts, hot air from solutions (“dry” method) or a special solution - a precipitation bath (“wet” method). They are produced in the form of monofilament, staple fiber or a bunch of many thin threads connected by twisting.

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Natural fibers of plant origin can be divided into two groups: cotton or cotton and bast fibers. Cotton is commonly referred to as the fibers that cover the seeds of the cotton plant. Bast fibers are called fibers contained in the stems, leaves and shells of the fruits of various plants. The following types of bast fibers are most common: flax, hemp (hemp fiber), jute, etc.

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COTTON - fibers that cover cotton seeds. When it ripens, the fruits (boxes) open, and raw cotton (fiber with unseparated seeds) is harvested from them. The box contains seeds covered with cellulose fibers, which can be long or short. Therefore, cotton is called long-staple or short-staple. The quality of materials produced from cotton depends on this. During processing, cotton fiber (fibers longer than 20 mm), fluff (less than 20 mm) and downs (less than 5 mm) are separated from the seeds. Cotton is used to produce fabrics, knitwear, threads, cotton wool, etc. Cotton down and downs are used in the chemical industry as a raw material for the manufacture of artificial fibers and threads, films, varnishes, etc. Cotton is resistant to alkalis, but decomposes under the action of acids .

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Flax is a genus of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs of the flax family, a spinning and oilseed crop. Cultivated mainly fiber flax in the stems of 20-28% fiber, and oil flax, or curly flax, in the seeds of 35-52% linseed oil. Flax fibers are obtained from the bast stem of flax. This is the first fiber that a person learned to receive already in the Stone Age. Long flax fibers are made up of cellulose. Linen is the strongest natural fiber. Therefore, it is used in the production of durable threads, fabrics for sails, and due to its good hygienic properties, linen fabrics are used to make linen.

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Polyamide fiber is a synthetic fiber formed from melts or solutions of polyamides. Strong, elastic, resistant to abrasion, repeated bending and the action of many chemicals; disadvantages: low hygroscopicity, increased electrification, low thermal and light resistance. It is used in the production of fabrics, knitwear, tire cord, filter materials, etc. The main trade names: from polycaproamide capron, nylon-6, perlon, dederon, amylan, stilon; from polyhexamethylene adipamide anide, nylon-6,6, rhodianylon, niplon.

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Polyester fiber is a synthetic fiber formed from a melt of polyethylene terephthalate or its derivatives. Advantages low creasing, excellent light and weather resistance, high strength, good resistance to abrasion and organic solvents; Disadvantages: Difficulty in dyeing, strong electrification, rigidity is eliminated by chemical modification. It is used, for example, in the production of various fabrics, artificial fur, ropes, for reinforcing tires. Main trade names: lavsan, terylene, dacron, teteron, elana, tergal, tesil.

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Polyacrylonitrile fiber (acrylic fiber) is a synthetic fiber formed from solutions of polyacrylonitrile or its derivatives. In many properties it is close to wool, resistant to light and other atmospheric agents, acids, weak alkalis, organic solvents. Polyacrylonitrile fiber is used to make upper and underwear knitwear, carpets, and fabrics. Main trade names: nitron, orlon, acrylan, kashmilon, kurtel, dralon, volprula.

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Additional material

Presentation prepared

Chemistry teacher

MKOU lyceum №4, Rossosh

Suglobova I.V.

chemical

fibers

synthetic

artificial

polyamide

acetate

viscose

polyester

elastane

polyacrylo-

nitrile

ammonia

Stage I: Obtaining a spinning solution.

For artificial fiber: Dissolution of pulp in alkali.

For synthetic fiber: addition of chemical reactions of various substances.

Stage II: Fiber formation.

Passing the solution through the dies.

The number of holes in the die is 24-36 thousand.

The solution hardens, forming solid thin filaments.

Stage III: Fiber finishing.

The threads are washed, dried, twisted, treated with high temperature.

Bleach, dye, treat with a soap solution.

Process

receiving

chemical

fibers

The raw material is gas. As a result of complex chemical reactions

get fiber

polyester

polyamide

polyacrylo-

nitrile

elastane

krimplen

dorlastan

Raw materials - wood pulp (spruce chips, sawdust) and chemicals.

Properties:

fiber

viscose

shine

tortuosity

(matte)

strength

Sminae

bridge

combustion

Burns well, gray ashes, smells like burnt paper

The raw materials are cotton waste and chemicals.

Properties:

fiber

acetate

shine

tortuosity

strength

Sminae

bridge

Decreases when wet

Less than viscose

combustion

It burns with a yellow flame, a melted ball remains

Hygienic

Technological

mechanical

crumbling

breathability

thread spreading

hygroscopicity

strength

wetness

extensibility

drape

thermal conductivity

creasing

Goals and objectives: Educational: To acquaint students with the technological process of production of chemical fibers. To acquaint students with the properties of fabrics made of artificial and synthetic fibers. Developing: Contribute to the formation and development of students' cognitive interest in the subject. Contribute to the formation and development of the intellectual qualities of the individual. Develop logical thinking. Educational: To cultivate practicality and promote the development of aesthetic taste.

Manufacture of chemical fibers Stage I: Obtaining a spinning solution. For artificial fiber: Dissolution of pulp in alkali. For synthetic fiber: addition of chemical reactions of various substances. Stage II: Fiber formation. Passing the solution through the dies. The number of holes in the die is thousands. The solution hardens, forming solid thin filaments. Stage III: Fiber finishing. The threads are washed, dried, twisted, treated with high temperature. Bleach, dye, treat with a soap solution.

Fabrics of synthetic origin polyester fibers polyamide fibers polyacrylonitrile fibers elastane fibers lavsan crimplen dederon nylon acryl nitron dorlastan lycra Raw material – gas. As a result of complex chemical reactions, fibers are obtained

Lab : Determining the composition of fabrics by their properties Properties of fabrics of a fabric sample Shine Smoothness Softness Wrinkle Collapsibility Strength Dry Wet Combustion

Determination of the fibrous composition of the fabric Materials, tools, devices: samples of fabrics from artificial and synthetic fibers, a needle, a vessel with water, crucibles for igniting threads. How to perform the work 1. Examine the tissue samples. Determine which of them have a shiny surface, and which have a matte surface. 2. Determine by touch the degree of smoothness and softness of the samples. 3. Determine the creasability of the samples by holding them in your fist for 30 seconds and then straightening them. 4. Remove two threads from each sample. Soak one of them. Break the dry thread first, then the wet thread. Determine how the strength of the thread has changed. 5. Remove one strand from the samples and ignite in the crucible. Analyze the type of flame, smell and residues of combustion. 6. Complete the report table and determine the fiber content of each tissue sample.

Fixing the material Option 1 1. Artificial silk fiber is a fiber: a) acetate; b) polyester. 2. Artificial fibers include fibers: a) viscose; b) polyamide; c) acetate; d) polyester; 3. Fabrics made from artificial silk fibers have the following properties: a) do not wrinkle; b) shiny; c) hard; d) have good heat-shielding properties; e) do not slip when cutting; e) crumble a little. 4. The shedding of sections is stronger in fabrics: a) from woolen fiber; b) kapron threads; c) cotton fiber. Option 2 1. Synthetic fibers are obtained: a) from wood; b) oil; c) plants. 2. You can determine the fibrous composition of the fabric: a) by the color of the fabric; b) combustion test; c) appearance; d) touch. 3. When a synthetic fiber fabric is burned, the following is formed: a) gray ash; b) hard dark ball; c) a crumbling black ball. 4. Hygienic properties are better for fabrics: a) from cotton fiber; b) viscose fiber; c) polyacrylonitrile fiber.