The types of ownership in the Russian Federation include. Abstract: Forms of ownership and types of enterprises in the Russian Federation. Name of the form of ownership

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

NOVOSIBIRSK HUMANITARIAN INSTITUTE

Bratsk branch

Faculty of Economics

Macroeconomics

Topic: Forms of ownership and types of enterprises in the Russian Federation.

Coursework of a 2-year correspondence student

Volkova Lyubov Anatolyevna

Scientific adviser Murashova L.N.

Date of delivery of the coursework _____________

Grade_____________

Introduction

1.1. The concept of property, its economic content

2. Forms of ownership

2.1 Historical forms of ownership

2.2. Signs of classification of forms of ownership

2.3. Forms of ownership

3. Property in Russia

3.2. Criteria for the effectiveness of property transformations

3.3. Peculiarities of property transformation in Russia

4.1. Enterprise, its tasks and functions

5. Types of enterprises

5.2. Self employed

5.3. Partnership (partnership)

5.4. Corporation (limited liability companies)

5.4.1. Small business.

5.4.2. Joint stock company (closed and open).

5.4.3. Joint venture.

5.5. Cooperatives

6. Enterprises and entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

To understand the laws of the functioning of the economic mechanism, as well as the entire economic system as a whole, property relations are of fundamental importance.

For a long time, economic thought was dominated by the idea that property is the relationship of a person to a thing, a person's power over a thing, his ability to own, dispose of, use the material conditions of his existence. At the same time, the desire of a person to possess things acted as a natural, inalienable instinct.

However, with the accumulation and deepening of knowledge about the laws of the development of society, ideas about property began to change in the direction of more and more recognition not of its natural, but of its social basis.

The most important step in the study of property was made by the economic thought of the last century. The ideologist of petty-bourgeois socialism P.-J. Proudhon (1809-1865) owns the famous phrase: "Property is theft." This definition was not universally accepted and was subjected to valid criticism, but there was a very valuable detail in Proudhon's position. If one person owns a thing, then the other person is deprived of the opportunity to have it. This means that it is not nature, but social relations that underlie property.

The Code of Napoleon said that "property is the right to use and dispose of things in the most absolute way." Here, property relations are presented in the form of legal relations, where subjects are endowed with the right to use material assets.

A person lives, produces and uses the results of labor in close interaction with other people. By virtue of this, it can be argued that property is a relationship between people, expressing a certain form of appropriation of goods, c. features of the form of appropriation of the means of production.

For a correct and more complete understanding of property, in my work I will define the place that belongs to it in the system of social relations.

An enterprise (firm) is an organization that conducts business under a specific name. The firm controls the use of land, labor and capital. She herself decides on the design, method of production and sale of products. A firm should be distinguished from a production unit, such as a factory, farm, or mine, because it is a unit of management. One firm can have or control several production units.

Firms are of different sizes - one individual entrepreneur or a corporation, with thousands of employees.

Value creation is a fundamental function of an enterprise. The process of creating value is the satisfaction of group or individual needs, as a result of which the enterprise achieves public recognition for its activities. A prosperous enterprise is one that makes a steady profit from its activities. The owners (or shareholders) of the enterprise are interested in a constant and ever-increasing stream of income and such use of their own and borrowed funds that increases the value of their property (dividends, shares). Employees and suppliers are interested in the stability of the company, long-term relationships with it, as well as a favorable working atmosphere. For consumers, the highest value is represented by goods and services that satisfy them in quality and price.

Public recognition, in turn, gives an enterprise the opportunity to expand production, increase sales and services, and ultimately increase its profits.

The main working tool in the implementation of the target functions of the enterprise is the market strategy, within which the competitive advantages of the enterprise are realized. In international business theory and practice, there are three main types of enterprise market strategy.

The management of the enterprise must seriously analyze the existing competitive advantages and choose one of the strategies of behavior in the market.

After the market strategy has been carried out, the next tool for implementing the target function of the enterprise, which ensures sustainable profit, is planning aimed at achieving the goals of the enterprise.

In my term paper, I will describe how enterprises are classified, what types of enterprises are.

1.1. The concept of property, its economic content.

Property is one of the most important and complex problems of economics and economic theory. The history of the economic life of society during periods of increased social activity leads, as a rule, to the redistribution of objects and property rights. Russia's transitional economy confirms this historical tradition.

Public thought has always paid more attention to the problem of property. Special references to it are contained in the historical, philosophical and fiction literature. A rich tradition and material have accumulated in the legal literature, within the framework of which a number of trends in the study of property rights have developed. Economics has also always paid special attention to this problem. And yet this problem remains underdeveloped. activity and its results.

Own- 1) a system of objective relations between people regarding the appropriation of means and results of production; 2) the set of rights of the subject to manage the conditions of the economic concept of property has been formed in science and in life for many hundreds, even thousands of years, but is still an object of analysis, research, and discussion.

The category "property" historically entered the scientific circulation long before the emergence of economics, economic theory as a special branch of science. First of all, property has become an official object of a legal, legal nature and philosophy. The formation of property took place in primitive society. Roman law already defined the concept of property and the basic relations associated with it, such as: possession, use, disposal.

The emergence of property relations on the cutting edge of scientific and social thought is not accidental. Transformations in property relations directly affect the life and well-being of people, affect their vital interests, are visible on the surface of life, social phenomena.

For a long time, property as a special social relation was the direct subject of jurisprudence, primarily civil law. However, with the further development of social production and the emergence of new forms of entrepreneurial activity, property acquires great importance in its economic aspect, becoming, along with the legal one, also a defining economic category.

Let's turn to the original concepts and definitions.

Property - the relationship between a person, group or community of people (subject), on the one hand, and any substance of the material world (object), on the other hand, consisting in permanent or temporary, partial or complete alienation, disconnection, appropriation of the object by the subject. So property characterizes the belonging of an object to a certain subject.

Subject of ownership(owner) - an active side of property relations, having the opportunity and the right to own the object of ownership. The subjects of ownership are, in the final analysis, deliberately animate persons. Attempts to replace them with certain categories of the “state” type without specifying which bodies and persons represent the “state” lead, in fact, to “subjectless” property, which is an abstraction. Only people can personify, practically realize the right to property.

Property object – the passive side of property relations in the form of objects of nature, matter, energy, information, property, spiritual, intellectual values, wholly or to some extent belonging to the subject. Objects of ownership are often referred to simply as property, including in this concept both the object itself and the related property relations.

The concept “ property relations”Includes, on the one hand, the owner's relationship“ to his thing ”, that is, property, subject-object relations between the subject and the object. These primary relations serve as the material prerequisite for the relationship between the subjects of property, that is, subjective-object relations. The latter represent the economic relations arising in connection with property, reflect the property relationships of the subject with other subjects. This group of relations is of a socio-economic nature and determines, first of all, the forms of distribution of property, products, goods, income, and other values ​​between owners.

The specificity of the economic content of property consists in the following main characteristics.

1. Property is not a thing and not just the relation of people to things, but the relationship between people that can be associated with things (means and results of production). But these relations have not material, but socio-economic content and forms (the connection of workers with the conditions of production, forms of income, etc.).

2. Monopolization of production conditions by some entities and their alienation from others or equal rights of workers' access to production conditions characterizes the socio-economic content of property relations and determine the nature of the combination of the main factors of production of workers and productive resources, and the appropriation of the result.

3. Forms of income form the economic realization of property and are determined by the position of subjects in property relations.

When determining the place of the category of property in the system of social relations:

· First, the economic content of the category of property depends on the nature of the established forms of ownership, which include the relations of production, distribution, exchange, consumption. For example, a market economy is characterized by the predominance of private property;

Second, the position of certain groups, classes in society, their ability to use all factors of production depends on property;

Third, the forms of ownership change in accordance with the change in the methods of production, conditioned by the development of the productive forces;

Fourth, although within each economic system there is some basic form of ownership specific to it, this does not exclude the existence of other forms of it, both old ones that have passed from the previous economic system, and new, peculiar shoots of the transition to a new system. The intertwining and interaction of all forms of ownership has a positive impact on the entire course of development of society.

Fifth, the very transition from some forms of ownership to others can go in two ways: evolutionary - on the basis of a competitive struggle for survival, the gradual displacement of everything that is dying out and the strengthening of the dominance of elements viable under the appropriate conditions, and also revolutionary - the violent assertion of the rule of new forms of ownership (in the theory of Marxism: the main essence of the socialist revolution is the elimination of private property).

2. Forms of ownership.

2.1. Historical forms of ownership.

Forms of ownership can be viewed in vertical-historical and horizontal-structural sections.

In the vertical-historical classification, the forms of ownership form the nodal points of the redistribution and concentration of property rights. such a classification is close to the traditional formational classification, although it does not completely coincide with it.

For primitive forms of ownership are characterized by the fact that property rights have not yet formed and, accordingly, there were no institutions and mechanisms for their distribution and redistribution. Consequently, there were no conditions for the formation of economic power and economic dependence. Equal rights to living conditions, work and results were the hallmarks of primitive appropriation.

Antique the form of ownership is distinguished by an extremely high concentration of property rights among individuals, when the right to full ownership extended to people. The absolute concentration of property rights in some individuals corresponded to an equally absolute lack of rights in others, who were deprived of personality traits.

The subsequent development of human society was accompanied by a consistent movement towards equality of personal rights and freedom. In this historical movement, following the antique movement, arose feudal own. It was characterized by absolute property rights over the conditions of production and limited property rights over people.

Ancient and feudal property have in common that economic power was supplemented by power over the personality of people.

Liberation from personal dependence has led, on the one hand, to the legal equality of all citizens, and on the other hand, to a new type of relationship: the economic power of some and the economic dependence of others. If we proceed from the accepted classification according to the formation criterion, then these properties are possessed by capitalist system... With an equal distribution of civil rights, an unequal distribution and concentration of property rights occurs here.

Construction experience socialism was an attempt to equalize people not only in rights and freedoms, but also in property rights to the conditions and results of production.

There are intermediate forms of ownership, which imply the redistribution of property rights in order to limit the economic power of some and liberate others from economic dependence. An example is the participation of employees in management, distribution of income, control, etc.

Modern trends in the world economy indicate that the post-industrial development of society will be accompanied by an increasing distribution of absolute private property rights and an ever wider variety of combinations of rights between economic agents.

2.2. Signs of the classification of forms of ownership.

The question of the forms of ownership is one of the most difficult in economic theory. As noted, the classification of forms of ownership can be carried out in historical plan by describing successive forms of ownership. Each of the historical forms, in turn, is concretized according to the objects and subjects of property, according to the nature of the assignment of the results of production and other characteristics.

Functional, a horizontal approach to describing the structure of modern forms of ownership requires supplementing the historical approach with special characteristics, based on the above content of ownership as a combination of economic powers that determine the position and socio-economic status of the subjects of the economic process.

The theoretical basis for the functional definition of forms of ownership and their structure are economic powers. The modern theory of property rights numbers from ten (in the enlarged classification) to one and a half thousand (in the fractional classification) powers. But not all powers can be considered essential, determining the socio-economic position of the subjects of the economic process. Which ones can be considered as such? This is primarily work. This is the main factor in all economic processes, including the process of appropriation, since it is in the process of labor that objects of property and all social wealth are created. At the heart of the pyramid of relations between property and forms of ownership is the subject of labor (worker, peasant, engineer, programmer, etc.). But workers and creators of property objects can become the subject of the formation of the form of ownership only when their creative right supplemented other essential property rights: to resources, to the production process and its result, to income. It is essential to note that whoever owns monopoly resources or has an absolute right of ownership to them has a priority right to the process and result of production, to income and management. At the top of the appropriation pyramid are income. They are the initial motive and the final result of the economic functioning of property. The owner can relinquish the management function by hiring managers; he can cede the right to use the conditions of production by renting them out. But he will not surrender to anyone the right to appropriate income and dispose of it. In terms of the economic entitlements of property, the position of the workers who create the goods depends on the state of the other entitlements. Workers are certainly the creators of objects or the material basis of property. But this does not mean that basic property rights belong to those who are at the origin of real creative appropriation. history and modernity show that ultimate appropriation is breaking away from its origins. Several options are possible here: 1) those who create property objects and real social wealth have the supreme property rights; 2) works alone, and other subjects and institutions become the masters of the created; 3) various combinations are possible between these two polar situations.

The second essential feature of the separation of forms of ownership is the authority to dispose of the created property objects. Their special value form is income. This level of authority presupposes economic power. In the practical implementation of these powers, options are also possible: 1) the income is appropriated by the one who creates it; 2) creates one and assigns the other. Intermediate options are also possible. Closer to the second power is disposal of property... In fact, property in value form is accumulated (capitalized) income.

And finally control. When highlighting this competence, two circumstances are meant. The process of creating property objects on any large scale requires the coordination and coordination of all participants. But there is also a more essential aspect of the aforementioned competence in connection with property. With the formation of joint-stock companies, the functions and subjects of ownership are separated from the functions and subjects of disposal. the subjects of management (managers), controlling the movement, economic turnover of property and assets, become the real owners of certain powers to dispose of the means and results of production. In economic theory, this process is called the "governing revolution." The reality of Russia's transition economy is full of examples of contradictions and conflicts between external investors and managers. This contradiction is an insurmountable reality even in countries with established and developed market economies.

2.3. Forms of ownership.

When studying forms of ownership, one has to face the lack of a unified terminological base due to confusion in basic concepts. Such forms of property as national, state, public, collective are perceived by some authors as synonyms, by others as different concepts. The same applies to the concepts of individual, private, personal property. in order to achieve an understanding in the further presentation, we will try to first determine what a form of ownership is, by what criterion it is determined, and what forms of ownership must be distinguished among themselves.

Form of ownership we will call it a kind, characterized by the property subject. In other words, the form of ownership determines the belonging of various objects of ownership to a subject of a single nature. Based on this definition, we distinguish the following forms of ownership.

Individual (individualized) property, within which the subject of ownership is personified as an individual, an individual who has the full right (within the framework of legality) to dispose of the object of ownership belonging to him or a part, shares of the object. With this form of ownership, the owner knows what belongs to him.

Within the limits of individual ownership, depending on the nature of the property and the nature of its use by the owner, one can distinguish personal and private own. Private property is distinguished from private property in two ways.

First, assuming that personal property covers objects of individual property used, consumed only by the owner himself or provided by him to others for free use. Accordingly, private property is objects of individual property provided for use and consumption for a certain fee to other persons. This definition is applicable to objects in the form of property and consumer goods. On the other hand, it can generally be considered that personal property is the essence of ownership of household items, personal property, consumer goods.

Another approach to private property is that it is the essence of individual property objects used with the use of someone else's, hired labor, while personal property covers only objects used with the use of the owner's personal labor. This definition applies, of course, mainly to the means of production.

Note that according to both the first and the second definitions and both taken together, knowledge of the subject and object of property does not in itself make it possible to distinguish between personal and private property. One and the same object can be both personal and private property, depending on the nature of its use, application, consumption. At the same time, using one of the definitions or both together, it is impossible to clearly define the line separating personal property from private, and establish the very fact of using personal property as private, if it is worth doing at all.

In this light, it is difficult to accept the stream of fears and even hostility towards private property that many Russians inherited from Soviet times and intensified in connection with the transition to a market economy. Most often, the rejection of private property is due not to a deep understanding of its nature and necessity or inadmissibility, but to an ideological background, a psychological attitude. Indeed, for many years the word "private trader" was interpreted and perceived as reprehensible, antisocial. The main objection to private property is that with private ownership of the means of production, as stated in the works of K. Marx and V. Lenin, exploitation arises, the appropriation of the results of someone else's labor. On this basis, a conclusion was made about the inadmissibility of private ownership of the means of production under the conditions of the economic system, which was called socialism in the Soviet Union.

However, it is the category of private property that is really economic, since its use and functioning in entrepreneurial activity has an effective impact on the efficiency of the economy as a whole, while personal property is a characteristic of a person's personal consumption and is rather an object of sociological research and social planning.

As for the allocation of personal ownership of the means of production, based on the use of the labor of the owner himself, as the most "decent", then, having the legal right to exist in a market economy, it is the most primitive form. Marx himself argued that such forms of initial unity between the worker and his working conditions are childish forms, equally unsuitable for developing labor as social labor and increasing the productive force of social labor. "

Regarding the exploitation of someone else's labor, understood as the rejection of a part of the surplus product (profit) created by his labor from the employee, we note that such an exclusion exists under any form of ownership. At the same time, the share of surplus value withdrawn by the real owner of the means of production under conditions of public ownership of the means of production can be no less than under conditions of private ownership. Where are these funds directed, again little is determined by the dominant form of ownership, but more depends on the regulatory function of the state and the objective needs of production and society, individual social groups.

I would also like to note the erroneousness of the popular notions that private property occupies a leading place in the economy, if that was a very long time ago. The current market economy is characterized mainly by collective, corporate, mixed forms of ownership. In a fairly typical capitalist economy of the market type, 10-15% of the means of production are in individual-private ownership, 60-70% - in collective-corporate, joint-stock, 15-25% - in the state. Another thing is that corporate, joint-stock property is also classified as private, for which there are certain grounds.

The second form of ownership is collective in the broadest sense of the word or multi-person ownership. Within the limits of the multi-person form, the subject of ownership is not personified as an individual, but is an aggregate, community, collective of owners. The subject of ownership can act in the form of an authorized person or a group of persons expressing the proprietary interests of the entire partnership, but much more often it acts and is officially formalized in a legal way as a single legal entity (business entity, enterprise, company) or a state body, public organization. It would be more convenient to call multi-person property simply common, but the term “common property” is interpreted in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as property owned by two or more persons, that is, as group property.

Speaking about multi-person property, we proceed from the broadest understanding of it as a variety of forms of property that are social in nature, covering the range from family to public. This is any integrative, in a sense social, form.

Taking its origins in narrowly collective, group ownership, within which there is direct direct participation and control by the owner over the use of the property, multi-person ownership extends to state, national, where the impact on the direction of use of the property by the owner (people) is significantly mediated ...

The division of forms of ownership into individual and multi-person reflects a very large-scale structuring of various forms, covering in all their diversity a significant set of them. Note that such a division of property into two forms: individual and multi-person is not generally accepted either in economics or in practice. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation distinguishes between private, state and municipal forms of ownership, while at the same time recognizing the possibility of the existence of other forms. At the same time, the division of ownership of the property of legal entities and individuals is widely known. The latter form is clearly associated with individual property.

We will try to concretize the forms of ownership more clearly and in detail by highlighting the most characteristic forms (classes, types), proceeding from the desire to reflect the really emerging forms and designate conventional ones, the name of which does not correspond to their true content.

It is clear enough that the notions of “state” property used in Soviet times in Russian history, behind which stood the property of state bodies, “cooperative-collective farm”, which was hardly distinguishable from state and personal property only for consumer goods, were dogmatic and conditional.

It is necessary to clarify the category of "public property", to separate it from the category of "state property", because the confusion of these concepts creates confusion and the possibility of manipulating the forms and relations of property, and, as a result, the real objects of property.

The global concept of public property, which encompasses everything that is called joint property above, is very abstract in the sense that it is difficult to specify the owner. It is quite clear how the people as a whole are able to realize the functions and rights of the subject of ownership in relation to seven types of joint property, how the mechanism of responsibility for the so-called public property is generated.

It seems that one should single out such a form as public (public) ownership of natural resources, not involved in social production and having universal accessibility, including land, water, air space, flora, fauna. These riches should be called the common property of the people. They are the exclusive property of the entire people. In relation to this object of property, the formula should be applied: “this is what belongs to all together and to each separately on the basis of the rights of equal access”. The janitor has equal rights to the use of such property with the president, everyone becomes in the general turn the management of public property on behalf of its owner - the people, the population can only be carried out by the organs of democracy.

As for state property, it is involved in social production and therefore cannot belong to everyone on an equal basis.

As a result, in the enlarged presentation, the set of forms of ownership covers:

· nationwide - in the form of natural resources for the general use of the people, possessing general and equal accessibility for all members of society (unfortunately, this form of ownership is not singled out in the adopted Russian legislative acts on property);

· state - natural resources, basic production assets, circulating assets, information representing part of the public property - transferred by the will of the people and the decision of the authorities of the people to the jurisdiction and disposal of state bodies under certain conditions of use with the simultaneous delegation of responsibility;

· regional state, transferred to the jurisdiction and disposal of regional state bodies (property of the subjects of the federation);

· communal, municipal, transferred to the disposal of local authorities;

· collective, representing an indivisible part of the national, state, regional property, assigned for a definite or unlimited period to a collective of persons, as well as rented and used in accordance with the system of rules and regulations established by law, agreement, charter. It is essentially a derivative form of ownership resulting from the transfer of ownership;

· general - in the form of property, valuables, cash, securities created, acquired, originally owned by two or more persons, members of the associated group, used by them at their discretion, subject to the general rules and restrictions established by law (these forms to a certain extent include joint-stock, collective share, cooperative property). The common property is divided into joint, within the framework of which the property object belongs to all participants, persons on an equal basis, without allocating shares, and shared ownership, in which the share of each of the individual owners, participants, persons in the common property right is determined;

· individual, representing property, objects, information belonging to an individual personally and used by him at his own discretion, subject to the legal norms that apply to citizens-owners.

It is also advisable to highlight property of public organizations and group, family property.

In the structure of forms and property relations, one should distinguish natural-material and cost aspects of. With the indivisibility of the natural-material composition of the property object, only the monetary value can be subject to division. Therefore, it is quite possible and often observed situations when the owner has the right to claim the monetary value of the object, but not the object itself.

We emphasize that there is no and cannot exist an absolute separation of forms of ownership, are inevitable mixed forms of ownership, including transitional from one form to another. For example, if the ownership of labor power is individual, of the means of production - common, of land - by the state, and all these factors of production are combined in one enterprise, then the ownership of the enterprise obviously becomes mixed. It follows that we are forced to admit interpenetration and common existence of different forms of ownership within one object. The same means of production can be simultaneously, in a certain perspective, objects of different forms of ownership. And the owner, manager, user of the object can certainly differ. However, this circumstance should not serve as a reason for unlawful and unauthorized use of property objects by subjects that have no grounds for that.

Until now, we have been talking about the subjects of property in the person of citizens, collectives, organizations, people of the country that owns this property. But on the territory of the country, as part of its national wealth, there may be property of foreign citizens, organizations, states in the form of objects, in whole or in part, owned by foreign entities. Such proprietary penetration, towards which an extremely wary attitude is manifested in our country both on the part of certain groups of the population and in government circles, is an inevitable consequence of the development of foreign economic relations and the country's inclusion in the world economic system. So it is legitimate to include in the number of forms of ownership foreign ownership in isolation or as part of mixed ownership (joint ventures). The object of such property can primarily be the means of production, buildings, property, investment capital, credited funds, collateral.

Concluding the description of the structure of forms and property relations, let us point out a clear desire that has emerged in recent years to bring under her legislative basis. At the federal and republican levels, legislative acts are adopted on lease and lease relations, on property, on land and land use, and on foreign investments. The number of such acts has already included the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and eventually the law on intellectual property will also be included. Although the adopted Russian laws are in many respects imperfect, they undoubtedly form the primary legal foundation of property structures and relations to the aforementioned package of laws closely adjacent to legislative acts on denationalization and privatization of property, which are designed to direct the processes of changing the existing forms and relations of property in the right direction.

3. Property in Russia

3.1. Property formation in Russia

In the course of the revolutionary transformations in Russia, which began in October 1917, private property in industry, transport, construction, and trade was abolished. Collectivization in the countryside replaced the individual property of peasants with a cooperative-collective farm (in fact, semi-state). As a result, the complete domination of socialist, or public (i.e., state and semi-state) property was established.

Later in the USSR, the process of building up the social means of production at the expense of accumulations continued. As a result, the social structure of ownership of the means of production by the beginning of the 90s. took the following form: state 88.6; collective farm 8.7; cooperatives for the production of goods and services (including housing construction) 1.5; property of citizens 1.2%. These figures, in essence, express a high state monopoly on the means of production.

The establishment of the domination of state property, which was identified with the public property, had its merits. It ensured a unified centralized management of the economy, a huge concentration of resources and their use for solving major economic problems.

The process of expanded reproduction was based on the development of state property. The centralization of property was the basis of relative equality in the distribution of material and spiritual benefits between members of society.

At the same time, the experience of the USSR and other socialist countries has shown that the globalization of state property also has major disadvantages, which eventually become intolerable.

State-owned enterprises were not economically interested in using the new achievements of science and technology. These achievements were rejected, since the existing monopoly of state property made it more profitable to produce traditional products using an established technology. The lack of competition has deprived enterprises of economic incentives to improve product quality and reduce production costs. Internal sources of development have been replaced by external incentives based on the strength of administrative power.

As a result, the efficiency of the national economy based on state ownership turned out to be low, in many respects it is inferior to the efficiency of the market economy. The growth rates of labor productivity slowed down, the capital productivity decreased from year to year, and the material consumption of production increased.

Similar shortcomings also manifested themselves in collective farm property. Administrative bodies were in full command of the collective farms, determined the direction of their production, and formed their governing bodies. Collective farm democracy was formal in nature. The collective farm was deprived of the right to dispose of its products, since the bulk of it came to the state at prices set by it.

The lack of a truly masterful attitude to production, one way or another, hinders its normal functioning. Of course, the director and the management department of the enterprise strive to ensure that it works efficiently. But, as is often said, and not without reason, the owner is always interested in the prosperity of the company, and the manager is always interested in maintaining his position.

In Russia, in the course of radical economic reforms in the 90s. a system has developed that includes a number of forms of ownership (Fig. 1).

Various forms of ownership, functioning in the general system of economic relations, cannot be isolated from each other. Overcoming their specifics, they inevitably intertwine. Mixed forms of ownership can arise on the basis of this interweaving. The objective basis of this interweaving is the mutual complementarity and use of those specific opportunities that are inherent in each of the specific forms of management. Thus, in privatized Russian joint-stock companies, the property of individual citizens, collectives and the state is now being merged.

3.2. A criterion for the effectiveness of property transformation.

The difference between the economic and legal approaches to the transformation of property is clearly revealed in the following main areas. The law dispassionately fixes the transfer of property rights from one subject to another. The question of how effectively the property was used before and when the need to change owners was caused is not a subject of special attention in the legal approach. For the economic approach, the issue of the efficient use of property that is transferred from one owner to another is the main one. Therefore, it is the economic criteria for the transformation of forms of ownership that are most important for determining the correspondence of specific ways and forms of transformation of property to historical and economic progress. Ignoring this circumstance can lead to such transformations that will lead to large losses, economic and social regression.

Another difference between the economic approach to the transformation of property from the legal one is that within the framework of the same legal form of ownership, significant transformations can occur in the process of appropriation. For example, an individual has ownership of a land plot. Regardless of whether it cultivates this plot or not, its ownership rights will not change, although in terms of economic content, these are two completely different situations. His ownership does not change even if the land plot is processed by hired workers. However, this is already the third and fundamentally different situation from the point of view of the real economic process of appropriation with the same right of private property. Therefore, only economic analysis makes it possible to obtain a deeper, more concretized and internally dismembered knowledge about the real content of property.

This approach is typical for all major areas of economic theory. The theory of efficient and rational allocation of resources, substantiating the criteria for the transfer of resources from the non-state (private) sector to the state (public), puts forward the following requirement for the transformation of property by moving funds and resources from one (private) sector to another (public) is possible and economically justified if losses from the withdrawal of resources from the private sector are less than additional benefits in the state (public) sector. In other words, the transformation of private property into public property is justified only if it leads to an increase in the productivity (return) of resources. This economic criterion, with some clarifications, can be applied universally to all other forms of ownership and redistributed property rights.

However, the decisions made on transforming property in a transitional economy, as experience shows, can often be dictated by other circumstances: political, the interests of shadow and criminal capital, the chosen variant of transformations (radical or reformist). All this can significantly affect the development of rational economic decisions, which can lead to economic losses at a given point in time.

However, the short-term and long-term consequences of property transformations should be considered. In this regard, there is the problem of weighing short-term losses and long-term benefits for society from property transformations. Its solution requires a number of special economic calculations. In any case, a thorough scientific economic analysis must precede the transformation of property on a national scale.

3.3. Peculiarities of property transformation in Russia.

The choice of directions and forms of transformations in the transitional economy of Russia is carried out in the course of heated discussions, which were conducted in the following main directions. The following were substantiated as priorities: denationalization with preservation of state property at large enterprises and privatization in the sphere of small business; the creation of collective enterprises with both indivisible and collective ownership; free distribution of state property among the population (through special privatization accounts, government securities, etc.); corporatization of enterprises and sale by auction of shares of the enterprises themselves.

Privatization in Russia was carried out in a radical way in nature, scale, pace, timing and methods.

The RSFSR Law “On the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in the RSFSR” was adopted on July 3, 1991 and served as the basis for the development and implementation of practical privatization programs. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 29, 1992 "On the Accelerated Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises" was the basis for the intensification of the privatization process. A large-scale privatization process with the prescription of quantitative privatization plans by industry and region developed on the basis of the first privatization program (June 1992). And the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 1, 1992 No. 721 and the approved package of annexes to it led the privatization process into a state of “technological flow”.

In our country, privatization was carried out at a frantic pace. It was not preceded by any preliminary preparation. The inventory of enterprises was not carried out. In the context of a very rapid depreciation of money, the value of enterprises was not correctly estimated (they were often sold at residual value - at the cost of complete depreciated equipment). Therefore, many factories became the prey of clever buyers at a price comparable to the cost of a new prestigious apartment.

The following figures indicate the "cavalry" pace of privatization in 1993, when 43 thousand enterprises left the state sector:

Enterprises privatized, thousand: 42.9

by selling 29.4

corporatization 13.5

Funds from privatization of enterprises:

privatization checks, million 46.8

cash, RUB bln 450.3

including:

personal funds of citizens 50.1

economic incentive funds for enterprises 19.1

funds of purchasing enterprises 208.0

funds of foreign investors 1.0

It was noted above that privatization is a special, but not the only form of property transformation. Redistribution of property rights is possible without redistribution of economic power. Privatization itself can be carried out radically, subordinating the solution to political goals, or evolutionarily, subordinating the goals of economic efficiency. In the transitional economy of Russia, there are tendencies of reverse transformations of property from private to state, cooperative, municipal. Examples include numerous cases of the return of privatized housing to municipal ownership; consolidation of shares of corporatized agricultural enterprises; acquisition by municipal authorities of a controlling stake in privatized enterprises in order to boost production, etc.

At the end of the 90s, as a result of the implementation of a wide range of measures for denationalization and privatization in Russia, significant changes took place in property relations and organizational and legal forms of commercial activity. This situation is characterized by:

· Variety of forms of ownership;

· Transformation of private property into one of the main forms of ownership in the Russian economy;

· Overcoming the monopoly of state property in practically all spheres of the national economy;

· The formation of new forms of management, adequate to changes in property relations;

· Approval of new forms of organization of economic activity (joint stock companies, partnerships, farms, charitable and other public funds, etc.);

· Formation of market infrastructure and mechanisms serving new forms of ownership.

Despite the fact that major stages of privatization have been passed, the redistribution of property rights has not yet been completed. The optimal concentration of powers among individuals and legal entities, which gives the most effective forms of functional movement of property, has not yet been found. The criterion of economic efficiency should come to the fore in the process of redistribution of property rights at new stages of property transformation.

By 1997, a situation had developed that could provoke a new large-scale redistribution of property rights, that is, a new stage of privatization and re-privatization. The system of non-payments, into which practically all sectors of the real sector of the economy have “crept”, after a sharp increase in the scale of prices since 1992 led to the fact that most enterprises, including entire branches of the state's life support, turned out to be chronic debtors. The buyers in the new conditions can be banks and other financial structures with money capital.

Having already had a fairly obvious experience of mass and radical transformation of property, it is necessary to avoid radical, ill-considered decisions that have not been calculated in terms of economic results.

4. Manufacturing plant

7.1. Enterprise, its tasks and functions

A manufacturing enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable, using the means of production at its disposal, to manufacture the products needed by consumers (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and assortment. Manufacturing enterprises include factories, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for production purposes.

From a purely legal point of view, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an enterprise is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products and the provision of services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.

The most important tasks of the operating enterprise are:

receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise;

providing consumers with the products of the enterprise;

providing the personnel of the enterprise with wages, normal working conditions and the possibility of professional growth;

creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;

environmental protection: land, air and water basins;

prevention of disruptions in the operation of the enterprise (disruption of delivery, release of defective products, a sharp reduction in volumes and a decrease in production profitability).

The tasks of the enterprise are determined by:

the interests of the owner;

the size of the capital;

the situation within the enterprise;

external environment (Fig. 4).

The right to set a task for the personnel of the enterprise remains with the owner, regardless of his status - a private person, government agencies or shareholders. The owner, proceeding from his own interests, goals, priorities, not only has the right, but is forced to formulate and set tasks for the collective of the enterprise - otherwise, instead of him, someone else will do it in his own interests.

The most important task of the enterprise in all cases is to generate income through the sale of manufactured products to consumers (work performed, services rendered). On the basis of the income received, the social and economic needs of the labor collective and the owners of the means of production are satisfied.

The body that formulates and concretizes any economic task is obliged to take into account the real conditions for its implementation, taking into account the functions that the enterprise performs.

Regardless of the form of ownership, the company operates, as a rule, on the basis of full cost accounting, self-sufficiency and self-financing. It independently concludes contracts with consumers of products, including receiving government orders, as well as concluding contracts and making settlements with suppliers of the required production resources.

The main functions of a manufacturing enterprise include:

production of products for industrial and personal consumption;

sale and delivery of products to consumers;

after-sales service of products;

material and technical support of production at the enterprise;

management and organization of personnel labor at the enterprise;

all-round development and growth of production volumes at the enterprise;

entrepreneurship;

payment of taxes, implementation of mandatory and voluntary contributions and payments to the budget and other financial bodies;

compliance with applicable standards, regulations, government laws.

The functions of the enterprise are concretized and refined depending on:

the size of the enterprise;

industry affiliation;

degrees of specialization and cooperation;

availability of social infrastructure;

forms of ownership;

relationships with local authorities.

The company bears full responsibility to the financial authorities for the timely transfer of taxes and other payments, covers all losses and losses from its own income. At the expense of the proceeds from the sale of products (services), it pays for the costs of organizing and developing production, as well as for the purchase of raw materials, materials, and labor costs.

The administration and staff of the enterprise are obliged to constantly ensure that the products they manufacture are of sufficient quality and not too expensive. Both are necessary for the conquest and retention of the sales market. Poor quality products, as well as too expensive, forces the consumer to look for a supplier from whom the same products can be purchased with better quality indicators or at a lower price. In order not to lose consumers, the company's specialists study the product markets, take measures to accelerate scientific and technological progress, improve product quality, and reduce its cost. In fact, the fate of the state and development of the country's economy and politics is being decided in the labor collectives of industrial enterprises.

5. Types of enterprises

5.1. Signs of the classification of enterprises

The entrepreneurial sector of the national economy usually has a huge number of enterprises, which for the purposes of economic analysis are grouped according to a number of essential characteristics. The most common are classifications by forms of ownership, size, nature of activity, industry, dominant factor of production, legal status.

By ownership enterprises are subdivided into:

private, which can exist either as completely independent, independent firms, or in the form of associations and their constituent parts. Private firms include those firms in which the state has a share of capital (but not predominant);

state, which are understood as purely state (including municipal), where capital and management are fully owned by the state, and mixed, where the state owns most of the capital or plays a decisive role in management. On the recommendation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), state enterprises should be considered enterprises in which state bodies own the majority of the capital (over 50%), and / or those that are controlled by them (through government officials working at the enterprise).

Of these two categories, enterprises are often distinguished mixed, those. enterprises with a significant or predominant share of the state in the capital. This category of enterprises sometimes occupies a significant place in the economic life of the country, for example, in Russia at the end of the 90s, when, as a result of privatization, the state retained a stake in many privatized enterprises (a quarter of all employed workers work at these enterprises).

By size enterprises are subdivided into small, medium and large, based on two main parameters - the number of employees and the volume of production (sales).

In terms of number, small enterprises usually predominate (in Russia, they account for about half of the total number of enterprises).

Small business is defined differently in different countries. According to the law "On state support of small business in the Russian Federation" dated June 14, 1995 in our country, these include those where the average number of employees does not exceed 30 people in retail trade and consumer services, 50 people in wholesale trade, scientific and technical sphere, agriculture - 60 people, in transport, construction and industry - 100 people

Classification of firms by the nature of the activity (production and non-production) involves their division into producing material goods (consumer or investment goods) and services. This classification is close to the classification of enterprises by industry , which divides them into industrial, agricultural, trade, transport, banking, insurance, etc.

Classification of enterprises based on the dominant factor of production provides for labor-intensive, capital-intensive, material-intensive, science-intensive enterprises.

By legal status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia distinguish, first of all, business partnerships and societies; production cooperatives; state and municipal unitary enterprises; individual entrepreneurs.

5.2. Private entrepreneur

This type of firm is also called a one-man business, or private property. The owner has material resources and capital equipment necessary for production activities, or purchases them, and also personally supervises the activities of the enterprise.

BENEFITS:

1. Sole proprietorship is easy to establish, as the legal procedure is very easy and this kind of company registration is usually not expensive.

2. The owner is his own boss and has considerable freedom of action. To make decisions about what and how to produce. There is no need to wait for decisions of any meetings, partners or directors.

3. The owner can provide personal services to the client.

4. The incentives for effective work are the most energetic. The owner gets everything on success and loses everything on failure.

However, there are also disadvantages of this organizational form, and they are very significant.

LIMITATIONS:

1. With rare exceptions, the financial resources of a sole entrepreneur are insufficient to enable the company to grow into a large enterprise. As bankruptcy rates are relatively high on sole proprietorships, commercial banks are reluctant to lend them large loans.

2. Full control over the activities of the enterprise is exercised, the owner must carry out all major decisions, for example, regarding the purchase, sale, attraction and maintenance of personnel; not overlook the technical aspects that may arise in production, advertising and product distribution.

3. The most important disadvantage is that the sole owner is the subject unlimited liability... This means that self-employed entrepreneurs risk not only the assets of the firm, but also their personal assets.

If the company goes bankrupt, he is personally and solely responsible for the debts of the company. In this case, the owner's personal property can be sold to pay debts.

5.3. Partnership (partnership)

Partnership is a form of business organization by the natural development of sole proprietorship.

Partnership Law 1890 defined a partnership (partnership) as a voluntary association of 2 to 20 people united for a joint business with the aim of making a profit. However, in some areas of activity (lawyers, accountants, brokers), more than 20 participants are now allowed to form partnerships.

In terms of the degree of participation in the activities of the enterprise, partnerships are different. In some cases, all partners play an active role in the operation of the enterprise, in other cases, one or more participants can play a passive role. This means that they invest their financial resources in the firm, but do not actively participate in the management of it.

BENEFITS:

1. Like sole proprietorship, partnerships are easy to organize. In almost all cases, a written agreement is concluded, and bureaucratic procedures are not burdensome.

2. Since many people unite in a partnership (partnership), the initial capital may be larger than in a sole proprietorship.

3. Firm management can be specialized. Each of the partners can take responsibility for a specific area of ​​work. For example, for management, production, etc.

LIMITATIONS:

1. When several people are involved in management. This division of power can lead to incompatibility of interests, inconsistent policies, or inaction when decisive action is required. It's even worse when partners disagree on major issues. For all of these reasons, managing a partnership can be cumbersome and difficult.

2. The finances of the company are still limited, although they far exceed the possibilities of private ownership. The financial resources of three or four partners may not be sufficient, or they may be such that they will still severely limit the potential growth of a profitable enterprise.

3. The duration of the partnership is unpredictable. Withdrawal from a partnership or death of a partner, as a rule, entails the disintegration and complete reorganization of the company, a potential disruption of its activities.

4. Partnerships (partnerships) suffer from unlimited liability for the activities of the enterprise. Full partnership means that each partner is fully responsible for the company's debts.

5. You can create a limited liability partnership. In this case, the partner is liable for the debts of the enterprise in the amount of the funds that he invested in it. However, partners in a partnership of this kind cannot take part in the conduct of business - at least one of them must still assume full responsibility.

5.3 Corporation (limited liability companies)

Corporation is a legal form of business that is different and separate from the specific persons who own them. These government-recognized "legal entities" can acquire resources, own assets, manufacture and sell products, borrow, provide loans, sue and sue. And also perform all those functions that are performed by enterprises of any other type.

BENEFITS:

1. The most effective form of business organization in terms of attracting money capital. Corporations have a unique way of financing - through the sale of stocks and bonds - that allows them to attract the savings of numerous households. Through the securities market, corporations can pool the financial resources of a huge number of individuals. Funding through the sale of securities also has certain advantages. From the point of view of the buyers. Corporations have easier access to bank loans than other forms of business organization. The reason lies not only in the greater reliability of the corporation, but also in its ability to provide banks with profitable accounts.

2. Another significant advantage of corporations is limited liability. The owners of corporations (that is, the holders of shares) only risk the amount they paid to buy the shares. Their personal assets are not compromised even if the corporation goes bankrupt. Lenders can sue the corporation as a legal entity, but not the owners of the corporation as individuals. The limited liability law makes it much easier for a corporation to raise money.

3. Since a corporation is a legal entity, it exists independently of its owners and, in this respect, of its own officers. Partnerships can suddenly and unpredictably die, and corporations, at least by law, are eternal. The transfer of corporate ownership through the sale of shares does not undermine its integrity. In short, corporations have a certain consistency that is lacking in other forms of business, which opens up the possibility of long-term planning and growth.

The advantages of a corporation are enormous and usually outweigh the disadvantages. And yet they do exist.

LIMITATIONS:

1. Registration of a corporate charter involves some bureaucratic procedures and legal fees.

2. The next possible disadvantage of a corporation concerns issues related to the taxation of corporate profits. It's about a problem double taxation: That part of the corporation's income that is paid in the form of dividends to the shareholders is taxed twice - the first time as part of the profit of the corporation, the second as part of the personal income of the owner of the shares.

3. In a sole proprietorship and partnership, the owners of real estate and financial assets themselves directly manage and control these assets. But in large corporations, whose shares are widely distributed among hundreds of thousands of owners, there is a significant divergence between the functions of ownership and control.

The reasons for this lie in the inaction of the typical shareholder. Most of the shareholders do not use their voting rights, or if they use this right, then only by signing on to the granting of powers to the current officials of the corporation.

All limited liability companies must be registered with Companies House. Before actually starting to operate, a company must submit a number of documents to Companies House for approval:

Company memorandum;

Articles of Association of a Joint Stock Company.

The law requires all registered companies to publish annual reports and submit copies of these reports to Companies House.

5.4.1. Small business

A small business can be created by both a private person and an enterprise, an organization, both state and public. Firstly, it can be "single-celled" and more complex, have branches, plots, representative offices. Secondly, the variety of goals for which an enterprise can be created: artistic and subsidiary trades, the provision of all kinds of services to the population, the launch of almost any activity not prohibited by law. Thirdly, the relatively simple procedure of establishment and registration is attractive.

In industrialized countries, small businesses provide a significant share of the total gross product.

The viability of small businesses is determined by the freedom and simplicity of their creation, the absence of administrative coercion, a preferential taxation system, and a market pricing mechanism.

Small enterprises include newly created operating enterprises with up to 200 people working in industry or construction, up to 100 people in science and scientific services, up to 50 people in other sectors of the manufacturing sector, up to 25 people in non-manufacturing sectors, up to 15 people in retail trade.

Small businesses can be created as a result of separation from the existing enterprise, association, organization. In these cases, the organization (enterprise) from which the small enterprise spun off acts as its founder.

For state registration of a small enterprise, the local Council of People's Deputies should provide the latter with the following documents:

Order of the founders;

Memorandum of association;

Receipt of payment of the state registration fee.

The memorandum of association defines the relationship between enterprises and its founder, business executive, financial ties, authorized capital, deductions from profits in favor of the founder.

The charter of a small enterprise establishes the goals of its activities, the procedure for the formation of the property of the enterprise, the procedure for management, the possibility of redemption, distribution of profits, the conditions for reorganization and termination of activities and other important issues.

The enterprises independently carry out their activities, dispose of the manufactured products, the profit received, which remains at its disposal after paying taxes and other obligatory payments.

Small businesses report on the results of their economic activities to the founders in the manner prescribed by the memorandum of association.

The enterprise is managed in accordance with the Charter. The manager (director) is appointed by the owner when the enterprise is founded. The management structure and staff are determined by the labor collective independently. Contracts can be concluded with managers, specialists and other employees as a special form of labor contract.

Procedural issues of liquidation of an enterprise are resolved by the owner of the property through a liquidation commission appointed by him. Reasonable claims of creditors against the liquidated small enterprise are satisfied from its property.

When an enterprise is reorganized, its rights and obligations are transferred to its successors.

5.4.2. Joint stock company (closed and open)

Joint-stock company - voluntary organization of legal entities and citizens (including foreign ones) for joint activities by combining their contributions and issuing shares for the entire value of the authorized capital.

Joint stock companies provide three important goals:

The issue of shares by an enterprise in order to mobilize funds does not change its status, that is, organizational and legal procedures are not transformed: a meeting of future participants, determination of the authorized fund, development of a charter and its state registration.

Depending on who owns the shares, joint stock companies can be state, cooperative, public, mixed.

A joint stock company can be created for the purposes of economic and other activities not prohibited by law. A joint-stock company, being a legal entity, has the right to conclude any transactions stipulated by the legislation, independently resolve the issues of organizing management, setting prices for manufactured products, wages, distribution of net profit. The company can have representative offices, branches, establish subsidiaries as independent commercial organizations.

For registration of a joint stock company, the following documents are submitted:

Registration application (letter from founders);

The minutes of the constituent assembly;

A receipt for payment of the registration fee, the amount of which depends on the authorized capital.

Limited Liability Company (LLC):

This is a company established by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents; LLC participants are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the company's activities within the size (value) of their contributions. The authorized capital of a limited liability company is made up of the value of the contributions of its members. LLC is not obligated to public liability. This legal form is most common among small and medium-sized enterprises.

Joint-stock companies are created of two types - closed and open.

A joint-stock company, the participants of which may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, is recognized open... Such a joint-stock company has the right to subscribe to the shares issued by it and their free sale under the conditions established by law. An open joint-stock company is obliged to publish an annual report, balance sheet, and profit and loss account for the public every year.

A joint-stock company, the shares of which are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, is recognized closed .

Joint stock companies and limited liability companies do not have fundamental differences. The only difference is that joint stock companies form a statutory fund by issuing shares, the owners of which may not be known in advance. Limited liability companies create such a fund only at the expense of shareholders. If existing companies start issuing shares, they will turn into joint stock companies. Limited liability means that the shareholder is only liable for the amount of his share. The rest of his property is not liable, in contrast to the cooperative, whose members are responsible for the obligations with all their property.

The contributions (shares) of the participants of a joint-stock company (partnership) with limited liability can be transferred from one owner to another only with the consent of other owners (shareholders) in the manner prescribed by the charter.

The contributions (shares) of an open-type company can be transferred from one owner to another without the consent of the shareholders. The shares of this company can be traded freely.

The supreme governing body of a joint-stock company is the general meeting of shareholders. It makes it possible to exercise the right to manage the members of the LLC. The number of votes of the participants at the meeting is determined in proportion to the size of their shares in the authorized capital.

BENEFITS:

The ability to mobilize large financial resources;

The ability to quickly transfer funds from one industry to another;

The right to freely transfer and sell shares, ensuring the existence of the company, regardless of changes in the composition of shareholders;

Limited liability of shareholders;

Separation of ownership and management functions.

5.4.3. Joint venture

Foreign investment refers to all types of property and intellectual values ​​invested in an enterprise with the aim of making a profit. Foreign investors have the right to take business participation in enterprises created jointly with legal entities and citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as create enterprises wholly owned by foreign investors.

An enterprise with foreign investment is created and operates in the form of joint-stock and other business companies and partnerships provided for by law on the territory of the Russian Federation.

A joint venture can be created either through its establishment, or as a result of the acquisition by a foreign investor of a participation interest (share, shares) in a previously established enterprise without foreign investment or the acquisition of such an enterprise in full.

The constituent documents of enterprises with foreign investments must determine the subject and objectives of the enterprise, the composition of participants, the size and procedure for the formation of the authorized capital, the size of the participants' shares, the structure, composition and procedure for making decisions, a list of issues requiring unanimity, the procedure for liquidating the enterprise.

Contributions to the authorized capital are assessed by the participants based on world market prices. In the absence of such prices, the value of deposits is determined by agreement of the participants.

For registration of a joint venture, the following documents are provided:

Written application of the founders for registration;

Conclusion of the relevant expertise;

Notarized two copies of constituent documents (constituent agreement);

A notarized copy of the decision of the owner of the property to establish an enterprise or a copy of the decision of an authorized body, as well as notarized copies of constituent documents for each participant from the Russian side;

A document on the solvency of a foreign investor, issued by a bank serving him or other financial institution;

Extract from the commercial register of the country of origin or other equivalent proof of the legal status of a foreign investor in accordance with the legislation of the country of its location;

Enterprises with foreign investors have the right to carry out any types of activities that are not prohibited by law. Certain activities require a license, such as insurance and banking.

Joint ventures have the right to create subsidiaries, branches and representative offices both on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad.

Foreign investors and enterprises are allotted land, have the right to lease property, acquire a participation interest, shares and other securities on stock exchanges, participate in exchange transactions in the manner and under the conditions established by law. Foreign investors can participate in the privatization of state and municipal enterprises on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Foreign citizens can enter the management body of an enterprise on terms determined by individual contracts.

The liquidation of an enterprise with foreign investment is carried out in the manner prescribed by law and in strict accordance with the charter. If the enterprise, after a year after registration, does not confirm the payment of at least 50 percent of the contributions indicated in the statutory documents, the body that registered the enterprise shall declare it invalid and take a decision on liquidation. The enterprise is considered liquidated from the moment of approval of the act of the liquidation commission, which must be reported in the press.

5.5. Cooperatives

There are two types of cooperative societies: workers' cooperatives (or producer cooperatives) and consumer cooperatives (retail cooperatives).

WORKING COOPERATIVES:

This is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production activities based on their personal labor and other participation and association by its members (participants in property shares). Workers' cooperatives are a commercial organization.

The constituent document of workers' cooperatives is its charter, approved by the general meeting of its members. The number of members of cooperatives should not be less than five. The property owned by workers' cooperatives is divided into shares of its members in accordance with the charter of the cooperative. The cooperative is not entitled to issue shares. A member of the cooperative has one vote when making decisions in a common way. The profit is divided among employees in accordance with the established agreement.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 200 workers' cooperatives in Great Britain. They were strongly supported by the cooperatives of retailers, who purchased most of the products of these cooperatives. By the beginning of the 60s, the number had dropped to thirty. Most of the production cooperatives survived in the printing business, sewing clothes and shoes.

CONSUMER COOPERATIVES:

The owners of this type of cooperative are the consumers themselves - those people who buy goods, not produce them.

The first retail society was established in Rochdel in 1844. a group of poor weavers who set up a small shop. The basic principles of cooperative societies are as follows:

Traditionally, cooperative societies saw themselves as more than just a special form of business organization.

5.6. State-owned enterprises (public corporations)

The word "government" refers to both local authorities and central government.

The state is the largest employer, so its revenues and expenses are much higher than the revenues of the largest limited liability companies.

Many publicly owned enterprises, like private firms, sell what they produce. The best-known examples of this kind are nationalized industries such as coal mining, power generation, and rail transport. These businesses are run by public corporations.

Own:

A public corporation is a form of business organization. This form is used to manage nationalized industries.

Like limited liability companies, they are legal entities, but unlike them, they do not own shares. Public corporations are owned by the state. In fact, they belong to all citizens of the country.

Control:

There is a Board of Governors. On the face of it, the leaders of these corporations have the same responsibilities as the directors of the companies. The most important difference is how they get into leadership positions.

In public corporations, they appointed the Minister of the Interior, while in limited liability companies from choose shareholders.

Managers of public corporations direct the day-to-day operations of enterprises, but are accountable to the government, not to the shareholders' meeting. The Minister of State is responsible for their work. For example, the Minister of Energy is responsible for the state of coal mining in the country, the Minister of Transport is responsible for the railway lines.

Finance :

Since there are no shareholders in public corporations, such an organization cannot raise capital by issuing shares. In some countries, they receive long-term loans directly from the government and short-term loans from banks. Some public corporations receive loans from abroad. The state compensates for all expenses, including losses of public corporations.

Public corporations are required to provide annual reports on activities and balance of income and expenses. These documents are reviewed by the government.

Goals :

If the main task of the activities of limited liability companies is to make a profit, then the goals of public corporations are completely different. It is assumed that working in the nationalized industries, they will at least be self-sustaining enterprises, that is, they will not incur permanent losses. Their main task is to work for the common good. This means that managers must conduct business in such a way that it is as effective as possible in the interests of the whole society, the whole country.

Public corporations must be much more concerned with the social consequences of their activities than limited liability companies. For example, a railroad corporation must prevent railroad closures in remote rural areas, which could completely deprive local residents of essential transportation services.

The current policy of the government is to compensate for the losses in those types of services that are of great social importance.

Municipal enterprises:

Local governments are also involved in the management of enterprises. The most famous example in this area is urban bus transport, which is the responsibility of local authorities in relatively large cities.

Urban services such as swimming pools, playgrounds and other services are offered and sold for money by local authorities.

Some of these types of services are funded from the budget, because the prices for them do not compensate for the real costs.

6. Enterprises and entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation

In the past, Soviet science generally bypassed the issues of enterprise and entrepreneurship. You will not find these words even in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. Ozhegov. Soviet social scientists viewed these concepts as purely class phenomena, although in everyday life and economic practice, most people (and leaders certainly) to some extent came into contact with the practice of entrepreneurship.

American experts Robert Hizrich and Michael Peters defined an entrepreneur as a person who spends all his energy on it, takes all ... the risk, receiving money as a reward and satisfaction with what has been achieved. "

Such a definition with an obvious tinge of romanticism hardly gives a sufficiently accurate idea of ​​entrepreneurship, especially in Russia in the 90s. The main task of any entrepreneur, which is to generate income for the invested labor and capital, is everyday prose, and by no means romance.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Activity" states that "entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is an initiative independent activity of citizens and their associations aimed at making a profit." Entrepreneurial activity in this Law is interconnected with the activity of an enterprise, as a result of which "the status of an entrepreneur is acquired through the registration of an enterprise."

Many problems arise when creating them. In Russia, this is primarily due to imperfect legislation: the methods of coordinating the work of the complexes with central and local administrative departments have not been fully developed; the boundaries of the economic independence of these complexes have not been established; the relationship of associations, concerns with state and local authorities in many cases does not have clear legal regulation; the legal foundations of information services for the complexes have not been developed, as well as the development of cooperation, the preservation of the existing production ties.

In addition, the formation of large industrial complexes, as a rule, aggravates the problem of monopoly. The creation of super large industrial complexes concentrating at their enterprises the production of the main part of the country's products of the same type poses a real threat of the emergence of market monopolization, increased inflation, and curbing scientific and technological progress.

The solution to the problem is the organization of parallel production of the same type of products, the development of foreign economic relations. However, the creation of parallel structures and the competitive placement of orders will take considerable time. Therefore, state bodies consider the development of a system of economic and legal measures of state regulation of the processes of integration of production within the framework of concerns and associations as the primary and most accessible method of limiting monopoly.

7. Joint stock companies in Belgorod

Characteristics of the corporatization process in the agro-industrial complex.
It is widely believed that joint stock companies are not adequate to the specifics of agricultural production - the procedure for their functioning in agriculture differs slightly from the organization of work of production cooperatives and limited liability companies. In addition, a characteristic feature of AO in agriculture is the distribution of income not proportional to the number of shares, but depending on the labor participation of each employee. Only a few joint stock companies present earnings as dividends per share.

Currently, there are 321 joint-stock companies in the agro-industrial complex of the Belgorod region, of which 175 are open joint-stock companies, and 146 are closed joint-stock companies. Over the previous three years, there was a tendency towards a decrease in the number of JSCs and an increase in the number of JSCs. This trend can be traced especially clearly on the example of agricultural enterprises. The trend towards an increase in the number of JSCs is not due to the purpose of attracting capital through the placement of shares, but is explained by the creation of new commercial structures, mainly agricultural enterprises and enterprises processing agricultural products.

In 1999-2001. in the agro-industrial complex of the Belgorod region, new commercial structures were created, mainly with the organizational and legal form of JSC. The founders of the new organizations were large industrial enterprises and individuals who are the owners of land shares in specific agricultural enterprises. The newly formed enterprises were created, as a rule, by large industrial and commercial enterprises, which include OJSC Efirnoe, OJSC Alekseevsky Meat Processing Plant, LLC BelAgroGAZ, CJSC APP Rif, OJSC Prodimex, OJSC Belgorod Experimental Fish Factory feed ", OJSC Stoilensky GOK, etc. The largest investors in terms of the volume of investments and land ownership are OJSC Efirnoe, CJSC APP" Rif ", OJSC Stoilensky GOK.

The authorized capital of joint stock companies as of January 1, 2001 amounted to 856.3 million rubles. Additional capital - 148.8 million rubles. The number of shares - 104,243.1 thousand shares with an average par value of 23.80 rubles. There are no preferred shares in the total mass of shares.

Analyzing the placement of shares of joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex, we can say that the largest share - 96,5% are held by shares of agricultural enterprises, an insignificant share of shares is placed by repair and technical enterprises (0,1%) and transport service enterprises (0.1%). The number of shares placed among shareholders decreased due to the conversion of shares, as well as the liquidation of some companies; there was also an issue of shares, including additional issues.

Evaluation of the profitability of joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex .

Analysis of the performance indicators of joint stock companies that affect the profitability and profitability of production indicates an increase in the volume of sales of products, goods, works, services. So, if as of January 1, 1999 the volume of proceeds from the sale of products, goods, works, services (excluding VAT) amounted to 4912.40 million rubles, then the same indicator as of January 1, 2001 amounted to 13275.26 million rubles. This fact speaks of a positive shift in the activities of joint-stock companies in the agro-industrial complex, which was achieved mainly due to an increase in the volume of production and processing of agricultural products. As of January 1, 1999, the financial result of the joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex amounted to 131.86 million rubles, as of January 1, 2001, the financial result was 392.14 million rubles, while the profit for the main activity amounted to 1,830 , 41 million rubles. Consequently, a significant part of the losses of the enterprise receive not from the main activity, but from servicing accounts payable for non-operating transactions and from extraordinary expenses.

Assessment of production potential .

The production potential of joint-stock companies in the agro-industrial complex can be characterized by the following indicators:

the value of property from January 1, 1999 to January 1, 2001 increased by 1.23 times and amounted to 13009 million rubles;

the share of production assets in the total value of the property was 68.12% of their total value as of January 1, 2001.

Production assets as of January 1, 2001 amounted to 10,268.8 million rubles. During the period from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2001, their cost increased 1.05 times. At present, there has been a tendency towards a decrease in the share of fixed assets in the total value of the property.

Indicators of financial and economic activity of joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex .

Joint-stock companies are characterized by high rates of efficiency in the use of fixed assets and labor resources. In 2000 (compared to 1999), the amount of proceeds from sales increased by 1.37 times, labor productivity by 1.33 times, and the number of employees by 3.4%. However, over the same period, the capital intensity decreased: from 2.94 in 1998 to 0.97 in 2000; the capital-labor ratio decreased by 25.79%, which is a negative fact in the activities of joint-stock companies.

A characteristic feature of the agro-industrial complex is the presence of an insignificant share of shares in the labor collective (with the exception of agriculture) and agricultural producers. There is a tendency towards a decrease in the number of shares in these groups of owners and the concentration of blocks of shares in legal entities, including third-party ones. This tendency is negative, as it is explained by the concentration of blocks of shares in large owners, who, for the most part, do not take into account the interests of both the labor collective and agricultural producers.

In the long term, this can lead to a significant redistribution of income in favor of processing enterprises to the detriment of the interests of agricultural enterprises. At the same time, prices for products of the processing industry will rise and prices for agricultural products will be limited.

As of January 1, 2001 (according to the constituent documents) 52 issues of shares were registered, including 28 additional issues. The unsatisfactory economic condition of joint-stock companies in the agro-industrial complex requires the development and implementation of specific projects that can change the situation. One of the key problems in joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex is the lack of investment in production, therefore it is important to determine the ways and methods, as well as the possibilities of forming a securities market, with the help of which it is possible to solve the problems of financing joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex.

There is a speculative tendency in the repurchase and sale of products, incomes are redistributed in favor of processing enterprises. Currently, there is a need for a set of measures to eliminate the disparity in prices between agricultural enterprises and processing enterprises using the share market of joint-stock companies of the agro-industrial complex.

Conclusion

Summing up, I can say that the official statistics of Russia distinguishes the following forms of ownership: state (including federal and subjects of the Federation), municipal, public associations (organizations), private and others (including mixed ownership).

And the question arises: what form of ownership in certain conditions should be given preference and priority in economic policy? In many countries with developed market economies, private property prevails (individual, collective, corporate). At the same time, a significant part of the property belongs to the state (central and local authorities, municipalities). In Western Europe, approximately one tenth of the industrial workforce is employed by state-owned enterprises. The experience of many countries suggests that it is necessary to discard the judgment that only one form of ownership everywhere ensures the efficient functioning of the economy. In addition, both state and private ownership are multivariate. Practice convinces that for various spheres, industries, sectors of the economy their specific forms are good, better than others adapted to the specific conditions of production and exchange. For example, individual property has proven itself well in retail trade, in many types of services (hairdressing salons, shoe repair shops, household appliances, etc.). Many types of production that do not require excessive complexity and bulky equipment operate effectively on the basis of collective ownership in the form of partnerships, limited liability companies. Private can be large and even super-large firms based on shareholder principles, for example, giants of the automotive industry, oil-producing, chemical, aircraft-building concerns, etc. At the same time, railways, communications, power plants, coal mining, metallurgical, and defense enterprises can successfully work in the public sector.

In other words, for each form of ownership and its variants there is its own "niche", where the most productive is some specific, and not any form of ownership.

In many countries, their small private forms coexist in agriculture, and large modern agricultural enterprises, and cooperatives, and state organizations for the maintenance of agriculture and animal husbandry.

Pluralism of forms of ownership turned out to be objectively necessary in the conditions of the transition to the market in the post-socialist countries.

The concept of the expediency of the formation and development of various forms of ownership is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In Art. 8 says: "In the Russian Federation, private, state, municipal and other forms of property are recognized and protected in an equal manner."

I also found out that:

1. In microeconomic analysis, the main object is the firm (enterprise). Firms form the sector of enterprises in the economy. In a market economy, it takes the form of a sector of commercial organizations, or the business sector.

2. Enterprises (firms) are independent economic units of different forms of ownership, which have combined economic resources to carry out commercial activities. Commercial is understood as activities for the production of goods and the provision of services for third parties, individuals and legal entities, which should bring commercial benefits to the enterprise, namely, profit.

3. Extraction of maximum profit is the ultimate goal of any commercial activity. Its achievement is carried out through the definition and implementation of a set of targets of a tactical and strategic nature.

4. The main working tool of an enterprise is its competitive strategy. It is understood as a mechanism for realizing the competitive advantage of an enterprise. Competitive advantage is the price or quality characteristics of the company's products that distinguish it from competitors and ensure a stable position in the market.

5. The entrepreneurial sector of the national economy usually has a huge number of enterprises, which, for the purposes of economic analysis, are grouped according to a number of essential characteristics, primarily by forms of ownership, size, nature of activity and industry, dominant factor of production, and also by legal status.

6. According to the legal status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia, the following enterprises are distinguished: business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises, as well as individual entrepreneurs.

Bibliography

1. "Course of Economic Theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. Moscow, 1997.

2. "Course of Economics" under. ed. B.A. Raisberg. Moscow, 2000.

3. "Theoretical Economics" under. ed. G.P. Zhuravleva, N.N. Milchakova. Moscow, 1997.

4. "Economic theory" EF Borisov. Moscow, 2000.

5. "Economics" K. McConnell, S. L. Bru. Moscow, 1992.

6. "Enterprise Economics" under. ed. O.I. Volkova. Moscow, 1998.

7. "Economics" under. ed. A.S. Bulatov. Moscow, 1997.

8. "Course of Microeconomics" by R.М. Nureyev. Moscow, 2001.

9. "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship", ed. Yu.M. Osipova. Moscow, 1992.

10. "Economic theory" V. Ya. Iokhin. Moscow, 2000.

11. "Entrepreneurship". Khizrich R., Peter M. - M .: Progress-Univers, 1992.

"Course of Economics" under. ed. B.A. Raisberg. P. 98.

"The course of economic theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. P. 465.

"Theoretical Economics" under. ed. G.P. Zhuravleva. P. 134.

"The course of economic theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. P. 472.

"The course of economic theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. P. 474.

"Course of Economics" under. ed. B.A. Raisberg. S. 105-109.

"The course of economic theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. P. 480.

"Economic theory" EF Borisov. P. 96.

"Economic theory" EF Borisov. P. 97.

"Theoretical Economics" under. ed. G.P. Zhuravleva. P. 145.

"The course of economic theory" under. ed. A. V. Sidorovich. P. 483.

Khizrich R., Peter M. Entrepreneurship. - M .: Progress-Univers, 1992. -S. twenty.

An enterprise (firm) is an independent (detached) entity, which primarily means freedom in making economic decisions. However, any decision regarding the activities of an enterprise is made taking into account the results of an analysis of the internal and external environment.

Internal environmentfirms- this is the enterprise's own economy, covering all components of its activities; production processes, sales of products, financial, material and personnel support, - a management system.

External environmentfirms Is the economic, legal and social environment in which the company operates as a part of the national economy. The external environment of the firm can be schematically represented as follows (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The external environment of the enterprise (firm)

The entrepreneurial sector of the national economy usually has a huge number of firms, which for the purposes of economic analysis are grouped according to a number of essential characteristics. The most common are classifications by forms of ownership, size, nature of activity, industry, dominant factor of production, legal status.

By ownership enterprises are subdivided into:

· private enterprises, which can exist either as completely independent, independent firms, or in the form of monopolistic associations and their constituent parts. Private firms include those firms in which the state has a share of capital (but not predominant);

· state enterprises, which are understood as purely state-owned, in which capital and management are fully owned by the state, andmixedwhere the state owns most of the capital or plays a decisive role in governance. On the recommendation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), state enterprises should be considered enterprises in which state bodies own the majority of the capital (over 50%), and / or those controlled by them (through government officials working at the enterprise);

· mixed enterprises sometimes occupy an essential place in the economic life of the country. For example, in Russia at the end of the 90s. the state retains a block of shares in many privatized enterprises (a quarter of all employees work at these enterprises).

By size enterprises are subdivided into small, medium and large based on two main parameters: the number of employees and the volume of production (sales).

In terms of number, small enterprises usually predominate (in Russia, they account for about 1/2 of the total number of enterprises).

Small business is defined differently in different countries. According to the Law "On State Support of Small Business in the Russian Federation" dated June 14, 1995 in our country, these include those enterprises where the average number of employees does not exceed 30 people - in retail trade and consumer services, 50 people - in wholesale trade, 60 people - in science and technology, agriculture and 100 people - in transport, construction and industry.

Classification of firms by the nature of the activity assumes their division into producing material goods(consumer or investment goods) and services.

This classification is close to the classification of the enterprise by industry which divides them into industrial, agricultural, trade, transport, banking, insuranceetc.

Classification of enterprisesbased on the dominant factor of production singles out labor-intensive, capital-intensive, material-intensive, science-intensive enterprises.

Legally status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia, the following types of enterprises are distinguished according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

· individual entrepreneurs

· business partnerships and companies;

· production cooperatives;

· state and municipal unitary enterprises;

· non-profit organizations(including consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations and associations, foundations, etc.). (fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises in Russia

Individual entrepreneurs. If an individual citizen is engaged in entrepreneurial activity, but without forming a legal entity (for example, organizing his own farm), then he is recognized as an individual entrepreneur. An individual entrepreneur bears unlimited property liability for obligations.

Under contract simple partnership (agreement on joint activities), two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions and act jointly without forming a legal entity to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law. Only individual entrepreneurs and / or commercial organizations can be parties to such an agreement.

Full partnership . A partnership is recognized as a full partnership, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for its obligations with property belonging to them. The management of the activities of a full partnership is carried out according to general agreement all participants. As a rule, each participant in a general partnership has one goalwasps... The participants in a full partnership jointly bear subsidiary liability property belonging to them for the obligations of the partnership, i.e. all your property, including personal.

General partnerships are concentrated primarily in agriculture and the service sector and are, as a rule, small in size enterprises, the activities of which are quite easily controlled by their participants.

A partnership of faith. A limited partnership (limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for the partnership's obligations with their property ( full comrades), there is one or more contributors (limited partners) that bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the amount of their contributions and do not take part in the partnership's entrepreneurial activities. Since this legal form makes it possible to attract significant financial resources through an almost unlimited number of limited partners, it is typical for larger enterprises.

Limited liability company (LTD). Such is a company established by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents. The members of the LLC are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions. The authorized capital of an LLC is made up of the value of the contributions of its members. This legal form is most common among small and medium-sized enterprises.

Additional liability company (ODO) a company founded by one or more persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; the participants of such a company jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in the same multiple for all to the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company. In the event of the bankruptcy of one of the participants, his liability for the company's obligations is distributed among the other participants in proportion to their contributions, unless a different procedure for the distribution of liability is provided for by the constituent documents of the company.

Joint-stock company (AO). A joint-stock company is a company, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number shares... JSC participants ( shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of the shares they own.

Joint-stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, is recognized open (JSC). Such JSC has the right to subscribe to the shares issued by it and their free sale under the conditions established by law. An open joint-stock company is obliged to publish an annual report, balance sheet, and profit and loss account for the public every year.

Joint-stock company, the shares of which are distributed onlyamong its founders orotherpredetermined circle of persons, is recognized closed (COMPANY).

The constituent document of the JSC is its charter.

Authorized capital AO is made up of the par value of the company's shares acquired by shareholders.

The supreme governing body of the JSC is General Meeting of Shareholders.

The advantages of the joint-stock form of organization of enterprises are:

· The ability to mobilize large financial resources;

· The ability to quickly transfer funds from one industry to another;

· The right to freely transfer and sell shares, ensuring the existence of the company regardless of changes in the composition of shareholders;

· Limited liability of shareholders;

· Separation of ownership and management functions.

The legal form of a joint stock company is preferable for large enterprises where there is a great need for financial resources.

Production cooperatives

Production cooperative(artel) a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production activities based on their personal labor and other participation in the unification by its members (participants) of property share contributions. The production cooperative is commercial organization... Its constituent document - charter, approved by the general meeting of members of the cooperative. The number of members of the cooperative must not be less than five. The property owned by the production cooperative is divided into shares its members in accordance with the charter of the cooperative. The cooperative is not entitled to issue shares... A member of the cooperative has one vote when making decisions by the general meeting.

State and municipal unitary enterprises

Unitary enterprise called a commercial organization not endowed with the ownership right to the property assigned to it by the owner. Moreover, this property is indivisible, i.e. cannot be distributed by deposits (shares, shares), including among the employees of the enterprise. In Russia, in the form of unitary enterprises, there are only state and municipal enterprises. They manage, but do not own the state (municipal) property assigned to them. If such an enterprise is based on rightoperational management federal property, i.e. managed by state bodies, it is called a federal state enterprise. All other unitary enterprises are enterprises based on the right of economic management.

Non-profit organizations

Non-profit organizations include consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations, foundations.

Businesses are usually classified according to a number of characteristics. There are the following main classifications of enterprises.

1) Classification by type and nature of activity.

First of all, enterprises differ from each other by belonging to one or another branch of the country's economy - industry, construction, agriculture, transport, trade, sales, science, education, health care, culture, etc.

2) Classification according to the size of the enterprise.

One of the important characteristics of an enterprise is its size, which is determined primarily by the number of employees employed. As a rule, on this basis, enterprises are subdivided as follows:

micro-enterprises - up to 15 people;

small businesses - from 15 to 100 people;

medium-sized enterprises - from 101 to 250 people,

large - more than 250 people,

especially large ones - over several thousand people.

Determining the size of an enterprise by the number of employees can be supplemented by other characteristics - sales volume, asset value, profit received, etc.

3) Classification according to the form of ownership.

Ownership forms the basis of the legal status of an enterprise. According to the form of ownership, they distinguish between private, state or municipal enterprises, enterprises owned by public organizations, enterprises of a mixed form of ownership.

Private enterprises are based on the property of citizens. They can exist in the form of independent independent companies - individual private enterprises, or in the form of associations (partnerships and societies), created on the basis of a participation system or on the basis of agreements between the participants in the association.

State (municipal) enterprises are understood to be both purely state (municipal) and mixed or semi-state. In purely state (municipal) enterprises, the state (municipality) owns all the property of the enterprise, and in mixed - only part of it. In the case of mixed capital, the state (municipality) exercises control over the activities of the enterprise.

4) Classification by organizational and legal forms.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes the composition of the organizational and legal forms of enterprises - legal entities. Legal entities that are commercial organizations can be created in the form of business partnerships and companies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises. The most common forms of commercial enterprises today are business partnerships and companies. Business partnerships are associations of persons, and business companies are capital associations.

Business partnerships- these are commercial organizations with the authorized (pooled) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Business partnerships can be created in the form of a full partnership and limited partnership (limited partnership). Individual entrepreneurs and commercial organizations can be participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships, and citizens and legal entities can be contributors to limited partnerships.

Full partnership (Art. 69-81 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) - when the participants (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership and bear joint responsibility for the obligations of the partnership with all property belonging to them. In the Russian business practice, this form has practically not found its application due to the full and unlimited property liability of the participants in a full partnership in the event of bankruptcy, not only with their contribution, but also with their personal property.

Fellowship on Faith or limited partnership (Art. 82-86 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)- when, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more contributing participants (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the amount of their contributions and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership. A limited partnership is not much different from a full partnership, except that it includes two groups of participants: general comrades and contributors (commandists). At the same time, the investor is extremely limited in the rights to manage the partnership, but has the right to receive part of the profit. Just like general partnerships, limited partnerships are not widespread in the Russian Federation.

Business companies- these are commercial organizations with the authorized (pooled) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Business companies can be created in the form of a joint stock company, limited liability company or with additional liability. Citizens and legal entities can be members of business entities.

Joint-stock company (Art. 96-104 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) Is a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares and is formed at the expense of the par value of shares acquired by shareholders. The participants of the joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of their shares. This organizational and legal form is by far the most common in the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the current legislation, open joint stock companies (OJSC) and closed joint stock companies (CJSC) can be formed.

An open joint-stock company is a company whose members can alienate (sell, donate, transfer) their shares without the consent of other shareholders. OJSC has the right to conduct an open subscription to the shares issued by it and their free sale. The number of OJSC shareholders is not limited. JSC is obliged to publish an annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account annually.

A closed joint-stock company is a joint-stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons. Such a company does not have the right to conduct an open subscription to the shares issued by it or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons. The shareholders of a CJSC have a preemptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders of this company. The number of participants in a closed joint stock company is limited by the law on joint stock companies and must not exceed 50 shareholders.

Limited Liability Company (Art. 87-94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)- a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; members of a limited liability company (LLC) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the LLC within the value of their contributions. The minimum size of the authorized capital of an LLC must be at least 100 minimum wages (minimum wages). The total number of members of an LLC should not exceed 50 founders. This organizational and legal form of an enterprise is very common in the Russian Federation, since it has a number of advantages, for example, such as the lack of responsibility with all its property for the obligations of society.

An additional liability company (Art. 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a type of LLC. The main difference between an LLC and an additional liability company (ALC) is that ALC participants assume additional responsibility for the company's obligations not only in the amount of contributions made to its authorized capital, but also in their other property, in the same multiple for all. to the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company.

Production cooperative(Art. 107-112 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a commercial organization, which is a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor or other participation. A production cooperative can be organized in the field of production, processing, marketing of industrial, agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, consumer services, and the provision of other services.

Unitary enterprise(Art. 113-115 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a commercial organization not endowed with ownership of the property assigned to it. In a unitary enterprise, property is indivisible. Only state and municipal enterprises can be created in the form of unitary enterprises. The property of such enterprises is in state or municipal ownership on the basis of the rights of economic management (federal, state or municipal unitary enterprises) or operational management (federal, state or municipal government enterprises). These forms of enterprises limit the possibilities of the state and municipalities in entrepreneurial activity through the creation of legal entities - commercial organizations.

The form of ownership is a type that is characterized by the attribute of the subject and the peculiarities of its connection with the object. Directly the interaction itself depends on the type of socio-economic system. Each object and subject, in turn, has specific forms. The criteria are quite diverse and can be classified according to many criteria: property rights, methods of appropriation, and so on. Let's consider further what the form of ownership can be.

General classification

Depending on the types of socio-economic systems and in accordance with the type of connection between the object and the subject, two categories are distinguished: public and individual property. They, in turn, are also classified. In economic publications, the concepts of "common" and "individual property" are used quite often. However, these terms are considered to be very abstract and collective. These definitions assume the basic characteristics of basic types in a generalized way. Property exists in various socio-economic systems, ranging from the primitive communal system to the modern way. Each category reflects its advantages and disadvantages, methods of the most effective use.

Personal possession

This form of ownership has existed for thousands of years. The nature of the assignment of certain objects practically does not change over time. The object in this case is, for example, household items, personal property, money, consumer goods. It must be assumed that over time, the qualitative properties of objects change significantly. So, for example, clothing, food, household items acquire new characteristics. Nevertheless, the essence of their appropriation remains unchanged. In the modern world, intellectual property is of particular importance. Its objects are knowledge, discoveries, inventions, information, and so on.

Private property

It differs from personal in that different resources are considered objects here. They can be money, intellectual abilities, real estate, etc., which have the potential to generate benefits and have an impact on economic processes. This form of ownership operates in two forms. Its nature depends primarily on the quality in which the subject appears within the framework of social production. So, he may be an employee or not an employee.

In the first case, we mean the labor form of ownership. In this case, the subject is directly connected to the object. In other words, the owner is working on his property. Receiving income or economic implementation of an object is carried out through labor. This category, for example, includes the property of artisans, farmers, peasants, small traders, and so on. They all perform the legal and economic function of use, possession, disposal. This property of citizens has accompanied people for thousands of years. It takes place in all modern economic systems, but has never acted as the dominant one. The concept of unearned property does not have a clear separation.

Minuses

Private property has several disadvantages. The most obvious of these is the separation of the object and labor. Within the framework of this form of ownership, material and financial resources, as well as the main production factors, belong to many persons. The rest of the members of society are alienated from objects. This, in turn, is accompanied by inequality in wealth. Opposite classes are being formed in society. One of them is a monopolist and controls production factors and results. The other class, on the contrary, is deprived of this. This situation provokes a certain tension in society. Another disadvantage is that in the absence of competition in the market, private owners can raise prices.

Public domain

A concept is an absolute abstraction that expresses the joint assignment of different objects. This category has also existed at all times. The development of society involves the collective appropriation of certain objects. In this form of ownership, a different category of interests is formed, which combines social and personal material striving in the best use of property. At the same time, the subjects are not personified, they are groups of persons, collectives, government agencies, and so on. The Civil Code does not use the term "public facilities". In the legal literature, it is customary to use a different definition - "state property". Let's take a closer look at this category.

State property

There is not a single country in history where the authorities are not engaged in economic activities. In this regard, there is an objective need for the formation of state property. Objects can be natural resources, circulating and fixed capital, securities, money, information, etc., transferred at the disposal and management of state bodies at the disposal of the people. This form of ownership includes three categories: municipal, federal and regional. The latter includes objects transferred to the authorities of the constituent entities of the country. Federal property is considered to be state-owned. Municipal facilities are transferred to local authorities.

Group ownership

Joint ownership is property, cash and production assets, securities, which are originally owned by two or more persons. Rights and responsibilities in this case are established by agreement between the parties. Co-ownership has a number of features. For example, in general partnerships, partners are liable for all property belonging to them, and in limited liability associations - in proportion to their shares in the capital. The cooperative form of ownership of an enterprise is distinguished by the presence of a group of persons who simultaneously act as owners and employees. But at the same time, most of the functions of the owners are performed by them on an equal basis.

The shareholding of an enterprise has a number of advantages over other categories. Such a property management system not only promotes resource mobilization. The shareholding form democratizes the economy by attracting wide sections of society to co-ownership. This system thus ensures participation in the distribution of income and the influence of the population on governance. Along with this, favorable conditions are formed for the development of nomenclature-corporate relations among persons with little interest in the effective operation of the facility.

Mixed category

In one system, a government agency can act as the owner of material and financial resources, and a labor collective can act as a user and distributor. In another case, in connection, for example, with the entry of the Russian Federation into the world market, some objects may be owned by foreign countries, and used by Russian citizens. Within the framework of such legal relations, mixed property arises. Property of public organizations can also act as objects in this case.

TOPIC 1.4. ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF PROPERTY BY ROAD TRANSPORT.

1. FORMS OF PROPERTY.

2. ENTERPRISES OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROPERTY OPERATING IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT.

FORMS OF PROPERTY.

Socio-economic relations in society are one of the defining structural elements of the economic system. In turn, they are based on the dominant form of ownership. Property relations have an impact on economics, politics, ideology, etc.

Own- a historically conditioned form of appropriation of material goods by people. With a more thorough analysis of its content, its economic and legal aspects come to the fore. They are closely interrelated and interdependent.

Property as an economic category reflects the objectively emerging relations between people about the appropriation by them in the course of economic activity of the means of production, as well as the goods, services and income received with their help.

Property as a legal category reflects, in accordance with current legislation, the entire range of property (property) rights of people in a given society. When correlating these two categories, the conclusion is indisputable that legal property relations are a form of expression, existence and consolidation of property relations in legislative and regulatory acts.

Property or property rights can be exclusive, absolute and relative and, accordingly, be expressed in the relationship of disposal, possession and use.

Order- the right of the owner to dispose of the property (land, resources, production).

Ownership - the belonging of an object to a specific subject (person, family, production team, etc.), the possibility of direct impact on the object.

Use(use) - the use of a property object in accordance with its purpose and at the discretion and desire of the user.

Property classification involves the selection of its main varieties:

Private;

Public;

World practice shows that the defining type of property in a market system is private , which comes in three main forms:

1. single person;

2. group or partnership;

3. corporate.

Sole ownership characterized by the fact that an individual or legal entity implements all property relations (disposal, possession, use). As a rule, these are simple commodity producers (farms, family households). In addition, sole property can be represented in the form of ownership of an individual private person who can use hired labor.

Group ownership involves the unification in one form or another of property, capital of several legal entities or individuals in order to carry out common entrepreneurial activities. We are talking about enterprises formed on the basis of share contributions (means of production, land, money, material values, innovative ideas) of the founders.

Corporate property is based on the functioning of capital, which is formed by the free sale of property titles - shares. Each shareholder is the owner of the capital of the joint stock company.

The right to private property is protected by law. "Everyone has the right to own property, own, use and dispose of it both individually and jointly with other persons" (Article 35 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

Within the framework of public property should be highlighted:

1.collective;

2. state;

3. public property.

Collective ownership is formed by distributing it among the employees of the collective employed at a certain enterprise (such is a closed joint-stock company).

acts as the property of all members of society. However, the implementation of assignment relations through ownership relations is carried out by the state apparatus, which is designed to personify the socio-economic interests of all segments of the population, professional and social groups of society.

State property- this property owned by the Russian Federation (federal property), as well as property owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs. Land and other natural resources not owned by citizens, legal entities or municipalities are state property. This definition is given in Art. 214 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Part 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. If the funds of the respective budgets or other state property are not assigned to state enterprises and institutions, then they constitute the state treasury of the Russian Federation or the treasury of the corresponding constituent entity of the Federation. State-owned property is assigned to state-owned enterprises and institutions in the possession, use and disposal Public property presupposes the ownership of the entire public domain directly (directly) and at the same time to each and every one separately.

"In the Russian Federation, private, state, municipal and other forms of property are recognized and protected in an equal manner" (Article 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

TO other forms of ownership in our country are the following:

Individual property. This form concentrates in one subject all the listed characteristics: labor, management, disposal of income and property. In the modern economy, these may include those who are usually called unincorporated owners. In Russia, these can be: peasants running their own economy; individual traders (including "shuttle traders"); private practitioners; lawyers, all those who combine labor, management, disposal of income and property.

Cooperative property... This form is based on the association of individual owners. In a cooperative, everyone participates in their labor and property, has equal rights in the management and distribution of income.

Share ownership. This is a group of private property that is created by issuing and selling securities - stocks and bonds. The presence of securities is a distinctive feature of the joint-stock form of ownership.

Mixed ownership . In this case, diffusion of different forms and property relations occurs, as a result of which the internal content of individual forms becomes more complicated. For example, private and cooperative structures can be formed within state-owned enterprises. In the transitional economy of Russia, this process has acquired significant proportions.

Combined forms... The modern economy, in search of effective functioning and implementation of projects, comes to the unification of various forms of ownership, while preserving each of them its own special content. As a result, combined forms are formed. These may include joint ventures, holdings, financial and industrial groups, concerns, trusts and other forms with equal powers to manage, distribute income and dispose of property.

Distribution of enterprises by ownership in the Russian Federation:

http://www.krsdstat.ru/digital/region22/DocLib/2.htmhttp://www.krsdstat.ru/digital/region22/DocLib/2.htm

(you can build graphs and analyze the dynamics)